Thought control strategies, thought suppression, and rumination in depression

International Journal of Cognitive Therapy

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 235-251

  Watkins, Edward R ^a   Moulds, Michelle L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952553000     PISSN: 19371209     EISSN: 19371217     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2009.2.3.235     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Abramowitz, J. S., Tolin, D. F., & Street, G. P. (2001). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression: A meta-analysis of controlled studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 683-703.
2. th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Amir, N., Cashman, L., & Foa, E. B. (1997). Strategies of thought control in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 775-777.
4. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Manual for the Beck depression inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
5. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77-100.
6. Blatt, S. J., D’Afflitti, J. P., & Quinlan, D. M. (1976). Experiences of depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 383-389.
7. Blumberg, S. J. (2000). The White Bear suppression inventory: Revisiting its factor structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 943-950.
8. Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry—some characteristics and processes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 21, 9-16.
9. Borkovec, T. D., & Roemer, L. (1995). Perceived functions of worry among generalized anxiety subjects: Distraction from more emotionally distressing topics? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 25-30.
10. Brewin, C. R., Hunter, E., Carroll, F., & Tata, P. (1996). Intrusive memories in depression: An index of schema activation? Psychological Medicine, 26, 1271-1276.
11. Brewin, C. R., Reynolds, M., & Tata, P. (1999). Autobiographical memory processes and the course of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 511-517.
12. Brewin, C. R., Watson, M., McCarthy, S., Hyman, P., & Dayson, D. (1988). Memory processes and the course of anxiety and depression in cancer patients. Psychological Medicine, 2, 219-224.
13. Bryant, R. A., Moulds, M., & Guthrie, R. M. (2001). Cognitive strategies and the resolution of acute stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 213-219.
14. Davies, M. I., & Clark, D. M. (1998). Thought suppression produces a rebound effect with analogue post-traumatic intrusions. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 571-582.
15. Fresco, D. M., Frankel, A. N., Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002). Distinct and overlapping features of rumination and worry: the relationship of cognitive production to negative affective states. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 179-188.
16. Guthrie, R. M., & Bryant, R. A. (2000). Attempting suppression of traumatic memories over extended periods in acute stress disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 899-907.
17. Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A. (1998). The effect of attempted thought suppression in acute stress disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 583-590.
18. Harvey, A. G.,t & McGuire, B. E. (2000). Suppressing and attending to pain-related thoughts in chronic pain patients. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 1117-1124.
19. Höping, W., & de Jong-Meyer, R. (2003). Differentiating unwanted intrusive thoughts from thought suppression: What does the White Bear suppression inventory measure? Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1049-1055.
20. Janeck, A. S., & Calamari, J. E. (1999). Thought suppression in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 497-509.
21. Just, N., & Alloy, L. B. (1997). The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 221-229.
22. Kandris, E., & Moulds, M. L. (2008). Can brief imaginal exposure treatment reduce intrusive memories in depression? A case study. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 37, 216-220.
23. Kuyken, W., & Brewin, C. R. (1994). Intrusive memories of childhood abuse during depressive episodes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 32, 525-528.
24. Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 176-190.
25. Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Behavior Research and Therapy, 28, 487-495.
26. Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The Penn State worry questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associated characteristics. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 265-283). New York: Wiley.
27. Morrison, A. P., & Wells, A. (2000). Thought control strategies in schizophrenia: A comparison with nonpatients. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 1205-1209.
28. Moulds, M. L., Kandris, E., Williams, A. D., & Lang, T. (2008). The use of safety behaviors to manage intrusive memories in depression. Behavior Research and Therapy, 46, 573-580.
29. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Horselenberg, R. (1996). Individual differences in thought suppression. The White Bear suppression inventory: Factor structure, reliability, validity and correlates. Behavior Research and Therapy, 34, 501-513.
30. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.
31. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115-121.
32. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20-28.
33. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400-424.
34. Purdon, C. (1999). Thought suppression and psychopathology. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 1009-1054.
35. Rassin, E. (2003). The White Bear suppression inventory (WBSI) focuses on failing suppression attempts. European Journal of Personality, 17, 285-298.
36. Rassin, E., & Diepstraten, P. (2003). How to suppress obsessive thoughts. Behavior Research and Therapy, 41, 97-103.
37. Rassin, E., Merckelbach, H., & Muris, P. (2000). Paradoxical and less paradoxical effects of thought suppression: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 973-995.
38. Reynolds, M., & Brewin, C. R. (1999). Intrusive memories in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 201-215.
39. Reynolds, M., & Wells, A. (1999). The thought control questionnaire—psychometric properties in a clinical sample, and relationships with PTSD and depression. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1089-1099.
40. Roberts, J. E., Gilboa, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1998). Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: Gender, neuroticism, and episode duration. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 401-423.
41. Salkovskis, P. M., & Campbell, P. (1994). Thought suppression induces intrusion in naturally occurring negative intrusive thoughts. Behavior Research and Therapy, 32, 1-8.
42. Segerstrom, S. C., Stanton, A. L., Alden, L. E., & Shortridge, B. E. (2003). A multidimensional structure for repetitive thought: What’s on your mind, and how, and how much? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 909-921.
43. Segerstrom, S. C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L. E., & Craske, M. G. (2000). Worry and rumination: Repetitive thoughts as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 671-688.
44. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
45. Starr, S., & Moulds, M. L. (2006). The role of negative interpretations of intrusive memories in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 125-132.
46. Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247-259.
47. Warda, G., & Bryant, R. A. (1998). Thought control strategies in acute stress disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 1171-1175.
48. Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163-206.
49. Watkins, E. R., Baeyens, C., & Read, R. (2009). Concreteness training reduces dysphoria: Proof-of-principle for repeated cognitive bias modification in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 55-64.
50. Watkins, E., & Moulds, M. (2005). Distinct modes of ruminative self-focus: Impact of abstract versus concrete rumination on problem solving in depression. Emotion, 5, 319-328.
51. Watkins, E., Moulds, M., & Mackintosh, B. (2005). Comparisons between rumination and worry in a nonclinical population. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43, 1577-1585.
52. Watkins, E., Scott, J., Wingrove, J., Rimes, K., Bathurst, N., Steiner, H., et al. (2007). Rumination-focused cognitive behavior therapy for residual depression: A case series. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 2144-2154.
53. Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. D. (2001). Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: Effects of self-focus and analytic thinking. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 353-357.
54. Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Adaptive and maladaptive self-focus in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 1-8.
55. Watkins, E., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, R. M. (2000). Decentring and distraction reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory in depression. Psychological Medicine, 30, 911-920.
56. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.
57. Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Carter, S. R., & White, T. L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5-13.
58. Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615-640.
59. Wells, A., & Davies, M. I. (1994). The thought control questionnaire: A measure of individual differences in the control of unwanted thoughts. Behavior Research and Therapy, 32, 871-878.
60. Wells, A., & Mathews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
61. Wenzlaff, R. M. (2002). Intrusive thoughts in depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 16, 145-159.
62. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Bates, D. E. (1998). Unmasking a cognitive vulnerability to depression: How lapses in mental control reveal depressive thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1559-1571.
63. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Luxton, D. D. (2003). The role of thought suppression in depressive rumination. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 293-308.
64. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). Thought suppression. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 59-91.
65. Wenzlaff, R. M., Wegner, D. M., & Roper, D. W. (1988). Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 882-892.
66. Wheatley, J., Brewin, C. R., Patel, T., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., Fisher, P., & Myers, S. (2007). “I’ll believe it when I can see it”: Imagery rescripting of intrusive sensory memories in depression. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 371-385.
67. Williams, A. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2007a). An investigation of the cognitive and experiential features of intrusive memories in depression. Memory, 15, 912-920.
68. Williams, A. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2007b). Cognitive avoidance of intrusive memories: Recall vantage perspective and associations with depression. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1141-1153.
69. Williams, A. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2007c). Investigation of the indulgence cycles hypothesis of suppression on experimentally-induced visual intrusions in dysphoria. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 2780-2788.