Affects of the unexpected: When inconsistency feels good (or bad)

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 642-654

  Noordewier, Marret K ^a   Stapel, Diederik A ^a  

^a TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Affect; Consistency; Disconfirmation; Expectancies; Judgment

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; DECISION MAKING; EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMAN; PHOTOSTIMULATION; UNCERTAINTY;

COGNITION; EMOTIONS; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; PHOTIC STIMULATION; UNCERTAINTY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77952296580     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167209357746     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Abelson, R.P., Aronson, E., McGuire, W., Newcomb, T., Rosenberg, M., & Tannenbaum, P. (1968). Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook. Chicago: Rand McNally.
2. Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Aronson, E. (1968). Dissonance theory: Progress and problems. In E. A. R. P. Abelson, W. J. McGuire, T. M. Newcomb, M. J. Rosenberg, & P. H. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook (pp. 5-27). Chicago: Rand McNally.
4. Aronson, E., & Carlsmith, J.M. (1962). Performance expectancy as a determinant of actual performance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 178-182.
5. Berlyne, D.E. (1954). A theory of human curiosity. British Journal of Psychology, 45, 180-191.
6. Biernat, M. (2005). Standards and expectancies: Contrast and assimilation in judgments of self and others New York: Psychology Press.
7. Carlsmith, J.M., & Aronson, E. (1963). Some hedonic consequences of the confirmation and disconfirmation of expectances. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 151.
8. Cooper, J. (2007). Cognitive dissonance: 50 years of a classic theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9. Elliot, A.J., & Devine, P.G. (1994). On the motivational nature of cognitive dissonance: Dissonance as psychological discomfort. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 382-394. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Oxford, UK: Row, Peterson.
10. Förster, J., Higgins, E.T., & Strack, F. (2000). When stereotype disconfirmation is a personal threat: How prejudice and prevention focus moderate incongruency effects. Social Cognition, 18, 178-197.
11. Förster, J., Higgins, E.T., & Werth, L. (2004). How threat from stereotype disconfirmation triggers self-defense. Social Cognition, 22, 54-74.
12. Friedman, R.S., & Arndt, J. (2005). Reexploring the connection between terror management theory and dissonance theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1217-1225.
13. Friedman, R.S., & Förster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1001-1013.
14. Gilbert, D.T. (1989). Thinking lightly about others: Automatic components of the social inference process. New York: Guilford.
15. Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
16. Harmon-Jones, E. (1999). Toward an understanding of the motivation underlying dissonance effects: Is the production of aversive consequences necessary? In E. Harmon-Jones & J. Mills (Eds.), Cognitive dissonance: Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology (pp. 71-99). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
17. Harmon-Jones, E., & Mills, J. (1999). Cognitive dissonance: Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
18. Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations New York: John Wiley.
19. Klein, W.M., & Kunda, Z. (1992). Motivated person perception: Constructing justifications for desired beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 145-168.
20. Landau, M.J., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Martens, A., Goldenberg, J.L.,et al.(2004). A function of form: Terror management and structuring the social world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 190-210.
21. Liberman, N., Idson, L.C., Camacho, C.J., & Higgins, E.T. (1999). Promotion and prevention choices between stability and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1135-1145.
22. Lockwood, P., Jordan, C.H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive or negative role models: Regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 854-864.
23. Loewenstein, G. (1994). The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 75-98.
24. Macrae, C.N., & Bodenhausen, G.V. (2000). Social cognition: Thinking categorically about others. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 93-120.
25. Macrae, C.N., Bodenhausen, G.V., Schloerscheidt, A.M., & Milne, A.B. (1999). Tales of the unexpected: Executive function and person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 200-213.
26. Mendes, W.B., Blascovich, J., Hunter, S.B., Lickel, B., & Jost, J.T. (2007). Threatened by the unexpected: Physiological responses during social interactions with expectancy-violation partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 698-716.
27. Neuberg, S. L., & Newsom, J. T. (1993). Personal need for structure: Individual differences in the desire for simpler structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 113-131.
28. Noordewier, M.K., & Stapel, D.A. (2009). When failure feels better than success: Self-salience, self-consistency, and affect. Manuscript submitted for publication.
29. Olson, J.M., Roese, N.J., & Zanna, M.P. (1996). Expectancies. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 211-238). New York: Guilford.
30. Roese, N.J., & Sherman, J.W. (2007). Expectancy. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (Vol. 2, pp. 91-115). New York: Guilford.
31. Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 527-561). New York: Guilford.
32. Shepperd, J.A., & McNulty, J.K. (2002). The affective consequences of expected and unexpected outcomes. Psychological Science, 13, 85-88.
33. Snyder, M., & Swann, W.B. (1978). Hypothesis-testing processes in social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1202-1212.
34. Swann, W.B. (1983). Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 2, pp. 33-66). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
35. Swann, W.B. (1990). To be adored or to be known? The interplay of self-enhancement and self-verification. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 408-450). New York: Guilford.
36. Tavris, C., & Aronson, E. (2007). Mistakes were made (but not by me): Why we justify foolish beliefs, bad decisions, and hurtful acts. Orlando, FL: Harcourt.
37. Thompson, M.M., Naccarato, M.E., & Parker, K.E. (1989, June). Assessing cognitive need: The development of the Personal Need for Structure and Personal Fear of Invalidity scales. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
38. Webster, D.M., & Kruglanski, A.W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1049-1062.
39. Zajonc, R.B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 1-27.