Muscle moment arms of the gibbon hind limb: Implications for hylobatid locomotion

Journal of Anatomy

Volumn 216, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 446-462

  Channon, Anthony J ^a   Crompton, Robin H ^a   Günther, Michael M ^a   Vereecke, Evie E ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Functional anatomy; Hylobates; Muscle mechanics; Primate

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL TISSUE; ANKLE; ARTICLE; BODY SIZE; CADAVER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; EXTENSOR MUSCLE; FEMALE; FORCE; GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE; GIBBON; GONIOMETRY; HAPLORHINI; HINDLIMB; JOINT; KNEE; LOCOMOTION; MALE; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE FORCE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUS FEMORIS MUSCLE; ROTATION; SIMULATION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TENDON; TORQUE; TRANSDUCER;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; FEMALE; HYLOBATES; LOCOMOTION; LOWER EXTREMITY; MALE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR;

HYLOBATES; HYLOBATES LAR; HYLOBATES MOLOCH; HYLOBATIDAE; PRIMATES;

EID: 77952110301     PISSN: 00218782     EISSN: 14697580     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01209.x     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Ackland DC, Pandy MG. Lines of action and stabilizing potential of the shoulder musculature. J Anat 2009, 215:184-197.
2. Alexander RM. Allometry of the limbs of antelopes (Bovidae). J Zool 1977, 183:125-146.
3. Alexander RM. Elastic energy storage in running vertebrates. Amer Zool 1984, 24:85-94.
4. Alexander RM. Leg design and jumping technique for humans, other vertebrates and insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1995, 347:235-248.
5. Alexander RM. Principles of Animal Locomotion 1996, Princeton, Princeton University Press
6. Angilletta JMJ. Estimating and comparing thermal performance curves. J Therm Biol 2006, 31:541-545.
7. Ariano MA, Armstrong RB, Edgerton VR. Hindlimb muscle fiber populations of five mammals. J Histochem Cytochem 1973, 21:51-55.
8. Azizi E, Brainerd EL, Roberts TJ. Variable gearing in pennate muscles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105:1745-1750.
9. Bertram JEA, Chang YH. Mechanical energy oscillations of two brachiation gaits: measurement and simulation. Am J Phys Anthropol 2001, 115:319-326.
10. Caravaggi P, Pataky P, Goulermas JY. A dynamic model of the windlass mechanism of the foot: Evidence for early stance phase preloading of the plantar aponeurosis. J Exp Biol 2009, 212:2491-2499.
11. Carroll AM, Lee DV, Biewener AA. Differential muscle function between muscle synergists: long and lateral heads of the triceps in jumping and landing goats (Capra hircus). J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:1262-1273.
12. Channon AJ, Günther MM, Crompton RH. Mechanical constraints on the functional morphology of the gibbon hind limb. J Anat 2009, 215:383-400.
13. Craven P, Wahba G. Smoothing noisy data with spline functions. Numer Math 1978, 31:377-403.
14. Crompton RH, Li Y, Alexander RM. Segment inertial properties of primates: new techniques for laboratory and field studies of locomotion. Am J Phys Anthropol 1996, 99:547-570.
15. Daley MA, Biewener AA. Muscle force-length dynamics during level versus incline locomotion: a comparison of in vivo performance of two guinea fowl ankle extensors. J Exp Biol 2003, 206:2941-2958.
16. Delp SL, Ringwelski DA, Carroll NC. Transfer of the rectus femoris: effects of transfer site on moment arm about the knee and hip. J Biomech 1994, 27:1201-1211.
17. Epperson JF. On the Runge example. Am Math Mon 1987, 94:329-341.
18. Fleagle JG. The dynamics of the brachiating siamang (Hylobates [Symphalangus] syndactylus). Nature 1974, 248:259-260.
19. Fleagle JG. Locomotion and posture of the Malayan siamang and implications for hominoid evolution. Folia Primatol 1976, 26:245-269.
20. Gans C, Gaunt AS. Muscle architecture in relation to function. J Biomech 1991, 24:53-65.
21. Garner BA, Pandy MG. Musculoskeletal model of the upper limb based on the visible human male dataset. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2001, 4:93-126.
22. Gittins SP. Use of the forest canopy by the agile gibbon. Folia Primatol 1983, 40:134-144.
23. Graichen H, Englmeier KH, Reiser M. An in vivo technique for determining 3D muscular moment arms in different joint positions and during muscular activation - application to the supraspinatus. Clin Biomech 2001, 16:389-394.
24. Griffiths RI. Shortening of muscle fibres during stretch of the active cat medial gastrocnemius muscle: the role of tendon compliance. J Physiol 1991, 436:219-236.
25. Hase K, Stein RB. Turning strategies during human walking. J Neurophysiol 1999, 81:2914-2922.
26. Hirasaki E, Ogihara N, Nakatsukasa M. Primates trained for bipedal locomotion as a model for studying the evolution of bipedal locomotion. Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds 2006, 24:149-155. Ishida H, Tuttle R, Pickford MOgihara NNakatsukasa M. In, Vol, eds, pp, Warren, Springer
27. Hou H, Andrews H. Cubic splines for image interpolation and digital filtering. IEEE Trans Acoust 1978, 26:508-517.
28. Isler K. 3D-Kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005, 126:66-81.
29. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008, http://www.iucnredlist.org
30. Jeffrey A. Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists 2005, 6th edn, London, Chapman and Hall
31. Jungk RA, Snyder HE, Goll DE. Isometric tension changes and shortening in muscle strips during post-mortem aging. J Food Sci 1967, 32:158-161.
32. Kawakami Y, Muraoka T, Ito S. In vivo muscle fibre behaviour during counter-movement exercise in humans reveals a significant role for tendon elasticity. J Physiol 2002, 540:635-646.
33. Kramer PA. Modelling the locomotor energetics of extinct hominids. J Exp Biol 1999, 202:2807-2818.
34. Krevolin JK, Pandy MG, Pearce JC. Moment arm of the patellar tendon in the human knee. J Biomech 2004, 37:785-788.
35. Legnani G, Zappa B, Casolo F. A model of an electro-goniometer and its calibration for biomechanical applications. Med Eng Phys 2000, 22:711-722.
36. Lichtwark GA, Wilson AM. In vivo mechanical properties of the human Achilles tendon during one-legged hopping. J Exp Biol 2005, 208:4715-4725.
37. Lichtwark GA, Bougoulias K, Wilson AM. Muscle fibre and series elastic element length changes along the length of the gastrocnemius during walking and running. J Biomech 2006, 40:157-164.
38. Lieber RL, Friden J. Clinical significance of skeletal muscle architecture. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001, 383:140-151.
39. MacFadden LN, Brown NAT. Biarticular hip extensor and knee flexor muscle moment arms of the feline hindlimb. J Biomech 2007, 40:3448-3457.
40. McClearn D. Anatomy of racoon (Procyon lotor) and coati (Nasua narica and N. nasua) forearm and leg muscles: relations between fiber length, moment-arm length, and joint angle excursion. J Morphol 1985, 183:87-115.
41. McGowan CP, Skinner J, Biewener AA. Hind limb scaling of kangaroos and wallabies (superfamily Macropodoidea): implications for hopping performance, safety factor and elastic savings. J Anat 2008, 212:153-163.
42. Meershoek L, van den Bogert A, Schamhardt H. Model formulation and determination of in-vitro parameters of a non invasive method to calculate flexor tendon forces in the equine forelimb. Am J Vet Res 2001, 62:1585-1593.
43. Murray WM, Delp SL, Buchanan TS. Variation of muscle moment arms with elbow and forearm position. J Biomech 1995, 28:513-525.
44. Németh G, Ohlsén H. In vivo moment arm lengths for hip extensor muscles at different angles of hip flexion. J Biomech 1985, 18:129-140.
45. Pandy MG. Moment arm of a muscle force. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1999, 27:79-118.
46. Payne RC, Crompton RH, Isler K. Morphological analysis of the hindlimb in apes and humans. I. Muscle architecture. J Anat 2006a, 208:709-724.
47. Payne RC, Crompton RH, Isler K. Morphological analysis of the hindlimb in apes and humans. II. Moment arms. J Anat 2006b, 208:725-742.
48. Preuschoft H. What does " arboreal locomotion" mean exactly and what are the relationships between " climbing" , environment and morphology? Z Morphol Anthropol 2002, 83:171-188.
49. Reinsch C. Smoothing by spline functions. Numer Math 1967, 10:177-183.
50. Rugg SG, Gregor RJ, Mandelbaum BR. In vivo moment arm calculations at the ankle using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). J Biomech 1990, 23:495-497.
51. Saltin B, Henriksson J, Nygaard E. Fiber types and metabolic potentials of skeletal muscles in sedentary man and endurance runners. Ann NY Acad Sci 1977, 301:3-29.
52. Sati J, Alfred J. Locomotion and posture in hoolock gibbon. Ann For 2002, 10:298-306.
53. Scholz MN, D'Aot K, Bobbert MF. Vertical jumping performance of bonobo (Pan paniscus) suggests superior muscle properties. Proc R Soc B: Biol Sci 2006, 273:2177-2184.
54. Scholz MN, Bobbert MF, van Soest AJ. Running biomechanics: shorter heels, better economy. J Exp Biol 2008, 211:3266-3271.
55. Schoonaert K, D'Aot K, Aerts P. Morphometrics and inertial properties in the body segments of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Anat 2007, 210:518-531.
56. Sellers WI, Manning PL. Estimating dinosaur maximum running speeds using evolutionary robotics. Proc R Soc B: Biol Sci 2007, 274:2711-2716.
57. Sellers WI, Cain GM, Wang W. Stride lengths, speeds and energy costs in walking of Australopithecus afarensis: using evolutionary robotics to predict locomotion of early human ancestors. J R Soc Interface 2005, 2:431-441.
58. Sheehan FT. The 3D patellar tendon moment arm: quantified in vivo during volitional activity. J Biomech 2007, 40:1968-1974.
59. Sigmon BA, Farslow DL. The primate hindlimb. Comp Primate Biol 1986, 1:671-718.
60. Späth H, Meier J. Flexible smoothing with periodic cubic splines and fitting with closed curves. Computing 1988, 40:293-300.
61. Spoor CW, van Leeuwen JL. Knee muscle moment arms from MRI and from tendon travel. J Biomech 1992, 25:201-206.
62. Steudel K. Limb morphology, bipedal gait, and the energetics of hominid locomotion. Am J Phys Anthropol 1996, 99:345-355.
63. Thorpe SKS, Crompton RH, Günther MM. Dimensions and moment arms of the hind- and forelimb muscles of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Phys Anthropol 1999, 110:179-199.
64. Usherwood JR, Bertram JEA. Understanding brachiation: insights from a collisional perspective. J Exp Biol 2003, 206:1631-1642.
65. Vereecke EE, Aerts P. The mechanics of the gibbon foot and its potential for elastic energy storage during bipedalism. J Exp Biol 2008, 211:3661-3670.
66. Vereecke EE, D'Aot K, Payne R. Functional analysis of the foot and ankle myology of gibbons and bonobos. J Anat 2005, 206:453-476.
67. Vereecke E, D'Aout K, Aerts P. Locomotor versatility of the white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar): a spatiotemporal analysis of the bipedal, tripedal and quadrupedal gaits. J Human Evol 2006a, 50:552-567.
68. Vereecke EE, D'Aout K, Aerts P. The dynamics of hylobatid bipedalism: evidence for an energy-saving mechanism? J Exp Biol 2006b, 209:2829-2838.
69. Visser JJ, Hoogkamer JE, Bobbert MF. Length and moment arm of human leg muscles as a function of knee and hip-joint angles. Eur J Appl Physiol 1990, 61:453-460.
70. Wakeling JM, Uehli K, Rozitis AI. Muscle fibre recruitment can respond to the mechanics of the muscle contraction. J R Soc Interface 2006, 3:533-544.
71. Whitmoor TC. Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East 1975, Oxford, Clarendon Press
72. Wickiewicz T, Roy R, Powell P. Muscle architecture of the human lower limb. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983, 179:275-284.
73. Williams SB, Payne RC, Wilson AM. Functional specialisation of the pelvic limb of the hare (Lepus europeus). J Anat 2007, 210:472-490.
74. Witte H, Preuschoft H, Recknagel S. Human body proportions explained on the basis of biomechanical principles. Abt Funkt Morphol 1991, 3:407-423.
75. Wretenberg P, Németh G, Lamontagne M. Passive knee muscle moment arms measured in vivo with MRI. Clin Biomech 1996, 11:439-446.
76. Yamaguchi GT, Zajac FE. A planar model of the knee joint to characterize the knee extensor mechanism. J Biomech 1989, 22:1-10.
77. Zajac F. How muscle tendon architecture and joint geometry affect the capacity of muscles to move and exert force on objects: a review with application to arm and forearm tendon transfer design. J Hand Surg 1992, 206:1127-1136.