Urinary BTEX, MTBE and naphthalene as biomarkers to gain environmental exposure profiles of the general population

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 408, Issue 14, 2010, Pages 2840-2849

  Fustinoni, Silvia ^a   Rossella, Federica ^a   Campo, Laura ^a   Mercadante, Rosa ^a   Bertazzi, Pier Alberto ^a  

^a FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA GRANDA OSPEDALE MAGGIORE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Benzene; Biomarkers; BTEX; Environmental exposure; General population; MTBE; Naphthalene; Urine

Indexed keywords

AIRBORNE EXPOSURE; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; ETHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER; GENERAL POPULATION; GEOMETRIC MEAN; HEADSPACE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; METHYL TERT BUTYL ETHER; MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS; NON-INVASIVE; O-XYLENE; P-XYLENE; POSITIVE CORRELATIONS; R VALUE; URINARY BENZENE; URINARY COTININE; URINE SAMPLE;

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; BENZENE; BODY FLUIDS; CHEMICALS; ETHERS; ETHYLBENZENE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GROUNDWATER POLLUTION; LINEAR REGRESSION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; TOLUENE; XYLENE;

NAPHTHALENE;

BENZENE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; COTININE; CREATININE; ETHYLBENZENE; META XYLENE; NAPHTHALENE; ORTHO XYLENE; PARA XYLENE; TERT BUTYL METHYL ETHER; TOLUENE;

BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOMARKER; BTEX; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); MTBE; NAPHTHALENE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; URINE;

ADULT; AGED; AIR ANALYSIS; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; ITALY; MALE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; URINALYSIS;

ADULT; AGED; BENZENE DERIVATIVES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHYL ETHERS; FEMALE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMANS; ITALY; MALE; METHYL ETHERS; MIDDLE AGED; NAPHTHALENES; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77952551428     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.017     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. TLVs and BEIs based on the documentation of the threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological indices 2009, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), ACIGH, Cincinnati, USA.
2. Angerer J., Ewers U., Wilhelm M. Human biomonitoring: state of the art. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007, 10:201-218.
3. Barr D.B., Wilder L.C., Caudill S.P., Gonzalez A.J. Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:192-200.
4. Bergamaschi E., Brustolin A., De Palma G., Manini P., Mozzoni P., Andreoli R., et al. Biomarkers of dose and susceptibility in cyclists exposed to monoaromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol Lett 1999, 108:241-247.
5. Boeniger M.F., Lowry L.K., Rosenberg J. Interpretation of urine results used to assess chemical exposure with emphasis on creatinine adjustments: a review. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1993, 54:615-627.
6. Brugnone F., Perbellini L., Giuliari C., Cerpelloni M., Soave M. Blood and urine concentrations of chemical pollutants in the general population. Med Lav 1994, 85:370-389.
7. Campo L., Fustinoni S., Burratti M., Cirla P.E., Martinotti I., Foà V. Unmetabolized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine as biomarkers of low exposure in asphalt workers. J Occup Environ Hyg 2007, 4:100-110.
8. Campo L., Mercadante R., Rossella F., Fustinoni S. Quantification of 13 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2009, 631:196-205.
9. Caplain I., Cazier F., Nouali H., Mercier A., Déchaux J.-C., Nollet V., et al. Emissions of unregulated pollutants from European gasoline and diesel passenger cars. Atmos Environ 2006, 40:5954-5966.
10. Darrall K.G., Figgins J.A., Brown R.D., Phillips G.F. Determination of benzene and associated volatile compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke. Analyst 1998, 123:1095-1101.
11. Ding Y.S., Trommel J.S., Yan X.J., Ashley D., Watson C.H. Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes. Environ Sci Technol 2005, 39:471-480.
12. Esteban M., Castaňo A. Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: a review. Environ Int 2009, 35:438-449.
13. European Commission Directive 2000/69/EC (2000) of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November relating to limit values for benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient air 2000, (Brussels, Belgium).
14. European Commission Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee. "The European Environmental & Health and Action Plan 2004-2010" SEC (2004) 729. Brussels, Belgium 2004.
15. European Fuel Oxygenates Association (EFOA) Methyl tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE), Appendix 5 2000, (November 10 available at www.efoa.org (last access 1st September 2009)).
16. Field R.A., Pérez Ballesta P., Beaza Caracena A., Nikolova I., Connolly R., Cao N., et al. Population Exposure to Air Pollutants in Europe (PEOPLE): methodological strategy and basic results 2005, (Available online at: http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/fileadmin/Documentation/Reports/Emissions_and_Health/EUR/PEOPLE-_final_report.pdf).
17. Fustinoni S., Gianpiccolo L., Pulvirenti S., Buratti M., Colombi A. Headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in urine. J Chromat B Biomed Sci Appl 1999, 723:105-115.
18. Fustinoni S., Buratti M., Gianpiccolo R., Brambilla G., Foà V., Colombi A. Comparison between blood and urinary toluene as biomarkers of exposure to toluene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000, 73:389-396.
19. Fustinoni S., Consonni D., Campo L., Buratti M., Colombi A., Pesatori A.C., et al. Monitoring low benzene exposure: comparative evaluation of urinary biomarkers, influence of cigarette smoking, and genetic polymorphisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005, 14:2237-2244.
20. Fustinoni S., Mercadante R., Campo L., Scibetta L., Valla C., et al. Comparison between urinary o-cresol and toluene as biomakers of toluene exposure. J Occup Environ Hyg 2007, 4:1-9.
21. Ghittori S., Ferrari M., Maestri L., Negri S., Zadra P., Gremita C., et al. Il significato del monitoraggio ambientale e biologico nei lavoratori addetti alle stazioni di servizio dopo l'eliminazione del piombo tetraetile dalle benzine. G Ital Med Lav Erg 2005, 27:137-153.
22. Hoet P., De Smedt E., Ferrari M., Imbriani M., Maestri L., Negri S., et al. Evaluation of urinary biomarkers of exposure to benzene: correlation with blood benzene and influence of confounding factors. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009, 82:985-995.
23. Hornung R.W., Reed L.D. Estimation of average concentration in the presence of non-detectable values. Appli Occup Environ Hyg 1990, 5:48-51.
24. Ilgen E., Karfich N., Levsen K., Angerer J., Schneider P., Heinrich J., et al. Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment: Part I. Indoor versus outdoor sources, the influence of traffic. Atmos Environ 2001, 35:1235-1252.
25. Ilgen E., Levsen K., Angerer J., Schneider P., Heinrich J., Wichmann H-E. Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment. Part III: personal monitoring. Atmosph Environ 2001, 35:1265-1279.
26. Imbriani M., Ghittori S. Gases and organic solvents in urine ad biomarkers of occupational exposure: a review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005, 78:1-19.
27. Imbriani M., Ghittori S., Pezzagno G., Capodaglio E. Toluene and styrene in urine as biological exposure indices. Appl Ind Hyg 1986, 1:172-176.
28. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Benzene, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Suppl. 7 1987, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
29. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Methyl tert-butyl ether, on IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, Vol. 73 1999, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
30. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Naphthalene, on IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, Vol. 82 2002, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
31. Jia C., D'Souza J., Batterman S. Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis. Environ Int 2008, 34:922-931.
32. Jo W.K., Yu C.H. Public bus and taxicab drivers' exposure to aromatic work-time volatile organic compounds. Environ Res A 2001, 86:66-72.
33. Kok P.W., Ong C.N. Blood and urinary benzene determined by headspace gas chromatography with photoionization detection: application in biological monitoring of low-level nonoccupational exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1994, 66:195-201.
34. Kroll M.H., Chesler R., Hagengruber C., Blank D.W., Kestner J., Rawe M. Automated determination of urinary creatinine without sample dilution: theory and practice. Clin Chem 1986, 32:446-452.
35. Lin Y.S., Egeghy P.P., Rappaport S.M. Relationships between levels of volatile organic compounds in air and blood from the general population. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2008, 18:421-429.
36. Minoia C., Meroni G., Aprea C., Oppezzo M.C., Magnaghi S., Sciarra G., et al. Environmental and urinary reference values as markers of exposure to hydrocarbons in urban areas. Sci Total Environ. 1996, 192:163-182.
37. O'Brian R.M. A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Qual Quant 2007, 41:673-690.
38. Park K.-H., Jo W.-H. Personal volatile organic compound (VOC) exposure of children attending elementary schools adjacent to industrial complex. Atmos Environ 2004, 38:1303-1312.
39. Preuss R., Angerer J. Naphthalene-an environmental and occupational toxicant. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2003, 76:556-576.
40. Schmitz T., Hassel D., Weber F.-J. Determination of VOC-components in the exhaust of gasoline and diesel passenger cars. Atmos Environ 2000, 34:4639-4647.
41. Scibetta L., Fustinoni S., Campo L., Valla C., Costamagna P., Consonni D., et al. Valutazione di MTBE urinario come indicatore biologico di esposizione a traffico auto veicolare. G Ital Med Lav Erg 2005, 27:315-317.
42. Scibetta L., Campo L., Mercadante R., Foà V., Fustinoni S. Determination of low level methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether and methyl tert-amyl ether in human urine by HS-SPME gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007, 581:53-62.
43. Sexton K., Adgate J.L., Chrch T.R., Ashley D.L., Needham L.L., Ramachandran G., et al. Children's exposure to volatile organic compounds as determined by longitudinal measurement in blood. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:342-349.
44. Smolders R., Shramm K.-W., Nickmilder M., Schoeters G. Applicability of non-invasive collected matrices for human biomonitoring. Environ Health 2009, 8:1-8.
45. Sobus J.R., McClean M.D., Herrick R.F., Waidyanatha S., Nylander-French L.A., Kupper L.L., et al. Comparing urinary biomarkers of airborne and dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds in asphalt-exposed workers. Ann Occup Hyg 2009, 53:561-571.
46. Sobus J.R., Waidyanatha S., McClean M.D., Herrick R.F., Smith T.J., Garshick E., et al. Urinary naphthalene and phenanthrene as biomarkers of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Occup Environ Med 2009, 66:99-104.
47. Tapani T., Johnsson T., Kari Reijula K. Analysis of nicotine, 3-hydroxycotinine, cotinine, and caffeine in urine of passive smokers by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 1999, 45. 2194-2172.
48. Tovalin-Ahumada H., Whitehead L. Personal exposures to volatile organic compounds among outdoor and indoor workers in two Mexican cities. Sci Total Environ 2007, 15:60-71.
49. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS): benzene 2000, (Available online at: http://www.epa.gov/iris/index.html (Last accessed on 1st September 2009).
50. Weis B.K., Balshaw D., Barr J.R., Brown D., Ellisman M., Lioy P., et al. Personalized exposure assessment: promising approaches for human environmental health research. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:840-848.
51. World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines for Europe 2005, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, (Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/document/e71922.pdf (Last accessed 1st September 2009). second ed.