Specific type of secondary cell wall formed by plant fibers

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology

Volumn 57, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 328-341

  Gorshkova, T A ^a   Gurjanov, O P ^a   Mikshina, P V ^a   Ibragimova, N N ^a   Mokshina, N E ^a   Salnikov, V V ^a   Ageeva, M V ^a   Amenitskii, S I ^a   Chernova, T E ^a   Chemikosova, S B ^a  

^a KAZAN INSTITUTE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Cell wall; Cellulose; Linum usitatissimum; Plant fibers; Rhamnogalacturonan I; Tension wood; Xylan

Indexed keywords

LINUM USITATISSIMUM;

EID: 77952397333     PISSN: 10214437     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1134/S1021443710030040     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Carpita, N. C. and Gibeaut, D. M., Structural Models of Primary Cell Walls in Flowering Plants: Consistency of the Walls during Growth, Plant J., 1993, vol. 3, pp. 1-30.
2. Gorshkova, T. A., Rastitel'naya kletochnaya stenka kak dinamichnaya sistema (Plant Cell Wall as a Dynamic System), Moscow: Nauka, 2007.
3. Mellerowicz, E. J., Immerzeel, P., and Hayashi, T., Xyloglucan: The Molecular Muscle of Trees, Ann. Bot., 2008, vol. 102, pp. 659-665.
4. Lam, T. B. T., Keko, H., and Iiyama, K., Structural Characteristics of Cell Walls of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and Fixation of Carbon Dioxide, J. Wood Sci., 2003, vol. 49, pp. 255-261.
5. van Dam, J. E. G. and Gorshkova, T. A., Plant Growth and Development: Plant Fiber Formation, Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences, Ch. 46, Murphy, D. J., Murray, B. G., and Thomas, B., Eds., Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003, pp. 87-96.
6. Mellerowicz, E. J., Baucher, M., Sundberg, B., and Boerjan, W., Unravelling Cell Wall Formation in the Woody Dicot Stem, Plant Mol. Biol., 2001, vol. 47, pp. 329-274.
7. Barnett, J. R. and Bonham, V. A., Cellulose Microfibril Angle in the Cell Wall of Wood Fibres, Biol. Rev. Camb. Phil. Soc., 2004, vol. 79, pp. 461-472.
8. Plomion, Ch., Leprovost, G., and Stokes, A., Wood Formation in Trees, Plant Physiol., 2001, vol. 127, pp. 1513-1523.
9. Chaffey, I., Microfibril Orientation in Wood Cells: New Angles on an Old Topic, Trends Plant Sci., 2000, vol. 5, pp. 360-362.
10. Lindeboom, J., Mulder, B. M., Vos, J. W., Ketelaar, T., and Emons, A. M. C., Cellulose Microfibril Deposition: Coordinated Activity at the Plant Plasma Membrane, J. Microscopy, 2008, vol. 231, pp. 192-200.
11. Muller, M., Burghammer, M., and Sugiyama, J., Direct Investigation of the Structural Properties of Tension Wood Cellulose Microfibrils Using Microbeam X-Ray Fibre Diffraction, Holzforshung, 2006, vol. 60, pp. 474-479.
12. Mellerowicz, E. and Sundberg, B., Wood Cell Walls: Biosynthesis, Developmental Dynamics and Their Implication for Wood Properties, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 2008, vol. 11, pp. 293-300.
13. Hertzberg, M., Aspeborg, H., and Schrader, J., A Transcriptional Roadmap to Wood Formation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001, vol. 98, pp. 14732-14 737.
14. Ranik, M. and Myburg, A. A., Six New Cellulose Synthase Genes from Eucalyptus Are Associated with Primary and Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis, Tree Physiol., 2006, vol. 26, pp. 545-556.
15. Zhong, R., Demura, T., and Ye, Z.-H., SND1, a NAC Domain Transcription Factor, Is a Key Regulator of Secondary Wall Synthesis in Fibers of Arabidopsis, Plant Cell, 2006, vol. 18, pp. 3158-3170.
16. Zhou, J., Lee, C., Zhong, R., and Ye, Z.-H., MYB58 and MYB63 Are Transcriptional Activators of the Lignin Biosynthetic Pathway during Secondary Cell Wall Formation in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell, 2009, vol. 21, pp. 248-266.
17. Evtuguin, D. V., Tomás, J. L., Silva, A. M. S., and Neto, C. P., Characterization of an Acetylated Heteroxylan from Eucalyptus globules Heteroxylan from Eucalyptus globules Labill., Carbohydr. Res., 2003, vol. 338, pp. 597-604.
18. Kabel, M. A., Borne, H. V. D., Vincken, J.-P., Voragen, A. G. J., and Schols, H. A., Structural Differences of Xylans Affect Their Interaction with Cellulose, Carbohydr. Polymer., 2007, vol. 69, pp. 94-105.
19. Ebringerova, A. and Heinze, T., Xylan and Xylan Derivatives - Biopolymers with Valuable Properties. 1. Naturally Occurring Xylans Structures, Isolation Procedures and Properties, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 2000, vol. 21, pp. 542-556.
20. Hosoo, Y., Imai, T., and Yoshida, M., Diurnal Differences in the Supply of Glucomannans and Xylans to the Innermost Surface of Cell Walls at Various Developmental Stages from Cambium to Mature Xylem in Cryptomeria japonica, Protoplasma, 2006, vol. 229, pp. 11-19.
21. Awano, T., Takabe, K., Fujita, M., and Daniel, G., Deposition and Localization of Glucuronoxylans in the Secondary Cell Wall of Japanese Beech as Observed Using Immuno FE-SEM, Protoplasma, 2000, vol. 212, pp. 72-79.
22. Ruel, K., Chevalier-Billosta, V., Guillemin, F., Sierra, J. B., and Joseleau, J.-P., The Wood Cell Wall at the Ultrastructural Scale - Formation and Topochemical Organization, Madeiras Ciencia Technol., 2006, vol. 8, pp. 107-116.
23. Vian, B., Roland, J. C., Reis, D., and Mosiniak, M., Distribution and Possible Morphogenetic Role of the Xylans within the Secondary Vessel Wall of Linden Wood, IAWA Bull. NS, 1992, vol. 13, pp. 269-282.
24. Ries, D. and Vian, B., Helicoidal Pattern in Secondary Cell Walls and Possible Role of Xylans in Their Construction, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 2004, vol. 327, pp. 775-776.
25. Dammstrom, S., Salmen, L., and Gatenholm, P., On the Interactions between Cellulose and Xylan, a Biomimetic Simulation of the Hardwood Cell Wall, BioResources, 2009, vol. 4, pp. 3-14.
26. Xu, F., Sun, R.-C., Lu, Q., and Jones, G. L., Comparative Study of Anatomy and Lignin Distribution in Normal and Tension Wood of Salix gordejecii, Wood Sci. Technol., 2006, vol. 40, pp. 358-370.
27. Watanabe, Y., Fukazawa, K., Kojima, Y., Funada, R., Ona, T., and Asada, T., Histochemical Study on Heterogeneity of Lignin in Eucalyptus Species. I. Effects of Polyphenols, Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 1997, vol. 43, pp. 102-107.
28. Boyce, C. K., Zwieniecki, M. A., Cody, G. D., Jacobsen, C., Wirick, S., Knoll, A. H., and Holbrook, N. M., Evolution of Xylem Lignification and Hydrogel Transport Regulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, vol. 101, pp. 17555-17558.
29. Yoshinaga, A., Fujita, M., and Saiki, H., Cellular Distribution of Guaiacyl and Syringyl Lignins within an Annual Ring in Oak Wood, J. Wood Res. Soc., 1997, vol. 43, pp. 384-390.
30. Patten, A. M., Jourdes, M., Brown, E. E., Laborie, M.-P., Davin, L. B., and Lewis, N. G., Reaction Tissue Formation and Stem Tensile Modulus Properties in Wild-Type and p-Coumarate-3-Hydroxylase Downregulated Lines of Alfalfa, Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Am. J. Bot., 2007, vol. 94, pp. 912-925.
31. Day, A., Ruel, K., Neutelings, G., Crnier, D., David, H., Hawkins, S., and Chabbert, B., Lignification in the Flax Stem: Evidence for an Unusual Lignin in Bast Fibers, Planta, 2005, vol. 222, pp. 234-245.
32. 13C NMR, Phytochemistry, 1994, vol. 35, pp. 489-492.
33. Gorshkova, T. A., Salnikov, V. V., Pogodina, N. M., Chemikosova, S. B., Yablokova, E. V., Ulanov, A. V., Ageeva, M. V., van Dam, J. E. G., and Lozovaya, V. V., Composition and Distribution of Cell Wall Phenolic Compounds in the Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Stem Tissues, Ann. Bot., 2000, vol. 85, pp. 477-486.
34. Pilate, G., Chabbert, B., Cathala, B., Yoshinaga, A., Leplé, J. C., Laurans, F., Lapierre, C., and Ruel, K., Lignification and Tension Wood, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. B, 2004, vol. 327, pp. 889-901.
35. Hsu, Y.-Sh., Chen, Sh.-J., Lee, Ch.-M., and Kuo-Huang, L.-L., Anatomical Characteristics of the Secondary Phloem in Branches of Zelkova serrata Makino, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sinica, 2005, vol. 46, pp. 143-149.
36. Bowling, A. J. and Vaughn, K. C., Immunocytochemical Characterization of Tension Wood: Gelatinous Fibers Contain More than Just Cellulose 1, Am. J. Bot., 2008, vol. 95, pp. 655-663.
37. His, I., Andeme-Onzighi, C., Morvan, C., and Driouich, A., Microscopical Analysis of Mature Flax Fibers Embedded in LR White: Immunogold Localization of Cell-Wall Matrix Polysaccharides, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 2001, vol. 49, pp. 1525-1535.
38. Gorshkova, T. A., Chemikosova, S. B., Salnikov, V. V., Pavlencheva, N. V., Gurjanov, O. P., Stolle-Smits, T., and van Dam, J. E. G., Occurrence of Cell-Specific Galactan Is Coinciding with Bast Fibre Developmental Transition in Flax, Ind. Crops Prod., 2004, vol. 19, pp. 217-224.
39. Meloche, Ch. G., Knox, J. P., and Vaughn, K. C., A Cortical Band of Gelatinous Fibers Causes the Coiling of Redvine Tendrils: A Model Based upon Cytochemical and Immunocytochemical Studies, Planta, 2007, vol. 225, pp. 485-498.
40. Blake, A. W., Marcus, S. E., Copeland, J. E., Richard, B., and Knox, J., In situ Analysis of Cell Wall Polymers Associated with Phloem Fibre Cells in Stems of Hemp, Cannabis Sativa L., Planta, 2008, vol. 228, pp. 1-13.
41. Arend, M., Immunolocalization of (1, 4)-β-Galactan in Tension Wood Fibers of Poplar, Tree Physiol., 2008, vol. 28, pp. 1263-1267.
42. Fujita, M., Saiki, H., and Harada, H., Electron Microscopy of Microtubules and Cellulose Microfibrils in Secondary Wall Formation of Poplar Tension Wood Fibers, Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 1974, vol. 20, pp. 147-156.
43. Roland, J. C., Mosiniak, M., and Roland, D., Dynamique du Positionnement de la Cellulose dans les Parois des Fibres Textiles du Lin (Linum usitatissimum), Acta Bot. Gallica, 1995, vol. 142, pp. 463-484.
44. Muller, M., Burghammer, M., and Sugiyama, J., Direct Investigation of the Structural Properties of Tension Wood Cellulose Microfibrils Using Microbeam X-Ray Fibre Diffraction, Holzforshung, 2006, vol. 60, pp. 474-479.
45. Clair, B., Gril, J., Di Renzo, F., Yamamoto, H., and Quignard, F., Characterization of a Gel in the Cell Wall to Elucidate the Paradoxical Shrinkage of Tension Wood, Biomacromolecules, 2008, vol. 9, pp. 494-498.
46. Clair, B., Thibaut, B., and Sugiyama, J., On the Detachment of Gelatinous Layer in Tension Wood Fibre, J. Wood Sci., 2005, vol. 51, pp. 218-221.
47. Nishikubo, N., Awano, T., Banasiak, A., Bourquin, V., Ibatullin, F., Funada, R., Brumer, H., Teeri, T. T., Hayashi, T., Sundberg, B., and Mellerowicz, E. J., Xyloglucan Endo-Transglycosylase (XET) Functions in Gelatinous Layers of Tension Wood Fibers in Poplar - A Glimpse into the Mechanism of the Balancing Act of Trees, Plant Cell Physiol., 2007, vol. 48, pp. 843-855.
48. Kaku, T., Serada, S., Baba, K., Tanaka, F., and Hayashi, T., Proteomic Analysis of the G-Layer in Poplar Tension Wood, J. Wood Sci., 2009, vol. 55, pp. 250-257.
49. Yamamoto, H., Abe, K., Arakawa, Y., Okuyama, T., and Gril, J., Role of the Gelatinous Layer (G-Layer) on the Origin of the Physical Properties of the Tension Wood of Acer sieboldianum, J. Wood Sci., 2005, vol. 51, pp. 222-233.
50. Clair, B., Alméras, T., Yamamoto, H., Okuyama, T., and Sugiyama, J., Mechanical Behavior of Cellulose Microfibrils in Tension Wood, in Relation with Maturation Stress Generation, Biophys. J., 2006, vol. 91, pp. 1128-1135.
51. Fahn, A., Plant, Anatomy, Oxford: Pergamon, 1990.
52. Lotova, L. I., Morfologiya i anatomiya vysshikh rastenii (Higher Plant Morphology and Anatomy), Moscow: Editorial URSS, 2001.
53. Fisher, J. B. and Tomlinson, P. B., Tension Wood Fibers Are Related to Gravitropic Movement of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) Seedlings, J. Plant Res., 2002, vol. 115, pp. 39-45.
54. Wyatt, S. E., Sederoff, R., Flaishman, M. A., and Lev-Yadun, S., Arabidorsis thaliana as a Model for Gelatinous Fiber Formation, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 2010, vol. 57, pp. 363-367.
55. Cronier, D., Monties, B., and Chabbert, B., Structure and Chemical Composition of Bast Fibers Isolated from Developing Hemp Stem, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 8279-8289.
56. Gritsch, C. S., Kleist, G., and Murphy, R. J., Developmental Changes in Cell Wall Structure of Phloem Fibres of the Bamboo Dendrocalamus asper, Ann. Bot., 2004, vol. 94, pp. 497-505.
57. Zimmermann, M. H., Wardrop, A. B., and Tomlinson, P. B., Tension Wood in Aerial Root of Ficus benjamina L., Wood Sci. Technol., 1968, vol. 2, pp. 95-104.
58. Fisher, J. B., Anatomy of Axis Contraction in Seedlings from a Fire Prone Habitat, Am. J. Bot., 2008, vol. 95, pp. 1337-1348.
59. Gorshkova, T. and Morvan, C., Secondary Cell-Wall Assembly in Flax Phloem Fibers: Role of Galactans, Planta, 2006, vol. 223, pp. 149-158.
60. Chernova, T. E., Ageeva, M. V., Chemikosova, S. B., and Gorshkova, T. A., Development of Hemp Primary and Secondary Fibers, Vestn. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. In-ta po Pererabotke Lubyanykh Kul'tur, 2005, no. 2, pp. 6-13.
61. Tomlinson, P. B., Development of Gelatinous (Reaction) Fibers in Stems of Gnetum gnemon (Gnetales), Am. J. Bot., 2003, vol. 90, pp. 965-972.
62. Gierlinger, N., Sapei, L., and Paris, O., Insights into the Chemical Composition of Equisetum hyemale by High Resolution Raman Imaging, Planta, 2008, vol. 227, pp. 969-980.
63. McCartney, L., Marcus, S. E., and Knox, J. P., Monoclonal Antibodies to Plant Cell Wall Xylans and Arabinoxylans, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 2005, vol. 53, pp. 543-546.
64. McDougall, G. J., Isolation and Partial Characterization of the Noncellulosic Polysaccharides of Flax Fibre, Carbohydr. Res., 1993, vol. 241, pp. 227-236.
65. van Hazendonk, J. M., Reinerink, E. J. M., de Waard, P., and van Dam, J. E. G., Structural Analysis of Acetylated Hemicellulose Polysaccharides Form Fibre Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), Carbohydr. Res., 1996, vol. 291, pp. 141-154.
66. Gorshkova, T. A., Wyatt, S. E., Salnikov, V. V., Gibeaut, D. M., Ibragimov, M. R., Lozovaya, V. V., and Carpita, N. C., Cell-Wall Polysaccharides of Developing Flax Plants, Plant Physiol., 1996, vol. 110, pp. 721-729.
67. Viëtor, R. J., Newman, R. H., Ha, M. A., Apperley, D. C., and Jarvis, M. C., Conformational Features of Crystal-Surface Cellulose from Higher Plants, Plant J., 2002, vol. 30, pp. 721-731.
68. Sturcova, A., His, I., Apperley, D. C., Sugiyama, J., and Jarvis, M. C., Structural Details of Crystalline Cellulose from Higher Plants, Biomacromolecules, 2004, vol. 5, pp. 1333-1339.
69. Lafarguette, F., Leple, J.-Ch., Dejardin, A., Laurans, F., Costa, G., Lesage-Descauses, M.-C., and Pilate, G., Poplar Genes Encoding Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan Proteins Are Highly Expressed in Tension Wood, New Phytol., 2004, vol. 164, pp. 107-121.
70. Girault, R., His, I., Andeme-Onzighi, C., Driouich, A., and Morvan, C., Identification and Partial Characterization of Proteins and Proteoglycans Encrusting the Secondary Cell Walls of Flax Fibres, Planta, 2000, vol. 211, pp. 256-264.
71. Andersson-Gunneras, S., Mellerowicz, E. J., Love, J., Segerman, B., Ohmiya, Y., Coutinho, P. M., Nilsson, P., Henrissat, B., Moritz, T., and Sundberg, B., Biosynthesis of Cellulose-Enriched Tension Wood in Populus: Global Analysis of Transcripts and Metabolites Identifies Biochemical and Developmental Regulators in Secondary Wall Biosynthesis, Plant J., 2006, vol. 45, pp. 144-165.
72. Roach, M. J. and Deyholos, M. K., Microarray Analysis of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Stems Identifies Transcripts Enriched in Fibre-Bearing Phloem Tissues, Mol. Genet. Genom., 2007, vol. 278, pp. 149-165.
73. Roach, M. J. and Deyholos, M. K., Microarray Analysis of Developing Flax Hypocotyls Identifies Novel Transcripts Correlated with Specific Stages of Phloem Fibre Differentiation, Ann. Bot., 2008, vol. 102, pp. 317-330.
74. Gurjanov, O. P., Ibragimova, N. N., Gnezdilov, O. I., and Gorshkova, T. A., Polysaccharides Tightly Bound to Cellulose in Cell Wall of Flax Bast Fibre: Isolation and Identification, Carbohydr. Res., 2008, vol. 72, pp. 719-729.
75. Gorshkova, T. A., Mikshina, P. V., Ibragimova, N. N., Mokshina, N. E., Chernova, T. E., Gurjanov, O. P., and Chemikosova, S. B., Pectins in Secondary Cell Walls: Modifications during Cell Wall Assembly and Maturation, The Chapters for the Symposium Books Pectins and Pectinases, Schols, H. A., Visser, R. G. F., and Voragen, A. G. J., Eds., The Netherlands, Wageningen: Academic, 2009, pp. 149-165.
76. Salnikov, V. V., Ageeva, M. V., and Gorshkova, T. A., Homofusion of Golgi Secretory Vesicles in Flax Phloem Fibers during Formation of Gelatinous Secondary Cell Wall, Protoplasma, 2008, vol. 233, pp. 269-273.
77. Bonatti, P. M., Ferrari, Ch., Focher, B., Grippo, C., Torri, G., and Cosentino, C., Histochemical and Supramolecular Studies in Determining Quality of Hemp Fibres for Textile Applications, Euphytica, 2004, vol. 140, pp. 55-64.
78. Paux, E., Carocha, V., Marques, C., Mendes, de Sousa, A., Borralho, N., Sivadon, P., and Grima-Pettenati, J., Transcript Profiling of Eucalyptus Xylem Genes during Tension Wood Formation, New Phytol., 2005, vol. 167, pp. 89-100.
79. Joseleau, J. P., Imai, T., Kuroda, K., and Ruel, K., Detection in situ and Characterization of Lignin in the G-Layer of Tension Wood Fibres of Populus deltoids, Planta, 2004, vol. 219, pp. 338-345.
80. Yoshida, M., Fujiwara, D., Tsuji, Y., Fukushima, K., Nakamura, T., and Okuyama, T., Ultraviolet Microspectrophotometric Investigation of the Distribution of Lignin in Prunus jamasakura Differentiated on a Three-Dimensional Clinostat, J. Wood Sci., 2005, vol. 51, pp. 448-454.
81. Lehringer, C., Gierlinger, N., and Koch, G., Topochemical Investigation on Tension Wood Fibres of Acer spp. Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L., Holzforschung, 2007, vol. 62, pp. 255-263.
82. Prodhan, A. K. M. A., Funada, R., Ohtani, J., and Fukazawa, K., Orientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules in Developing Tension-Wood Fibres of Japanese Ash (Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica), Planta, 1995, vol. 196, pp. 577-585.
83. Ageeva, M. V., Petrovska, B., Kieft, H., Salnikov, V. V., Snegireva, A. V., van Dam, J. E. G., van Veenendaal, W. L. H., Emons, A. M. C., Gorshkova, T. A., and van Lammeren, A. A. M., Intrusive Growth of Flax Phloem Fibers Is of Intercalary Type, Planta, 2005, vol. 222, pp. 565-574.
84. Pilate, G., Dejardin, A., Laurans, F., and Leple, J.-C., Tension Wood as a Model for Functional Genomics of Wood Formation, New Phytol., 2004, vol. 164, pp. 63-72.
85. Gorshkova, T. A., Ageeva, M., Chemikosova, S., and Salnikov, V., Tissue-Specific Processes during Cell Wall Formation in Flax Fiber, Plant Biosyst., 2005, vol. 139, pp. 88-92.
86. Gurjanov, O. P., Gorshkova, T. A., Kabel, M., Schols, H. A., and van Dam, J. E. G., MALDI-TOF MS Evidence for the Linking of Flax Bast Fibre Galactan to Rhamnogalacturonan Backbone, Carbohydr. Polymer., 2007, vol. 67, pp. 86-96.
87. Mikshina, P. V., Chemikosova, S. B., Mokshina, N. E., Ibragimova, N. N., and Gorshkova, T. A., Free Galactose and Galactosidase Activity in the Course of Flax Fiber Development, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 2009, vol. 56, pp. 58-67.
88. Salnikov, V. V., Ageeva, M. V., Yumashev, V. N., and Lozovaya, V. V., The Ultrastructure of Bast Fibers, Russ. Plant Physiol., 1993, vol. 40, pp. 416-421.
89. Andeme-Onzighi, C., Girault, R., His, I., Morvan, C., and Driouich, A., Immunochemical Characterization of Early-Developing Flax Fiber Cell Walls, Protoplasma, 2000, vol. 213, pp. 235-245.
90. Gorshkova, T. A., Chemikosova, S. B., Lozovaya, V. V., and Carpita, N. C., Turnover of Galactans and Other Cell Wall Polysaccharides during Development of Flax Plants, Plant Physiol., 1997, vol. 114, pp. 723-729.
91. Jones, L., Seymour, G., and Knox, J. P., Localization of Pectic Galactan in Tomato Cell Wall Using a Monoclonal Antibody Specific to (1 → 4)-β-D-Galactan, Plant Physiol., 1997, vol. 113, pp. 1405-1412.
92. Jurgens, G., Membrane Trafficking in Plants, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 2004, vol. 20, pp. 481-504.
93. Blatt, M. R., Toward Understanding Vesicle Traffic and the Guard Cell Model, New Phytol., 2002, vol. 153, pp. 405-413.
94. Fry, S. C., The Growing Plant Cell Wall: Chemical and Metabolic Analysis, London: Longman Sci. and Technic., 1988.
95. van de Vis, J. W., Searle-van, Leeuwen M. J. F., Siliha, H. A., Kormelink, F. J. M., and Voragen, A. G. J., Purification and Characterization of Endo-1, 4-β-D-Galactanases from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus aculeatus: Use in Combination with Arabinanases from Aspergillus niger in Enzymic Conversion of Potato Arabinogalactan, Carbohydr. Polymer., 1991, vol. 16, pp. 167-187.
96. Chemikosova, S. B., Pavlencheva, N. V., Gur'yanov, O. P., and Gorshkova, T. A., The Effect of Soil Drought on the Phloem Fiber Development in Long-Fiber Flax, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 2006, vol. 53, pp. 656-662.
97. Hotte, N. S. C. and Deyholos, M. K., A Flax Fibre Proteome: Identification of Proteins Enriched in Bast Fibres, BMC Plant Biol., 2008, vol. 8, p. 52, doi: 101186/1471-2229-8-52.
98. Davis, E. A. and Derouet, C., Hervé du Penhoat, H. C., and Morvan, C., Isolation and an NMR Study of Pectins from Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), Carbohydr. Res., 1990, vol. 197, pp. 205-215.
99. Chernova, T. E., Gur'yanov, O. P., Brach, N. B., Pavlov, A. V., Porokhovinova, E. A., Kutuzova, S. N., Chemikosova, S. B., and Gorshkova, T. A., Variability in the Composition of Tissue-Specific Galactan from Flax Fibers, Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 2007, vol. 54, pp. 782-789.
100. He, X.-Q., Wang, Y.-Q., Hu, Y.-X., and Lin, J.-X., Ultrastructural Study of Secondary Wall Formation in the Stem Fiber of Phyllostachys pubescens, Acta Bot. Sinica, 2000, vol. 42, pp. 1003-1008.