Genetic variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of the American dog tick, dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Journal of Vector Ecology

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 163-173

  Krakowetz, Chantel N ^a   Dergousoff, Shaun J ^a   Chilton, Neil B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

Dermacentor variabilis; Genetic variation; Mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene; Population genetics; Rickettsia montanensis; Single strand conformation polymorphism; Ticks

Indexed keywords

RNA 16S;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CANADA; CLASSIFICATION; DERMACENTOR; DOG; GENETICS; HAPLOTYPE; MITOCHONDRIAL GENE; RICKETTSIA; SINGLE STRAND CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM;

ANIMALS; CANADA; DERMACENTOR; DOGS; GENES, MITOCHONDRIAL; HAPLOTYPES; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE-STRANDED CONFORMATIONAL; RICKETTSIA; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 16S;

ACARI; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CANIS FAMILIARIS; DERMACENTOR; DERMACENTOR VARIABILIS; IXODIDA; IXODIDAE; RICKETTSIA; RICKETTSIA MONTANENSIS;

EID: 77952034326     PISSN: 10811710     EISSN: 19487134     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00073.x     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Ammerman, N.C., K.I. Swanson, J.M. Anderson, T.R. Schwartz, E.C. Seaberg, G.E. Glass, and D.E. Norris. 2004. Spotted-fever group Rickettsia in Dermacentor variabilis, Maryland. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10: 1478-1481.
2. Aris-Brosou, S. and L. Excoffier. 1996. The impact of population expansion and mutation rate heterogeneity on DNA sequence polymorphism. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13: 494-504. (Pubitemid 26066101)
3. Avise, J.C. 2000. Phylogeography: the History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
4. Azad, A.F. and C.B. Beard. 1998. Rickettsial pathogens and their arthropod vectors. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4: 179-186.
5. Bell, E.J., D.B. Lackman, H.G. Stoenner, and G.M. Kohls. 1963. Nonpathogenic rickettsias related to Spotted Fever Group isolated from ticks, Dermacentor variabilis and Dermacentor andersoni from eastern Montana. J. Immunol. 90: 770-781.
6. Bishopp, F.C. and H.L. Trembley. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J. Parasitol. 31: 1-54.
7. Black, W.C. IV and J. Piesman. 1994. A phylogeny of hard and soft tick taxa based on mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91: 10034-10038. (Pubitemid 24311943)
8. Brown, S.J., K. K. Bohnsack, and M. D. Atkins. 1979. Effects of acclimation humidities on the survival and feeding ability of Dermacentor variabilis (Say) nymphs (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 52: 258-263.
9. Burachynsky, V.I. and T.D. Galloway. 1985. Seasonal dynamics of American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), larvae and nymphs at Birds Hill Park, Manitoba. Can. J. Zool. 63: 2748-2755.
10. Burgdorfer, W., S.F. Hayes, and A.J. Mavros. 1981. Nonpathogenic rickettsiae in Dermacentor andersoni: a limiting factor for the distribution of Rickettsia rickettsii. In: W. Burgdorfer and R. L. Anacker (eds.), Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases. pp. 585-594. Academic Press, New York.
11. Campbell, A. and P.R. MacKay. 1979. Distribution of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and its study area in Nova Scotia. Can. J. Zool. 57: 1950-1979.
12. Caporale, D.A., S.M. Rich, A. Spielman, S.R. Telford III, and T.D. Kocher. 1995. Discriminating between Ixodes ticks by means of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 4: 361-365.
13. Chakraborty, R. 1990. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism reveals hidden heterogeneity within some Asian populations. Am. J. Hum. Gen. 47: 87-94. (Pubitemid 20189069)
14. Chapman, A.S., S.M. Murphy, L.J. Demma, R.C. Holman, A.T. Curns, J.H. McQuiston, J.W. Krebs, and D.L.Swerdlow. 2006. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 6: 170-178. 1997-2002. (Pubitemid 44082750)
15. Clay, K., C. Fuqua, C. Lively, and M.J. Wade. 2006. Microbial community ecology of tick-borne human pathogens. In: S.K. Collinge and C. Ray (eds.), Disease Ecology. pp. 41-57.
16. Oxford University Press, New York.
17. Clement, M., D. Posada, and K.A. Crandall. 2000. TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mol. Ecol. 9: 1657-1659.
18. Crosbie, P.R., W.M. Boyce, and T.C. Rodwell. 1998. DNA sequence variation in Dermacentor hunteri and estimated phylogenies of Dermacentor spp. (Acari: Ixodidae) in the New World. J. Med. Entomol. 35: 277-288.
19. de la Fuente, J., R.A. Van Den Bussche, and K.M. Kocan. 2001. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of North American isolates of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiaceae: Ehrlichieae). Vet. Parasitol. 97: 65-76.
20. de la Fuente, J., C. Almazan, R.A. Van Den Bussche, J. Bowman, J.H. Yoshioka, and K.M. Kocan. 2005. Characterization of genetic diversity in Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) with body size and weight polymorphism. Expt. Parasitol. 109: 16-26. (Pubitemid 40082592)
21. Dergousoff, S.J. and N.B. Chilton. 2007. Differentiation of three species of ixodid tick, Dermacentor andersoni, D. variabilis and D. albipictus, by PCR-based approaches using markers in ribosomal DNA. Mol. Cell. Probes 21: 343-348.
22. Dergousoff, S.J., A.J.A. Gajadhar, and N.B. Chilton. 2009. Prevalence of Rickettsia in Canadian populations of the ticks Dermacentor andersoni and D. variabilis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 1786-1789.
23. Dharmarajan, G., J.A. Fike, C. Beasley, and O.E. Rhodes, Jr. 2009. Development and characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis). Mol. Ecol. Resour. 9: 131-133.
24. Dodds, D.G., A.M. Martell, and R.E. Yescott. 1969. Ecology of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), in Nova Scotia. Can. J. Zool. 47: 171-181.
25. Durden, L.A., J. H. Oliver, Jr., and A.A. Kinsey. 2001. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and spirochetes (Spirochaetaceae: Spirochaetales) recovered from birds on a Georgia Barrier Island. J. Med. Entomol. 38: 231-236.
26. Eckert, C.G., K.E. Samis, and S.C. Lougheed. 2008. Genetic variation across species' geographical ranges: the central-marginal hypothesis and beyond. Mol. Ecol. 17: 1170-1188.
27. Excoffier, L., G. Laval, and S. Schneider. 2005. Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetic data analysis. Evol. Bioinform. Online 1: 47-50.
28. Farlow, J., D.M. Wagner, M. Dukerich, M. Stanley, M. Chu, K. Kubota, J. Petersen, and P. Keim. 2005. Francisella tularensis in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11: 1835-1841. (Pubitemid 43356077)
29. Feng, W.C., E.S. Murray, W. Burgdorfer, J.M. Spielman, G. Rosenberg, K. Dang, C. Smith, C. Spickert, and J.L. Waner. 1980. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in Dermacentor variabilis from Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29: 691-694. (Pubitemid 10011100)
30. Fu, X.-Y. 1997. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutation against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics 147: 915-925.
31. Garvie, M.B., J.A. McKiel, D.E. Sonenshine, and A.Campbell. 1978. Seasonal dynamics of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), populations in southwestern Nova Scotia. Can. J. Zool. 56: 28-39.
32. Gasser, R.B., M. Hu, N.B. Chilton, B.E. Campbell, A.J. Jex, D. Otranto, C. Cafarchia, I. Beveridge, and X. Zhu. 2006. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) for the analysis of genetic variation. Nat. Protoc. 1: 3121-3128.
33. Goethert, H. K., I. Shani, and S. R. Telford III. 2004. Genotypic diversity of Francisella tularensis infecting Dermacentor variabilis ticks on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 4968-4973. (Pubitemid 39506196)
34. Goethert, H.K. and S. R. Telford III. 2009. Nonrandom distribution of vector ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) infected by Francisella tularensis. PloS Pathog. 5: 1-7.
35. Gregson, J.D. 1956. The Ixodoidea of Canada. Science Service, Entomology Division, Canada Department of Agriculture. Pub. no.930. Ottawa, Canada.
36. Hyland, K.E., J. Bernier, D. Markowski, A. MacLachlan, Z.Amr, J. Pitocchelli, J. Myers, and R. Hu. 2000. Records of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing birds (Aves) in Rhode Island, USA. Int. J. Acarol. 26: 183-192.
37. Kawecki T. J. 2008. Adaptation to marginal habitats. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 39: 321-342.
38. Knulle, W. 1966. Equilibrium humidities and survival of some tick larvae. J. Med. Entomol. 2: 335-338.
39. Kollars, T.M., Jr, J.H. Oliver, Jr., E.J. Masters, P.G. Kollars, and L.A. Durden. 2000. Host utilization and seasonal occurrence of Dermacentor species (Acari: Ixodidae) in Missouri, USA. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 24: 631-643.
40. Kurtenbach, K., K. Hanincova, J.I. Tsao, G. Margos, D. Fish and N.H. Ogden. 2006. Fundamental processes in the evolutionary ecology of Lyme borreliosis. Nat Rev. Microbiol. 4: 660-669. (Pubitemid 44241560)
41. McEnroe, W.D. 1978. The effect of the temperature regime on Dermacentor variabilis (Say) populations in eastern North America. Acarologia 20: 58-67.
42. McEnroe, W.D. 1985. Adaptions in the life cycle of Dermacentor variabilis (Say) and Ixodes dammini (Spielman, Clifford, Piesman, and Corwin) marginal populations (Acari: Ixodidae). Expt. Appl. Acarol. 1: 179-184.
43. Mixson, T.R., S.L. Lydy, G.A. Dasch, and L.A. Real. 2006. Inferring the population structure and demographic history of the tick, Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus. J. Vector Ecol. 31: 181-192.
44. Nei, M. and S. Kumar. 2000. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press, New York.
45. Norris, D.E., J.S. Klompen, J.E. Keirans, and W.C. Black IV. 1996. Population genetics of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S genes. J. Med. Entomol. 33: 78-89.
46. Norris, D.E., J.S. Klompen, J.E. Keirans, R.S. Lane, J. Piesman, and W.C. Black IV. 1997. Taxonomic status of Ixodes neotomae and I. spinipalpis (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial DNA evidence. J. Med. Entomol. 34: 696-703. (Pubitemid 127460884)
47. Ogden, N.H., L.R. Lindsay, K. Hanincova, I.K. Barker, M. Bigras-Poulin, D.F. Charron, A. Heagy, C.M. Francis, C.J. O'Callaghan, I. Schwartz, and R.A. Thompson. 2008. Role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 74: 1780-1790. (Pubitemid 351400132)
48. Patterson, E.I., S.J. Dergousoff, and N.B. Chilton. 2009. Genetic variation in the 16S mitochondrial DNA gene of two Canadian populations of Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 46: 475-481.
49. Pretzman, C., N. Daugherty, K. Poetter, and D. Ralph. 1990. The distribution and dynamics of Rickettsia in the tick population of Ohio. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 590: 227-236. (Pubitemid 20254560)
50. Qiu, W.G., D.E. Dykhuixen, M.S. Acosta, and B.J. Luft. 2002. Geographic uniformity of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) and its shared history with tick vector (Ixodes scapularis) in the northeastern United States. Genetics 160: 833-849.
51. Rand, P.W., E.H. Lacombe, R. Dearborn, B. Cahill, S. Elias, C.B. Lubelczyk, G.A. Beckett, and R. P. Smith Jr. 2007. Passive surveillance in Maine, an area emergent for tick-borne diseases. J. Med. Entomol. 44: 1118-1129. (Pubitemid 350208247)
52. Rich, S.M., D.A. Caporale, S.R. Telford III, T.D. Kocher, D.L. Hartl, and A. Spielman. 1995. Distribution of the Ixodes ricinus-like ticks of eastern North America. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 6284-6288.
53. Scoles, G.A. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of the Francisellalike endosymbionts of Dermacentor ticks. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 277-286.
54. Scoles, G.A., M.W. Ueti, and G.H. Palmer. 2005. Variation among geographically separated populations of Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) in midgut susceptibility to Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae). J. Med. Entomol. 42: 153-162.
55. Schriefer, M.E. and A.F. Azad. 1994. Changing ecology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In: D.E. Sonenshine and T.N. Mather (eds.), Ecological Dynamics of Tickborne Zoonoses. pp. 314-326.
56. Oxford University Press, New York.
57. Slatkin, M. and R.R. Hudson. 1991. Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations. Genetics 129: 555-562.
58. Sonenshine, D.E. 1979. Zoogeography of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. In: J.G. Rodriguez (ed.) Recent Advances in Acarology, Vol.2. pp. 123-134.
59. Academic Press, New York.
60. Sonenshine, D.E., E.L. Atwood, and J.T. Lamb. 1966. The ecology of ticks transmitting Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a study area in Virginia. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 1234-1262.
61. Stout, J., C.M. Clifford, J.E. Keirans, and R.W. Portman. 1971. Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acarina: Ixodidae) established in southeastern Washington and northern Idaho. J. Med. Entomol. 8: 143-147.
62. Swofford, D.L. 2003. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and Other Methods) Version 4, 4 ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
63. Tajima, F. 1989. Statistical method for testing neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphisms. Genetics 123: 585-595. (Pubitemid 19274682)
64. Templeton, A.R. 2006. Population Genetics and Microevolutionary Theory. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
65. Treadwell, T.A., R.C. Holman, M.J. Clarke, J.W. Krebs, C.D. Paddock, and J.E. Childs. 2000. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1993-1996. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63: 21-26.
66. Trout, R.T., C. D. Steelman, and A.L. Szalanski. 2009. Population genetics and phylogeography of Ixodes scapularis from canine and deer in Arkansas. Southwest. Entomol. 34: 273-287.
67. Wesson, D.M., D.K. McLain, J.H. Oliver, J. Piesman, and F.H. Collins. 1993. Investigation of the validity of species status of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) using rDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90: 10221-10225. (Pubitemid 23328284)
68. Wilkinson, P.R. 1967. The distribution of Dermacentor ticks in Canada in relation to bioclimatic zones. Can. J. Zool. 45: 517-537.