메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 1205-1223

Does the type of matrix matter? A quantitative review of the evidence

Author keywords

Edge contrast; Landscape connectivity; Landscape context; Matrix permeability; Matrix quality; Matrix resistance

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; BIODIVERSITY; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; EDGE EFFECT; LANDSCAPE; MATRIX; PATCHINESS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SPECIES RICHNESS; TAXONOMY;

EID: 77952290368     PISSN: 09603115     EISSN: 15729710     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10531-009-9750-z     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (362)

References (134)
  • 1
    • 0028891233 scopus 로고
    • The effect of matrix on the occurrence of hazel groU (Bonasa bonasia) in isolated habitat fragments
    • Aberg J, Jansson G, Swenson JE, Angelstam P (1995) The effect of matrix on the occurrence of hazel groU (Bonasa bonasia) in isolated habitat fragments. Oecologia 103: 265-269.
    • (1995) Oecologia , vol.103 , pp. 265-269
    • Aberg, J.1    Jansson, G.2    Swenson, J.E.3    Angelstam, P.4
  • 2
    • 33845493689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the matrix matter? A forest primate in a complex agricultural landscape
    • Anderson J, Rowcliffle JM, Cowlishaw G (2007) Does the matrix matter? A forest primate in a complex agricultural landscape. Biol Conserv 135: 212-222.
    • (2007) Biol Conserv , vol.135 , pp. 212-222
    • Anderson, J.1    Rowcliffle, J.M.2    Cowlishaw, G.3
  • 3
    • 0030874502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population response to landscape changes depends on specialization to different landscape elements
    • Andrén H, Delin A, Seiler A (1997) Population response to landscape changes depends on specialization to different landscape elements. Oikos 80: 193-196.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.80 , pp. 193-196
    • Andrén, H.1    Delin, A.2    Seiler, A.3
  • 4
    • 9644279688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of matrix habitats on the occurrence of insectivorous bird species in Amazonian forest fragments
    • Antogiovanni M, Metzger JP (2005) Influence of matrix habitats on the occurrence of insectivorous bird species in Amazonian forest fragments. Biol Conserv 122: 441-451.
    • (2005) Biol Conserv , vol.122 , pp. 441-451
    • Antogiovanni, M.1    Metzger, J.P.2
  • 5
    • 0024184875 scopus 로고
    • Effects of host plant patch size on herbivore density: Underlying mechanisms
    • Bach CE (1988) Effects of host plant patch size on herbivore density: underlying mechanisms. Ecology 69: 1103-1117.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1103-1117
    • Bach, C.E.1
  • 6
    • 7544229367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The matrix enhances the effectiveness of corridors and stepping stones
    • Baum K, Haynes KJ, Dillemuth FP, Cronin J (2004) The matrix enhances the effectiveness of corridors and stepping stones. Ecology 85: 2671-2676.
    • (2004) Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 2671-2676
    • Baum, K.1    Haynes, K.J.2    Dillemuth, F.P.3    Cronin, J.4
  • 7
    • 0031460728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing the effects of landscape fragmentation by forestry and agriculture on predation of artificial nests
    • Bayne EM, Hobson KA (1997) Comparing the effects of landscape fragmentation by forestry and agriculture on predation of artificial nests. Conserv Biol 11: 1418-1429.
    • (1997) Conserv Biol , vol.11 , pp. 1418-1429
    • Bayne, E.M.1    Hobson, K.A.2
  • 8
    • 0032414111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do habitat corridors provide connectivity?
    • Beier P, Noss RF (1998) Do habitat corridors provide connectivity? Conserv Biol 12: 1241-1252.
    • (1998) Conserv Biol , vol.12 , pp. 1241-1252
    • Beier, P.1    Noss, R.F.2
  • 9
    • 16844365276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix structure obscures the relationship between interpatch movement and patch size and isolation
    • Bender DJ, Fahrig L (2005) Matrix structure obscures the relationship between interpatch movement and patch size and isolation. Ecology 86(4): 1023-1033.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , Issue.4 , pp. 1023-1033
    • Bender, D.J.1    Fahrig, L.2
  • 10
    • 0031853057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat loss and population decline: A meta-analysis of the patch size effect
    • Bender DJ, Contreras TA, Fahrig L (1998) Habitat loss and population decline: a meta-analysis of the patch size effect. Ecology 79: 517-533.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 517-533
    • Bender, D.J.1    Contreras, T.A.2    Fahrig, L.3
  • 11
    • 20044366808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of vegetation matrix on animal dispersal: Genetic evidence from a study of endangered skinks
    • Berry O, Tocher MD, Gleeson DM, Sarre SD (2005) Effect of vegetation matrix on animal dispersal: genetic evidence from a study of endangered skinks. Conserv Biol 19: 855-864.
    • (2005) Conserv Biol , vol.19 , pp. 855-864
    • Berry, O.1    Tocher, M.D.2    Gleeson, D.M.3    Sarre, S.D.4
  • 12
    • 0141702355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are fragments islands? Landscape context and density-area relationships in Boreal Forest birds
    • Brotons L, Mönkkönen M, Martin JL (2003) Are fragments islands? Landscape context and density-area relationships in Boreal Forest birds. Am Nat 162: 343-357.
    • (2003) Am Nat , vol.162 , pp. 343-357
    • Brotons, L.1    Mönkkönen, M.2    Martin, J.L.3
  • 13
    • 33645055101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental test of matrix permeability and corridor use by an endemic understory bird
    • Castellon TD, Sieving KE (2006) An experimental test of matrix permeability and corridor use by an endemic understory bird. Conserv Biol 20: 135-145.
    • (2006) Conserv Biol , vol.20 , pp. 135-145
    • Castellon, T.D.1    Sieving, K.E.2
  • 14
    • 0344099643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incorporating landscape elements into a connectivity measure: A case study for the Speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria L.)
    • Chardon JP, Adriansen F, Matthysen E (2003) Incorporating landscape elements into a connectivity measure: a case study for the Speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria L.). Landsc Ecol 18: 561-573.
    • (2003) Landsc Ecol , vol.18 , pp. 561-573
    • Chardon, J.P.1    Adriansen, F.2    Matthysen, E.3
  • 15
    • 0036970932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influences of patch shape and boundary contrast on insect response to fragmentation in California grasslands
    • Collinge SH, Palmer TM (2002) The influences of patch shape and boundary contrast on insect response to fragmentation in California grasslands. Landsc Ecol 17: 647-656.
    • (2002) Landsc Ecol , vol.17 , pp. 647-656
    • Collinge, S.H.1    Palmer, T.M.2
  • 16
    • 0036743363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Island theory, matrix effects and species richness patterns in habitat fragments
    • Cook WM, Lane KT, Foster BL, Holt RD (2002) Island theory, matrix effects and species richness patterns in habitat fragments. Ecol Lett 5: 619-623.
    • (2002) Ecol Lett , vol.5 , pp. 619-623
    • Cook, W.M.1    Lane, K.T.2    Foster, B.L.3    Holt, R.D.4
  • 17
    • 41049092876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do local habitat management and landscape structure at different spatial scales affect fritillary butterfly distribution on fragmented wetlands?
    • Cozzi G, Müller CB, Krauss J (2008) How do local habitat management and landscape structure at different spatial scales affect fritillary butterfly distribution on fragmented wetlands? Landsc Ecol 23: 269-283.
    • (2008) Landsc Ecol , vol.23 , pp. 269-283
    • Cozzi, G.1    Müller, C.B.2    Krauss, J.3
  • 18
    • 0037531984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix heterogeneity and host-parasitoid interactions in space
    • Cronin JT (2003) Matrix heterogeneity and host-parasitoid interactions in space. Ecology 84: 1506-1516.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 1506-1516
    • Cronin, J.T.1
  • 19
    • 2942532138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host-parasitoid extinction and colonization in a fragmented prairie landscape
    • Cronin JT (2004) Host-parasitoid extinction and colonization in a fragmented prairie landscape. Oecologia 139: 503-514.
    • (2004) Oecologia , vol.139 , pp. 503-514
    • Cronin, J.T.1
  • 20
    • 40449099591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From population sources to sieves: The matrix alters host-parasitoid source-sink structure
    • Cronin JT (2007) From population sources to sieves: the matrix alters host-parasitoid source-sink structure. Ecology 88: 2966-2976.
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 2966-2976
    • Cronin, J.T.1
  • 21
    • 35348998059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local and landscape effects on the butterfly community in fragmented Midwest USA prairie habitats
    • Davis JD, Debinski DM, Danielson BJ (2007) Local and landscape effects on the butterfly community in fragmented Midwest USA prairie habitats. Landsc Ecol 22: 1341-1354.
    • (2007) Landsc Ecol , vol.22 , pp. 1341-1354
    • Davis, J.D.1    Debinski, D.M.2    Danielson, B.J.3
  • 22
    • 33646034914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-scale effect of landscape processes and habitat quality on newt abundance: Implications for conservation
    • Denoël M, Lehmann A (2006) Multi-scale effect of landscape processes and habitat quality on newt abundance: implications for conservation. Biol Conserv 130: 495-504.
    • (2006) Biol Conserv , vol.130 , pp. 495-504
    • Denoël, M.1    Lehmann, A.2
  • 23
    • 34548042293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect effects of habitat area and matrix composition on species interactions among flower-visiting insects
    • Diekötter T, Haynes KJ, Mazeffa D, Crist TO (2007) Direct and indirect effects of habitat area and matrix composition on species interactions among flower-visiting insects. Oikos 116: 1588-1598.
    • (2007) Oikos , vol.116 , pp. 1588-1598
    • Diekötter, T.1    Haynes, K.J.2    Mazeffa, D.3    Crist, T.O.4
  • 24
    • 33644935692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The imprint of the geographical, evolutionary and ecological context on species-area relationships
    • Drakare S, Lennon JL, Hillebrand H (2006) The imprint of the geographical, evolutionary and ecological context on species-area relationships. Ecol Lett 9: 215-227.
    • (2006) Ecol Lett , vol.9 , pp. 215-227
    • Drakare, S.1    Lennon, J.L.2    Hillebrand, H.3
  • 25
    • 26244443526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix matters: Effects of surrounding land us on forest birds near Ottawa, Canada
    • Dunford W, Freemark K (2004) Matrix matters: effects of surrounding land us on forest birds near Ottawa, Canada. Landsc Ecol 20: 497-511.
    • (2004) Landsc Ecol , vol.20 , pp. 497-511
    • Dunford, W.1    Freemark, K.2
  • 26
    • 37349031854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying connectivity: Balancing metric performance with data requirements
    • K. R. Crooks and M. Sanjayan (Eds.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Fagan WF, Calabrese JM (2006) Quantifying connectivity: balancing metric performance with data requirements. In: Crooks KR, Sanjayan M (eds) Connectivity conservation. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 297-317.
    • (2006) Connectivity Conservation , pp. 297-317
    • Fagan, W.F.1    Calabrese, J.M.2
  • 27
    • 0034958739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape structure and asymmetrical inter-patch connectivity in a metapopulation of the endangered Iberian lynx
    • Ferreras P (2001) Landscape structure and asymmetrical inter-patch connectivity in a metapopulation of the endangered Iberian lynx. Biol Conserv 100: 125-136.
    • (2001) Biol Conserv , vol.100 , pp. 125-136
    • Ferreras, P.1
  • 28
    • 18844410575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making the matrix matter: Challenges in Australian grazing landscapes
    • Fischer J, Fazey I, Briese R, Lindenmayer DB (2005) Making the matrix matter: challenges in Australian grazing landscapes. Biodivers Conserv 14: 561-578.
    • (2005) Biodivers Conserv , vol.14 , pp. 561-578
    • Fischer, J.1    Fazey, I.2    Briese, R.3    Lindenmayer, D.B.4
  • 29
    • 35848944358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of functional connectivity in the conservation of a ground-dwelling mammal in an urban Australian landscape
    • FitzGibbon SI, Putland DA, Goldizen AW (2007) The importance of functional connectivity in the conservation of a ground-dwelling mammal in an urban Australian landscape. Landsc Ecol 22: 1513-1525.
    • (2007) Landsc Ecol , vol.22 , pp. 1513-1525
    • Fitzgibbon, S.I.1    Putland, D.A.2    Goldizen, A.W.3
  • 31
    • 0037662909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forces structuring tree squirrel communities in landscapes fragmented by agriculture: Species differences in perceptions of forest connectivity and carrying capacity
    • Goheen JR, Swihart RK, Gehring TM, Miller MS (2003) Forces structuring tree squirrel communities in landscapes fragmented by agriculture: species differences in perceptions of forest connectivity and carrying capacity. Oikos 102: 95-103.
    • (2003) Oikos , vol.102 , pp. 95-103
    • Goheen, J.R.1    Swihart, R.K.2    Gehring, T.M.3    Miller, M.S.4
  • 32
    • 0347531699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is landscape connectivity a dependent or independent variable?
    • Goodwin BJ (2003) Is landscape connectivity a dependent or independent variable? Landscape Ecol 18: 687-699.
    • (2003) Landscape Ecol , vol.18 , pp. 687-699
    • Goodwin, B.J.1
  • 33
    • 0036955147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does landscape structure influence landscape connectivity?
    • Goodwin BJ, Fahrig L (2002) How does landscape structure influence landscape connectivity? Oikos 99: 552-570.
    • (2002) Oikos , vol.99 , pp. 552-570
    • Goodwin, B.J.1    Fahrig, L.2
  • 34
    • 33845413224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource availability, matrix quality, microclimate, and spatial pattern as predictors of patch U by the Karner blue butterfly
    • Grundel R, Pavlovic NB (2007) Resource availability, matrix quality, microclimate, and spatial pattern as predictors of patch U by the Karner blue butterfly. Biol Conserv 135: 135-144.
    • (2007) Biol Conserv , vol.135 , pp. 135-144
    • Grundel, R.1    Pavlovic, N.B.2
  • 35
    • 34248221183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat and landscape factors associated with neotropical waterbird occurrence and richness in wetland fragments
    • Guadagnin DL, Maltchik L (2007) Habitat and landscape factors associated with neotropical waterbird occurrence and richness in wetland fragments. Biodivers Conserv 16: 1231-1244.
    • (2007) Biodivers Conserv , vol.16 , pp. 1231-1244
    • Guadagnin, D.L.1    Maltchik, L.2
  • 36
    • 0030404254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization
    • Gustafson EJ, Gardner RH (1996) The effect of landscape heterogeneity on the probability of patch colonization. Ecology 77: 94-107.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 94-107
    • Gustafson, E.J.1    Gardner, R.H.2
  • 37
    • 0036557549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conceptual genealogy of fragmentation research: From island biogeography to landscape ecology
    • Haila Y (2002) A conceptual genealogy of fragmentation research: from island biogeography to landscape ecology. Ecol Appl 12: 321-333.
    • (2002) Ecol Appl , vol.12 , pp. 321-333
    • Haila, Y.1
  • 38
    • 33746913512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with grassland bird species richness: The relative roles of grassland area, landscape structure, and prey
    • Hamer TL, Flather CH, Noon BR (2006) Factors associated with grassland bird species richness: the relative roles of grassland area, landscape structure, and prey. Landsc Ecol 21: 569-583.
    • (2006) Landsc Ecol , vol.21 , pp. 569-583
    • Hamer, T.L.1    Flather, C.H.2    Noon, B.R.3
  • 40
    • 1342330860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix composition affects the spatial ecology of a prairie planthopper
    • Haynes KJ, Cronin JT (2003) Matrix composition affects the spatial ecology of a prairie planthopper. Ecology 84: 2856-2866.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 2856-2866
    • Haynes, K.J.1    Cronin, J.T.2
  • 41
    • 1842483413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confounding of patch quality and matrix effects in herbivore movement studies
    • Haynes KJ, Cronin JT (2004) Confounding of patch quality and matrix effects in herbivore movement studies. Landsc Ecol 19: 119-124.
    • (2004) Landsc Ecol , vol.19 , pp. 119-124
    • Haynes, K.J.1    Cronin, J.T.2
  • 42
    • 33645116391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpatch movement and edge effects: The role of behavioral responses to the landscape matrix
    • Haynes KJ, Cronin JT (2006) Interpatch movement and edge effects: the role of behavioral responses to the landscape matrix. Oikos 113: 43-54.
    • (2006) Oikos , vol.113 , pp. 43-54
    • Haynes, K.J.1    Cronin, J.T.2
  • 44
    • 34547795789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource complementation and the response of an insect herbivore to habitat area and fragmentation
    • Haynes KJ, Diekötter T, Crist TO (2007b) Resource complementation and the response of an insect herbivore to habitat area and fragmentation. Oecologia 153: 511-520.
    • (2007) Oecologia , vol.153 , pp. 511-520
    • Haynes, K.J.1    Diekötter, T.2    Crist, T.O.3
  • 46
    • 0041571885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement patterns of the bush cricket Platycleis albopunctata in different types of habitat: Matrix is not always matrix
    • Hein S, Gombert J, Hovestadt T, Poethke H (2003) Movement patterns of the bush cricket Platycleis albopunctata in different types of habitat: matrix is not always matrix. Ecol Entomol 28: 432-438.
    • (2003) Ecol Entomol , vol.28 , pp. 432-438
    • Hein, S.1    Gombert, J.2    Hovestadt, T.3    Poethke, H.4
  • 47
    • 0028979388 scopus 로고
    • Habitat and landscape factors influencing the presence of individual breeding bird species in woodland fragments
    • Hinsley SA, Bellamy PE, Newton I, Sparks TH (1995) Habitat and landscape factors influencing the presence of individual breeding bird species in woodland fragments. J Avian Biol 26: 94-104.
    • (1995) J Avian Biol , vol.26 , pp. 94-104
    • Hinsley, S.A.1    Bellamy, P.E.2    Newton, I.3    Sparks, T.H.4
  • 48
    • 33846631325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avian movement across abrupt ecological edges: Differential responses to housing density in an urban matrix
    • Hodgson P, French K, Major RE (2007) Avian movement across abrupt ecological edges: differential responses to housing density in an urban matrix. Landsc Urban Plan 79: 266-272.
    • (2007) Landsc Urban Plan , vol.79 , pp. 266-272
    • Hodgson, P.1    French, K.2    Major, R.E.3
  • 49
    • 0031922084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permeability of patch boundaries to benthic invertebrates: Influences of boundary contrast, light level, and faunal density and mobility
    • Holmquist JG (1998) Permeability of patch boundaries to benthic invertebrates: influences of boundary contrast, light level, and faunal density and mobility. Oikos 81: 558-566.
    • (1998) Oikos , vol.81 , pp. 558-566
    • Holmquist, J.G.1
  • 50
    • 0036056445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape structure, habitat fragmentation and the ecology of insects
    • Hunter MK (2002) Landscape structure, habitat fragmentation and the ecology of insects. Agric For Entomol 4: 159-166.
    • (2002) Agric For Entomol , vol.4 , pp. 159-166
    • Hunter, M.K.1
  • 51
    • 0035120170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat matrix effects on pond occupancy in newts
    • Joly P, Miaud C, Lehmann A, Grolet O (2001) Habitat matrix effects on pond occupancy in newts. Conserv Biol 15: 239-248.
    • (2001) Conserv Biol , vol.15 , pp. 239-248
    • Joly, P.1    Miaud, C.2    Lehmann, A.3    Grolet, O.4
  • 52
    • 0035036714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of matrix habitat on Aphthona flea beetle immigration to leafy spurge patches
    • Jonsen ID, Bourchier RS, Roland J (2001) The influence of matrix habitat on Aphthona flea beetle immigration to leafy spurge patches. Oecologia 127: 287-294.
    • (2001) Oecologia , vol.127 , pp. 287-294
    • Jonsen, I.D.1    Bourchier, R.S.2    Roland, J.3
  • 53
    • 34249786266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of matrix habitat on the spread of flea beetle introductions for biological control of leafy spurge
    • Jonsen ID, Bourchier RS, Roland J (2007) Effect of matrix habitat on the spread of flea beetle introductions for biological control of leafy spurge. Landsc Ecol 22: 883-896.
    • (2007) Landsc Ecol , vol.22 , pp. 883-896
    • Jonsen, I.D.1    Bourchier, R.S.2    Roland, J.3
  • 54
    • 0041783608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A broader ecological context to habitat fragmentation: Why matrix habitat is more important than we thought
    • Jules ES, Shahani P (2003) A broader ecological context to habitat fragmentation: why matrix habitat is more important than we thought. J Veg Sci 14: 459-464.
    • (2003) J Veg Sci , vol.14 , pp. 459-464
    • Jules, E.S.1    Shahani, P.2
  • 55
    • 0022172035 scopus 로고
    • Finding and losing host plants by Phyllotreta: Patch size and surrounding habitat
    • Kareiva P (1985) Finding and losing host plants by Phyllotreta: patch size and surrounding habitat. Ecology 66: 1809-1816.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 1809-1816
    • Kareiva, P.1
  • 56
    • 0036625812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest predation in fragmented forests: Landscape matrix by distance from edge interactions
    • Keyser AJ (2002) Nest predation in fragmented forests: landscape matrix by distance from edge interactions. Wilson Bull 114: 186-191.
    • (2002) Wilson Bull , vol.114 , pp. 186-191
    • Keyser, A.J.1
  • 57
    • 0032952050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal in a metapopulation of the Bush Cricket, Metrioptera bicolor (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
    • Kindvall O (1999) Dispersal in a metapopulation of the Bush Cricket, Metrioptera bicolor (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). J Anim Ecol 68: 172-185.
    • (1999) J Anim Ecol , vol.68 , pp. 172-185
    • Kindvall, O.1
  • 58
    • 0038381656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does landscape context contribute to effects of habitat fragmentation on diversity and population density of butterflies?
    • Krauss J, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (2003) How does landscape context contribute to effects of habitat fragmentation on diversity and population density of butterflies? J Biogeogr 30: 889-900.
    • (2003) J Biogeogr , vol.30 , pp. 889-900
    • Krauss, J.1    Steffan-Dewenter, I.2    Tscharntke, T.3
  • 59
    • 33644887478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not seeing the ocean for the islands: The mediating influence of matrix-based processes on forest fragmentation effects
    • Kupfer JA, Malanson GP, Franklin SB (2006) Not seeing the ocean for the islands: the mediating influence of matrix-based processes on forest fragmentation effects. Global Ecol Biogeogr 15: 8-20.
    • (2006) Global Ecol Biogeogr , vol.15 , pp. 8-20
    • Kupfer, J.A.1    Malanson, G.P.2    Franklin, S.B.3
  • 60
    • 0030302860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental study of migration in the Glanville Fritillary Butterfly Melitaea cinxia
    • Kuussaari M, Nieminen M, Hanski I (1996) An experimental study of migration in the Glanville Fritillary Butterfly Melitaea cinxia. J Anim Ecol 65: 791-801.
    • (1996) J Anim Ecol , vol.65 , pp. 791-801
    • Kuussaari, M.1    Nieminen, M.2    Hanski, I.3
  • 61
    • 0026268357 scopus 로고
    • Ecological correlates of extinction proneness in Australian tropical rainforest mammals
    • Laurance WF (1991) Ecological correlates of extinction proneness in Australian tropical rainforest mammals. Conserv Biol 5: 79-89.
    • (1991) Conserv Biol , vol.5 , pp. 79-89
    • Laurance, W.F.1
  • 62
    • 46949092253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theory meets reality: How habitat fragmentation research has transcended island biogeographic theory
    • Laurance WF (2008) Theory meets reality: how habitat fragmentation research has transcended island biogeographic theory. Biol Conserv 141: 1731-1744.
    • (2008) Biol Conserv , vol.141 , pp. 1731-1744
    • Laurance, W.F.1
  • 63
    • 0041764410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prairie dog towns as islands: Applications of island biogeography and landscape ecology for conserving nonvolant terrestrial vertebrates
    • Lomolino MV, Smith GA (2003) Prairie dog towns as islands: applications of island biogeography and landscape ecology for conserving nonvolant terrestrial vertebrates. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 12: 275-286.
    • (2003) Glob Ecol Biogeogr , vol.12 , pp. 275-286
    • Lomolino, M.V.1    Smith, G.A.2
  • 64
    • 33846600346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of varying forest edge permeability on seed dispersal in a neotropical montane forest
    • López-Barrera F, Manson RH, González-Espinosa M, Newton AC (2007) Effects of varying forest edge permeability on seed dispersal in a neotropical montane forest. Landsc Ecol 22: 189-203.
    • (2007) Landsc Ecol , vol.22 , pp. 189-203
    • López-Barrera, F.1    Manson, R.H.2    González-Espinosa, M.3    Newton, A.C.4
  • 65
    • 0345104814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land ownership and other landscape-level effects on biodiversity in southern Ontario's Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve, Canada
    • Lovett-Doust J, Kuntz K (2001) Land ownership and other landscape-level effects on biodiversity in southern Ontario's Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve, Canada. Landsc Ecol 16: 743-755.
    • (2001) Landsc Ecol , vol.16 , pp. 743-755
    • Lovett-Doust, J.1    Kuntz, K.2
  • 66
    • 0344531063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of land ownership and landscape-level factors on rare-species richness in natural areas of southern Ontario, Canada
    • Lovett-Doust J, Biernacki M, Page R, Chan M, Natgunarajah R, Timis G (2003) Effects of land ownership and landscape-level factors on rare-species richness in natural areas of southern Ontario, Canada. Landsc Ecol 18: 621-633.
    • (2003) Landsc Ecol , vol.18 , pp. 621-633
    • Lovett-Doust, J.1    Biernacki, M.2    Page, R.3    Chan, M.4    Natgunarajah, R.5    Timis, G.6
  • 67
    • 1542378966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continua and Umwelt: Novel perspectives on viewing landscapes
    • Manning AD, Lindenmayer DB, Nix HA (2004) Continua and Umwelt: novel perspectives on viewing landscapes. Oikos 104: 621-628.
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.104 , pp. 621-628
    • Manning, A.D.1    Lindenmayer, D.B.2    Nix, H.A.3
  • 68
    • 22744431955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape resistance to frog movements
    • Mazerolle MJ, Desrochers A (2005) Landscape resistance to frog movements. Can J Zool 83: 455-464.
    • (2005) Can J Zool , vol.83 , pp. 455-464
    • Mazerolle, M.J.1    Desrochers, A.2
  • 69
    • 0032714988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A framework for conceptualizing human effects on landscapes and its relevance to management and research models
    • McIntyre S, Hobbs RJ (1999) A framework for conceptualizing human effects on landscapes and its relevance to management and research models. Conserv Biol 13: 1282-1292.
    • (1999) Conserv Biol , vol.13 , pp. 1282-1292
    • McIntyre, S.1    Hobbs, R.J.2
  • 70
    • 0344110155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of surrounding vegetation on edge-related tree mortality in Amazonian forest fragments
    • Mesquita RCG, Delamônica P, Laurance WF (1999) Effect of surrounding vegetation on edge-related tree mortality in Amazonian forest fragments. Biol Conserv 91: 129-134.
    • (1999) Biol Conserv , vol.91 , pp. 129-134
    • Mesquita, R.C.G.1    Delamônica, P.2    Laurance, W.F.3
  • 71
    • 0034484468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree functional group rochness and landscape structure in a Brazilian tropical fragmented landscape
    • Metzger JP (2000) Tree functional group rochness and landscape structure in a Brazilian tropical fragmented landscape. Ecol Appl 10: 1147-1161.
    • (2000) Ecol Appl , vol.10 , pp. 1147-1161
    • Metzger, J.P.1
  • 72
    • 0031657729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metapopulation dynamics: Effects of habitat quality and landscape structure
    • Moilanen A, Hanski I (1998) Metapopulation dynamics: effects of habitat quality and landscape structure. Ecology 79: 2503-2515.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 2503-2515
    • Moilanen, A.1    Hanski, I.2
  • 73
    • 1542648681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Context and connectivity in plant metapopulations and landscape mosaics: Does the matrix matter?
    • Murphy HT, Lovett-Doust J (2004) Context and connectivity in plant metapopulations and landscape mosaics: does the matrix matter? Oikos 105: 3-14.
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.105 , pp. 3-14
    • Murphy, H.T.1    Lovett-Doust, J.2
  • 75
    • 34248169348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U of forest fragments by blue-winged macaws (Primolius maracana) within a fragmented landscape
    • Nunes MFC, Galetti M (2007) U of forest fragments by blue-winged macaws (Primolius maracana) within a fragmented landscape. Biodivers Conserv 16: 953-967.
    • (2007) Biodivers Conserv , vol.16 , pp. 953-967
    • Nunes, M.F.C.1    Galetti, M.2
  • 76
    • 15744376042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of forest fragmentation on small mammals in an Atlantic Forest landscape
    • Pardini R (2004) Effects of forest fragmentation on small mammals in an Atlantic Forest landscape. Biodivers Conserv 13: 2567-2586.
    • (2004) Biodivers Conserv , vol.13 , pp. 2567-2586
    • Pardini, R.1
  • 77
    • 0036188349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of agroecological matrix in a tropical montane landscape: Ants in coffee plantations in southern Mexico
    • Perfecto I, Vandermeer J (2002) Quality of agroecological matrix in a tropical montane landscape: ants in coffee plantations in southern Mexico. Conserv Biol 16: 174-182.
    • (2002) Conserv Biol , vol.16 , pp. 174-182
    • Perfecto, I.1    Vandermeer, J.2
  • 78
    • 33751532220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial population structure of the Cabrera vole in Mediterranean farmland: The relative role of patch and matrix effects
    • Pita R, Beja P, Mira A (2007) Spatial population structure of the Cabrera vole in Mediterranean farmland: the relative role of patch and matrix effects. Biol Conserv 134: 383-392.
    • (2007) Biol Conserv , vol.134 , pp. 383-392
    • Pita, R.1    Beja, P.2    Mira, A.3
  • 79
    • 0031656667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental assessment of landscape connectivity
    • Pither J, Taylor PD (1998) An experimental assessment of landscape connectivity. Oikos 83: 166-174.
    • (1998) Oikos , vol.83 , pp. 166-174
    • Pither, J.1    Taylor, P.D.2
  • 80
    • 34347404866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative importance of landscape properties for woodland birds in agricultural environments
    • Radford JQ, Bennett AF (2007) The relative importance of landscape properties for woodland birds in agricultural environments. J Appl Ecol 44: 737-747.
    • (2007) J Appl Ecol , vol.44 , pp. 737-747
    • Radford, J.Q.1    Bennett, A.F.2
  • 81
    • 36549063719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where can tigers persist in the future? A landscape-scale, density-based population model for the Indian subcontinent
    • Ranganathan J, Chanb KMA, Karanthc KU, Smith JLD (2008) Where can tigers persist in the future? A landscape-scale, density-based population model for the Indian subcontinent. Biol Conserv 141: 67-77.
    • (2008) Biol Conserv , vol.141 , pp. 67-77
    • Ranganathan, J.1    Chanb, K.M.A.2    Karanthc, K.U.3    Smith, J.L.D.4
  • 82
    • 0036937688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling spatial distribution of amphibian populations: A GIS approach based on habitat matrix permeability
    • Ray N, Lehmann A, Joly P (2002) Modeling spatial distribution of amphibian populations: a GIS approach based on habitat matrix permeability. Biodivers Conserv 11: 2143-2165.
    • (2002) Biodivers Conserv , vol.11 , pp. 2143-2165
    • Ray, N.1    Lehmann, A.2    Joly, P.3
  • 83
    • 0035155067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of natural and anthropogenic landscape matrices on the abundance of subandean bird species
    • Renjifo LM (2001) Effect of natural and anthropogenic landscape matrices on the abundance of subandean bird species. Ecol Appl 11: 14-31.
    • (2001) Ecol Appl , vol.11 , pp. 14-31
    • Renjifo, L.M.1
  • 84
    • 58049213972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual movement behavior, matrix heterogeneity, and the dynamics of spatially structured populations
    • Revilla E, Wiegand T (2008) Individual movement behavior, matrix heterogeneity, and the dynamics of spatially structured populations. PNAS 105(49): 19120-19125.
    • (2008) Pnas , vol.105 , Issue.49 , pp. 19120-19125
    • Revilla, E.1    Wiegand, T.2
  • 85
    • 34548096920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of matrix heterogeneity on animal dispersal: From individual behavior to metapopulation-level parameters
    • Revilla E, Wiegand T, Palomares F, Ferreras P, Delibes M (2004) Effects of matrix heterogeneity on animal dispersal: from individual behavior to metapopulation-level parameters. Am Nat 164: 130-153.
    • (2004) Am Nat , vol.164 , pp. 130-153
    • Revilla, E.1    Wiegand, T.2    Palomares, F.3    Ferreras, P.4    Delibes, M.5
  • 86
    • 34247217580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and dynamics of an amphibian metacommunity in two regions
    • Richter-Boix A, Llorente GA, Montori A (2007) Structure and dynamics of an amphibian metacommunity in two regions. J Anim Ecol 76: 607-618.
    • (2007) J Anim Ecol , vol.76 , pp. 607-618
    • Richter-Boix, A.1    Llorente, G.A.2    Montori, A.3
  • 87
    • 0034968866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The matrix matters: Effective isolation in fragmented landscapes
    • Ricketts TH (2001) The matrix matters: effective isolation in fragmented landscapes. Am Nat 158: 87-99.
    • (2001) Am Nat , vol.158 , pp. 87-99
    • Ricketts, T.H.1
  • 88
    • 0034803191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Butterfly responses to habitat edges in the highly fragmented prairies of Central Iowa
    • Ries L, Debinski DM (2001) Butterfly responses to habitat edges in the highly fragmented prairies of Central Iowa. J Anim Ecol 70: 840-852.
    • (2001) J Anim Ecol , vol.70 , pp. 840-852
    • Ries, L.1    Debinski, D.M.2
  • 89
    • 33646127795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grasslands as movement barriers for a forest-associated salamander: Migration behavior of adult and juvenile salamanders at a distinct habitat edge
    • Rittenhouse TAG, Semlitsch RD (2006) Grasslands as movement barriers for a forest-associated salamander: migration behavior of adult and juvenile salamanders at a distinct habitat edge. Biol Conserv 131: 14-22.
    • (2006) Biol Conserv , vol.131 , pp. 14-22
    • Rittenhouse, T.A.G.1    Semlitsch, R.D.2
  • 90
    • 0036638379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nest predation in forested regions: Landscape and edge effects
    • Rodewald AD (2002) Nest predation in forested regions: landscape and edge effects. J Wildl Manag 66: 634-640.
    • (2002) J Wildl Manag , vol.66 , pp. 634-640
    • Rodewald, A.D.1
  • 91
    • 0037489495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of land uses within the landscape matrix
    • Rodewald AD (2003) The importance of land uses within the landscape matrix. Wildl Soc Bull 31: 586-592.
    • (2003) Wildl Soc Bull , vol.31 , pp. 586-592
    • Rodewald, A.D.1
  • 92
    • 0035207710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avian nesting success in forested landscapes: Influence of landscape composition, stand and nest-patch microhabitat, and biotic interactions
    • Rodewald AD, Yahner RH (2001a) Avian nesting success in forested landscapes: influence of landscape composition, stand and nest-patch microhabitat, and biotic interactions. Auk 118: 1018-1028.
    • (2001) Auk , vol.118 , pp. 1018-1028
    • Rodewald, A.D.1    Yahner, R.H.2
  • 93
    • 0035659324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of landscape composition on avian community structure and associated mechanisms
    • Rodewald AD, Yahner RH (2001b) Influence of landscape composition on avian community structure and associated mechanisms. Ecology 82: 3493-3504.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 3493-3504
    • Rodewald, A.D.1    Yahner, R.H.2
  • 94
    • 0030724548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological corridors: Form, function, and efficacy
    • Rosenberg DK, Noon BR, Meslow EC (1997) Biological corridors: form, function, and efficacy. Bioscience 47: 677-687.
    • (1997) Bioscience , vol.47 , pp. 677-687
    • Rosenberg, D.K.1    Noon, B.R.2    Meslow, E.C.3
  • 95
    • 0036792947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental investigation of landscape resistance of forest versus old-field habitats to emigrating juvenile amphibians
    • Rothermel BB, Semlitsch RD (2002) An experimental investigation of landscape resistance of forest versus old-field habitats to emigrating juvenile amphibians. Conserv Biol 16: 1324-1332.
    • (2002) Conserv Biol , vol.16 , pp. 1324-1332
    • Rothermel, B.B.1    Semlitsch, R.D.2
  • 96
    • 34347208714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of matrix structure on movement decisions of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
    • Russel RE, Swihart RK, Craig BA (2007) The effects of matrix structure on movement decisions of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). J Mammal 88: 573-579.
    • (2007) J Mammal , vol.88 , pp. 573-579
    • Russel, R.E.1    Swihart, R.K.2    Craig, B.A.3
  • 97
    • 0030303755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal and habitat connectivity in complex heterogeneous landscapes: An analysis with a GIS-based random walk model
    • Schippers P, Verboom J, Knaapen JP, van Apeldoorn RC (1996) Dispersal and habitat connectivity in complex heterogeneous landscapes: an analysis with a GIS-based random walk model. Ecography 19: 97-106.
    • (1996) Ecography , vol.19 , pp. 97-106
    • Schippers, P.1    Verboom, J.2    Knaapen, J.P.3    van Apeldoorn, R.C.4
  • 98
    • 37149057201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasting responses of arable spiders to the landscape matrix at different spatial scales
    • Schmidt MH, Thies C, Nentwig W, Tscharntke T (2008) Contrasting responses of arable spiders to the landscape matrix at different spatial scales. J Biogeogr 35: 157-166.
    • (2008) J Biogeogr , vol.35 , pp. 157-166
    • Schmidt, M.H.1    Thies, C.2    Nentwig, W.3    Tscharntke, T.4
  • 99
    • 14644406891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movements of cactus bugs: Patch transfers, matrix resistance, and edge permeability
    • Schooley RL, Wiens JA (2004) Movements of cactus bugs: patch transfers, matrix resistance, and edge permeability. Landsc Ecol 19: 801-810.
    • (2004) Landsc Ecol , vol.19 , pp. 801-810
    • Schooley, R.L.1    Wiens, J.A.2
  • 100
    • 20444406851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial ecology of cactus bugs: Area constraints and patch connectivity
    • Schooley RL, Wiens JA (2005) Spatial ecology of cactus bugs: area constraints and patch connectivity. Ecology 86: 1627-1639.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1627-1639
    • Schooley, R.L.1    Wiens, J.A.2
  • 101
    • 0037707008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural responses to habitat patch boundaries restrict dispersal and generate emigration-patch area relationships in fragmented landscapes
    • Schtickzelle N, Baguette M (2003) Behavioural responses to habitat patch boundaries restrict dispersal and generate emigration-patch area relationships in fragmented landscapes. J Anim Ecol 72: 533-545.
    • (2003) J Anim Ecol , vol.72 , pp. 533-545
    • Schtickzelle, N.1    Baguette, M.2
  • 102
    • 3042823962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Young flying squirrels (Pteromys volans) dispersing in fragmented forests
    • Selonen V, Hanski IK (2004) Young flying squirrels (Pteromys volans) dispersing in fragmented forests. Behav Ecol 15: 564-571.
    • (2004) Behav Ecol , vol.15 , pp. 564-571
    • Selonen, V.1    Hanski, I.K.2
  • 103
    • 0030474073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat barriers to movement of understory birds in fragmented south-temperate rainforest
    • Sieving KE, Willson M, de Santo TL (1996) Habitat barriers to movement of understory birds in fragmented south-temperate rainforest. Auk 113: 944-949.
    • (1996) Auk , vol.113 , pp. 944-949
    • Sieving, K.E.1    Willson, M.2    de Santo, T.L.3
  • 104
    • 0001110550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird assemblages in patchy woodlands: Modeling the effects of edge and matrix habitats
    • Sisk TD, Haddad NM, Ehrlich PR (1997) Bird assemblages in patchy woodlands: modeling the effects of edge and matrix habitats. Ecol Appl 7: 1170-1180.
    • (1997) Ecol Appl , vol.7 , pp. 1170-1180
    • Sisk, T.D.1    Haddad, N.M.2    Ehrlich, P.R.3
  • 105
    • 0023510899 scopus 로고
    • The effects of edge permeability and habitat geometry on emigration from patches of habitat
    • Stamps JA, Buechner M, Krishnan VV (1987) The effects of edge permeability and habitat geometry on emigration from patches of habitat. Am Nat 129: 533-552.
    • (1987) Am Nat , vol.129 , pp. 533-552
    • Stamps, J.A.1    Buechner, M.2    Krishnan, V.V.3
  • 106
    • 50949094766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Butterfly abundance and movements among prairie patches: The roles of habitat quality, edge, and forest matrix permeability
    • Stasek DJ, Bean C, Crist TO (2008) Butterfly abundance and movements among prairie patches: the roles of habitat quality, edge, and forest matrix permeability. Environ Entomol 37(4): 897-906.
    • (2008) Environ Entomol , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 897-906
    • Stasek, D.J.1    Bean, C.2    Crist, T.O.3
  • 107
    • 0345017616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of habitat area and landscape context for species richness of bees and wasps in fragmented orchard meadows
    • Steffan-Dewenter I (2003) Importance of habitat area and landscape context for species richness of bees and wasps in fragmented orchard meadows. Conserv Biol 17: 1036-1044.
    • (2003) Conserv Biol , vol.17 , pp. 1036-1044
    • Steffan-Dewenter, I.1
  • 108
    • 14644426619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying functional connectivity: Experimental evidence for patch-specific resistance in the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita)
    • Stevens VM, Polus E, Wesselingh RA, Schtickzelle N, Baguette M (2004) Quantifying functional connectivity: experimental evidence for patch-specific resistance in the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita). Landsc Ecol 19: 829-842.
    • (2004) Landsc Ecol , vol.19 , pp. 829-842
    • Stevens, V.M.1    Polus, E.2    Wesselingh, R.A.3    Schtickzelle, N.4    Baguette, M.5
  • 109
    • 34548140588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying functional connectivity: Experimental assessment of boundary permeability for the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita)
    • Stevens VM, Leboulengé E, Wesselingh RA, Baguette M (2006) Quantifying functional connectivity: experimental assessment of boundary permeability for the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita). Oecologia 150: 161-171.
    • (2006) Oecologia , vol.150 , pp. 161-171
    • Stevens, V.M.1    Leboulengé, E.2    Wesselingh, R.A.3    Baguette, M.4
  • 110
    • 0028995053 scopus 로고
    • Effects of forest fragmentation on understory hummingbirds in Amazonian Brazil
    • Stouffer PC, Bierregaard RA Jr (1995a) Effects of forest fragmentation on understory hummingbirds in Amazonian Brazil. Conserv Biol 9: 1085-1094.
    • (1995) Conserv Biol , vol.9 , pp. 1085-1094
    • Stouffer, P.C.1    Bierregaard Jr., R.A.2
  • 111
    • 0028995634 scopus 로고
    • U of Amazonian forest fragments by understory insectivorous birds
    • Stouffer PC, Bierregaard RA Jr (1995b) U of Amazonian forest fragments by understory insectivorous birds. Ecology 76: 2429-2445.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2429-2445
    • Stouffer, P.C.1    Bierregaard Jr., R.A.2
  • 112
    • 33746349255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term landscape change and bird abundance in Amazonian rainforest fragments
    • Stouffer PC, Bierregaard RO Jr, Strong C, Lovejoy TE (2006) Long-term landscape change and bird abundance in Amazonian rainforest fragments. Conserv Biol 20: 1212-1223.
    • (2006) Conserv Biol , vol.20 , pp. 1212-1223
    • Stouffer, P.C.1    Bierregaard Jr., R.O.2    Strong, C.3    Lovejoy, T.E.4
  • 113
    • 34548130074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape connectivity: A return to the basics
    • K. R. Crooks and M. Sanjayan (Eds.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Taylor PD, Fahrig L, With KA (2006) Landscape connectivity: a return to the basics. In: Crooks KR, Sanjayan M (eds) Connectivity conservation. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 29-43.
    • (2006) Connectivity Conservation , pp. 29-43
    • Taylor, P.D.1    Fahrig, L.2    With, K.A.3
  • 114
    • 0037251781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of patch isolation metrics in mosaic landscapes for specialist vs. generalist species
    • Tischendorf L, Bender DJ, Fahrig L (2003) Evaluation of patch isolation metrics in mosaic landscapes for specialist vs. generalist species. Landscape Ecol 18: 41-50.
    • (2003) Landscape Ecol , vol.18 , pp. 41-50
    • Tischendorf, L.1    Bender, D.J.2    Fahrig, L.3
  • 115
    • 0033859954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity
    • Tischendorf L, Fahrig L (2000) On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity. Oikos 90: 7-19.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.90 , pp. 7-19
    • Tischendorf, L.1    Fahrig, L.2
  • 116
    • 38949204551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the structure of pine plantations on their "softness" as barriers for ground-dwelling forest birds in south-central Chile
    • Tomasevic JA, Estades CF (2008) Effects of the structure of pine plantations on their "softness" as barriers for ground-dwelling forest birds in south-central Chile. For Ecol Manag 255: 810-816.
    • (2008) For Ecol Manag , vol.255 , pp. 810-816
    • Tomasevic, J.A.1    Estades, C.F.2
  • 117
    • 34547160795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird populations in native forest patches in south-eastern Australia: The roles of patch width, matrix type (age) and matrix U
    • Tubelis DP, Lindenmayer DB, Cowling A (2007) Bird populations in native forest patches in south-eastern Australia: the roles of patch width, matrix type (age) and matrix U. Landsc Ecol 22: 1045-1058.
    • (2007) Landsc Ecol , vol.22 , pp. 1045-1058
    • Tubelis, D.P.1    Lindenmayer, D.B.2    Cowling, A.3
  • 118
    • 12244284674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting temporal dynamics of avian assemblages in a heterogeneous landscape
    • Tworek S (2004) Factors affecting temporal dynamics of avian assemblages in a heterogeneous landscape. Acta Ornithol 39: 155-163.
    • (2004) Acta Ornithol , vol.39 , pp. 155-163
    • Tworek, S.1
  • 119
    • 34248385651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small mammals in a mosaic of forest remnants and anthropogenic habitats-evaluating matrix quality in an Atlantic forest landscape
    • Umetsu F, Pardini R (2006) Small mammals in a mosaic of forest remnants and anthropogenic habitats-evaluating matrix quality in an Atlantic forest landscape. Landsc Ecol 22: 517-530.
    • (2006) Landsc Ecol , vol.22 , pp. 517-530
    • Umetsu, F.1    Pardini, R.2
  • 120
    • 44849138175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of estimating matrix quality for modeling species distribution in complex tropical landscapes: A test with Atlantic forest small mammals
    • Umetsu F, Metzger JP, Pardini R (2008) Importance of estimating matrix quality for modeling species distribution in complex tropical landscapes: a test with Atlantic forest small mammals. Ecography 31: 359-370.
    • (2008) Ecography , vol.31 , pp. 359-370
    • Umetsu, F.1    Metzger, J.P.2    Pardini, R.3
  • 121
    • 0001104415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metapopulation dynamics and the quality of the matrix
    • Vandermeer J, Carvajal R (2001) Metapopulation dynamics and the quality of the matrix. Am Nat 158: 211-220.
    • (2001) Am Nat , vol.158 , pp. 211-220
    • Vandermeer, J.1    Carvajal, R.2
  • 122
    • 47249136601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of matrix quality in fragmented landscapes: Understanding ecosystem collapse through a combination of deterministic and stochastic forces
    • Vandermeer J, Lin BB (2008) The importance of matrix quality in fragmented landscapes: understanding ecosystem collapse through a combination of deterministic and stochastic forces. Ecol Complex 5: 222-227.
    • (2008) Ecol Complex , vol.5 , pp. 222-227
    • Vandermeer, J.1    Lin, B.B.2
  • 123
    • 1442265121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does matrix resistance influence Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L.1758) distribution in an urban landscape?
    • Verbeylen G, Bruyn LD, Adriaensen F, Matthysen E (2003) Does matrix resistance influence Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L. 1758) distribution in an urban landscape? Landsc Ecol 18: 791-805.
    • (2003) Landsc Ecol , vol.18 , pp. 791-805
    • Verbeylen, G.1    Bruyn, L.D.2    Adriaensen, F.3    Matthysen, E.4
  • 124
    • 2642564574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of differential extinction vulnerabilities of small mammals in Atlantic Forest fragments in Brazil
    • Viveiros de Castro EB, Fernandez FAZ (2004) Determinants of differential extinction vulnerabilities of small mammals in Atlantic Forest fragments in Brazil. Biol Conserv 119: 73-80.
    • (2004) Biol Conserv , vol.119 , pp. 73-80
    • Viveiros de Castro, E.B.1    Fernandez, F.A.Z.2
  • 125
    • 45149092936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix permeability of agricultural landscapes: An analysis of movements of the common frog (Rana temporaria)
    • Vos CC, Goedhart PW, Lammertsma DR, Spitzen-van der Sluijs AM (2007) Matrix permeability of agricultural landscapes: an analysis of movements of the common frog (Rana temporaria). Herpetol J 17: 174-182.
    • (2007) Herpetol J , vol.17 , pp. 174-182
    • Vos, C.C.1    Goedhart, P.W.2    Lammertsma, D.R.3    Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A.M.4
  • 126
    • 34249817128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling scale-dependent landscape pattern, dispersal, and connectivity from the perspective of the organism
    • Walters S (2007) Modeling scale-dependent landscape pattern, dispersal, and connectivity from the perspective of the organism. Landsc Ecol 22: 867-881.
    • (2007) Landsc Ecol , vol.22 , pp. 867-881
    • Walters, S.1
  • 127
    • 33746328649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fragments as islands: A synthesis of faunal responses to habitat patchiness
    • Watling JI, Donnelly MA (2006) Fragments as islands: a synthesis of faunal responses to habitat patchiness. Conserv Biol 20: 1016-1025.
    • (2006) Conserv Biol , vol.20 , pp. 1016-1025
    • Watling, J.I.1    Donnelly, M.A.2
  • 128
    • 13444260569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird community responses to habitat fragmentation: How consistent are they across landscapes?
    • Watson JEM, Whittaker RJ, Freudenberger D (2005) Bird community responses to habitat fragmentation: how consistent are they across landscapes? J Biogeogr 32: 1353-1370.
    • (2005) J Biogeogr , vol.32 , pp. 1353-1370
    • Watson, J.E.M.1    Whittaker, R.J.2    Freudenberger, D.3
  • 129
    • 0141426519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix effects on bird assemblages in fragmented Afromontane forests in South Africa
    • Wethered R, Lawes MJ (2003) Matrix effects on bird assemblages in fragmented Afromontane forests in South Africa. Biol Conserv 114: 327-340.
    • (2003) Biol Conserv , vol.114 , pp. 327-340
    • Wethered, R.1    Lawes, M.J.2
  • 130
    • 11144312981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nestedness of bird assemblages in fragmented Afromontane forest: The effect of plantation forestry in the matrix
    • Wethered R, Lawes MJ (2005) Nestedness of bird assemblages in fragmented Afromontane forest: the effect of plantation forestry in the matrix. Biol Conserv 123: 125-137.
    • (2005) Biol Conserv , vol.123 , pp. 125-137
    • Wethered, R.1    Lawes, M.J.2
  • 131
    • 14044279306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population dynamics
    • Wiegand T, Revilla L, Moloney KA (2005) Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population dynamics. Conserv Biol 19(1): 108-121.
    • (2005) Conserv Biol , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 108-121
    • Wiegand, T.1    Revilla, L.2    Moloney, K.A.3
  • 132
    • 34548132861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Connectvity research-what are the issues?
    • K. R. Crooks and M. Sanjayan (Eds.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Wiens JA (2006) Introduction: connectvity research-what are the issues? In: Crooks KR, Sanjayan M (eds) Connectivity conservation. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 24-27.
    • (2006) Connectivity Conservation , pp. 24-27
    • Wiens, J.A.1
  • 133
    • 33845692735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local extinction of grassland plants: The landscape matrix is more important than patch attributes
    • Williams NSG, Morgan JW, McCarthy MA, McDonnell MJ (2006) Local extinction of grassland plants: the landscape matrix is more important than patch attributes. Ecology 97: 3000-3006.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.97 , pp. 3000-3006
    • Williams, N.S.G.1    Morgan, J.W.2    McCarthy, M.A.3    McDonnell, M.J.4
  • 134
    • 0033913327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing the landscape level perceptual abilities of forest sciurids in fragmented agricultural landscapes
    • Zollner PA (2000) Comparing the landscape level perceptual abilities of forest sciurids in fragmented agricultural landscapes. Landsc Ecol 15: 523-533.
    • (2000) Landsc Ecol , vol.15 , pp. 523-533
    • Zollner, P.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.