Gastric cancer: Clinical practice guidelines in oncology™

JNCCN Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 378-409

  Ajani, Jaffer A ^a   Barthel, James S ^a   Bekaii Saab, Tanios ^a   Bentrem, David J ^a   D'Amico, Thomas A ^a   Das, Prajnan ^a   Denlinger, Crystal ^a   Fuchs, Charles S ^a   Gerdes, Hans ^a   Hayman, James A ^a   Hazard, Lisa ^a   Hofstetter, Wayne L ^a   Ilson, David H ^a   Keswani, Rajesh N ^a   Kleinberg, Lawrence R ^a   Korn, Michael ^a   Meredith, Kenneth ^a   Mulcahy, Mary F ^a   Orringer, Mark B ^a   Osarogiagbon, Raymond U ^a   Posey, James A ^a   Sasson, Aaron R ^a   Scott, Walter J ^a   Shibata, Stephen ^a   Strong, Vivian E M ^a   Washington, Mary Kay ^a   Willett, Christopher ^a   Wood, Douglas E ^a   Wright, Cameron D ^a   Yang, Gary ^a   more..

^a NONE

Author keywords

Chemoradiation; Chemotherapy; Combined modality therapy; Gastric carcinoma; NCCN clinical practice guidelines; Resection; Surgery

Indexed keywords

FLUOROPYRIMIDINE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID;

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER PATIENT; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSENSUS; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; PATIENT CARE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; STOMACH CANCER; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; ARTICLE; STOMACH TUMOR;

HUMANS; STOMACH NEOPLASMS;

EID: 77951992922     PISSN: 15401405     EISSN: 15401413     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2010.0030     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59:225-249.
2. Blot WJ, Devesa SS, Kneller RW, Fraumeni JF. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA 1991;265:1287-1289.
3. Johnston BJ, Reed PI. Changing pattern of oesophageal cancer in a general hospital in the UK. Eur J Cancer Prev 1991;1:23-25.
4. Powell J, McConkey CC. Increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia and adjacent sites. Br J Cancer 1990;62:440-443. (Pubitemid 20292843)
5. Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF. Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2137-2150. (Pubitemid 46655601)
6. Crew KD, Neugut AI. Epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal malignancies. Semin Oncol 2004;31:450-464.
7. Kubo A, Corley DA. Marked regional variation in adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and the gastric cardia in the United States. Cancer 2002;95:2096-2102. (Pubitemid 35253370)
8. Powell J, McConkey CC, Gillison EW, Spychal RT. Continuing rising trend in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2002;102:422-427. (Pubitemid 35265884)
9. Corley DA, Buffler PA. Oesophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas: analysis of regional variation using the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:1415-1425.
10. Parkin DM, Muir CS. Cancer Incidence in five continents. Comparability and quality of data. IARC Sci Publ 1992:45-173.
11. Fitzgerald RC, Caldas C. Clinical implications of E-cadherin associated hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Gut 2004;53:775-778. (Pubitemid 38662122)
12. Huntsman DG, Carneiro F, Lewis FR, et al. Early gastric cancer in young, asymptomatic carriers of germ-line E-cadherin mutations. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1904-1909. (Pubitemid 32553359)
13. Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer. The General Rules for the Gastric Cancer Study in Surgery and Pathology, 12th ed. Tokyo: Kanahara Shuppan; 1993.
14. Roder JD, Bottcher K, Busch R, et al. Classification of regional lymph node metastasis from gastric carcinoma. German Gastric Cancer Study Group. Cancer 1998;82:621-631.
15. Chau I, Norman AR, Cunningham D, et al. Multivariate prognostic factor analysis in locally advanced and metastatic esophago-gastric cancer-pooled analysis from three multicenter, randomized, controlled trials using individual patient data. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2395-2403. (Pubitemid 41121931)
16. Karpeh MS, Leon L, Klimstra D, Brennan MF. Lymph node staging in gastric cancer: is location more important than number? An analysis of 1,038 patients. Ann Surg 2000;232:362-371.
17. Abdalla EK, Pisters PW. Staging and preoperative evaluation of upper gastrointestinal malignancies. Semin Oncol 2004;31:513-529.
18. Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Imaging in local staging of gastric cancer: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2107-2116. (Pubitemid 46972798)
19. Weber WA, Ott K. Imaging of esophageal and gastric cancer. Semin Oncol 2004;31:530-541.
20. Stahl A, Ott K, Weber WA, et al. FDG PET imaging of locally advanced gastric carcinomas: correlation with endoscopic and histopathological findings. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:288-295. (Pubitemid 36686849)
21. Chen J, Cheong JH, Yun MJ, et al. Improvement in preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma with positron emission tomography. Cancer 2005;103:2383-2390. (Pubitemid 40686585)
22. Rosenbaum SJ, Stergar H, Antoch G, et al. Staging and follow-up of gastrointestinal tumors with PET/CT. Abdom Imaging 2006;31:25-35. (Pubitemid 43081632)
23. Dassen AE, Lips DJ, Hoekstra CJ, et al. FDG-PET has no definite role in preoperative imaging in gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2009;35:449-455.
24. Lim JS, Yun MJ, Kim MJ, et al. CT and PET in stomach cancer: preoperative staging and monitoring of response to therapy. Radiographics 2006;26:143-156. (Pubitemid 43235009)
25. Matsumoto Y, Yanai H, Tokiyama H, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography for diagnosis of submucosal invasion in early gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol 2000;35:326-331. (Pubitemid 30386826)
26. Tsendsuren T, Jun SM, Mian XH. Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography in preoperative TNM staging of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:43-47. (Pubitemid 43126081)
27. Sarela AI, Lefkowitz R, Brennan MF, Karpeh MS. Selection of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma for laparoscopic staging. Am J Surg 2006;191:134-138. (Pubitemid 43042538)
28. Bentrem D, Wilton A, Mazumdar M, et al. The value of peritoneal cytology as a preoperative predictor in patients with gastric carcinoma undergoing a curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2005;12:347-353.
29. Burke EC, Karpeh MS Jr, Conlon KC, Brennan MF. Peritoneal lavage cytology in gastric cancer: an independent predictor of outcome. Ann Surg Oncol 1998;5:411-415. (Pubitemid 28367066)
30. Ajani JA, Mayer RJ, Ota DM, et al. Preoperative and postoperative combination chemotherapy for potentially resectable gastric carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1839-1844. (Pubitemid 23333617)
31. Leichman L, Silberman H, Leichman CG, et al. Preoperative systemic chemotherapy followed by adjuvant postoperative intraperitoneal therapy for gastric cancer: a University of Southern California pilot program. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:1933-1942. (Pubitemid 23064206)
32. Hermanek P, Wittekind C. Residual tumor (R) classification and prognosis. Semin Surg Oncol 1994;10:12-20.
33. Bozzetti F, Marubini E, Bonfanti G, et al. Subtotal versus total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: five-year survival rates in a multicenter randomized Italian trial. Italian Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg 1999;230:170-178. (Pubitemid 30191882)
34. Ito H, Clancy TE, Osteen RT, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: what is the optimal surgical approach? J Am Coll Surg 2004;199:880-886.
35. Yu W, Choi GS, Chung HY. Randomized clinical trial of splenectomy versus splenic preservation in patients with proximal gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2006;93:559-563.
36. Kajitani T. The general rules for the gastric cancer study in surgery and pathology. Part I. Clinical classification. Jpn J Surg 1981;11:127-139. (Pubitemid 11080134)
37. Schwarz RE, Smith DD. Clinical impact of lymphadenectomy extent in resectable gastric cancer of advanced stage. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:317-328.
38. Sano T, Sasako M, Yamamoto S, et al. Gastric cancer surgery: morbidity and mortality results from a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing D2 and extended para-aortic lymphadenectomy - Japan Clinical Oncology Group study 9501. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2767-2773. (Pubitemid 41079893)
39. Sasako M, Sano T, Yamamoto S, et al. D2 lymphadenectomy alone or with para-aortic nodal dissection for gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2008;359:453-462.
40. Bonenkamp JJ, Hermans J, Sasako M, et al. Extended lymph-node dissection for gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;340:908-914. (Pubitemid 29141051)
41. Cuschieri A, Weeden S, Fielding J, et al. Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long-term results of the MRC randomized surgical trial. Surgical Co-operative Group. Br J Cancer 1999;79:1522-1530. (Pubitemid 29116815)
42. Hartgrink HH, van de Velde CJH, Putter H, et al. Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: who may benefit? Final results of the randomized Dutch gastric cancer group trial. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2069-2077. (Pubitemid 41095139)
43. McCulloch P, Nita ME, Kazi H, Gama-Rodrigues J. Extended versus limited lymph nodes dissection technique for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004:CD001964.
44. Mansfield PF. Lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2759-2761.
45. Douglass HO Jr, Hundahl SA, Macdonald JS, Khatri VP. Gastric cancer: D2 dissection or low Maruyama Index-based surgery - a debate. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2007;16:133-155.
46. Jansen EPM, Boot H, Verheij M, van de Velde CJH. Optimal locoregional treatment in gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4509-4517. (Pubitemid 46196580)
47. Khatri VP, Douglass HO Jr. D2.5 dissection for gastric carcinoma. Arch Surg 2004;139:662-669; discussion 669.
48. van de Velde CJ, Peeters KC. The gastric cancer treatment controversy. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2234-2236.
49. Degiuli M, Sasako M, Calgaro M, et al. Morbidity and mortality after D1 and D2 gastrectomy for cancer: interim analysis of the Italian Gastric Cancer Study Group (IGCSG) randomised surgical trial. Eur J Surg Oncol 2004;30:303-308. (Pubitemid 38425649)
50. Degiuli M, Sasako M, Ponti A, Calvo F. Survival results of a multicentre phase II study to evaluate D2 gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2004;90:1727-1732. (Pubitemid 38725642)
51. Jatzko GR, Lisborg PH, Denk H, et al. A 10-year experience with Japanese-type radical lymph node dissection for gastric cancer outside of Japan. Cancer 1995;76:1302-1312.
52. Sierra A, Regueira FM, Hernandez-Lizoain JL, et al. Role of the extended lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer surgery: experience in a single institution. Ann Surg Oncol 2003;10:219-226. (Pubitemid 40486953)
53. Enzinger PC, Benedetti JK, Meyerhardt JA, et al. Impact of hospital volume on recurrence and survival after surgery for gastric cancer. Ann Surg 2007;245:426-434. (Pubitemid 46673139)
54. Hull MJ, Mino-Kenudson M, Nishioka NS, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection: an improved diagnostic procedure for early gastroesophageal epithelial neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:114-118. (Pubitemid 43740217)
55. Soetikno R, Kaltenbach T, Yeh R, Gotoda T. Endoscopic mucosal resection for early cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4490-4498. (Pubitemid 46196578)
56. Kooby DA, Suriawinata A, Klimstra DS, et al. Biologic predictors of survival in node-negative gastric cancer. Ann Surg 2003;237:828-835.
57. Bonenkamp JJ, van de Velde CJ, Kampschoer GH, et al. Comparison of factors influencing the prognosis of Japanese, German, and Dutch gastric cancer patients. World J Surg 1993;17:410-414.
58. Ono H, Kondo H, Gotoda T, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection for treatment of early gastric cancer. Gut 2001;48:225-229. (Pubitemid 32141848)
59. Hyung WJ, Cheong JH, Kim J, et al. Application of minimally invasive treatment for early gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2004;85:181-185. (Pubitemid 38292820)
60. Reyes CD, Weber KJ, Gagner M, Divino CM. Laparoscopic vs open gastrectomy. A retrospective review. Surg Endosc 2001;15:928-931.
61. Huscher CG, Mingoli A, Sgarzini G, et al. Laparoscopic versus open subtotal gastrectomy for distal gastric cancer: five-year results of a randomized prospective trial. Ann Surg 2005;241:232-237.
62. Smalley SR, Gunderson L, Tepper J, et al. Gastric surgical adjuvant radiotherapy consensus report: rationale and treatment implementation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;52:283-293. (Pubitemid 34170838)
63. Zhang ZX, Gu XZ, Yin WB, et al. Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and surgery in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of gastric cardia (AGC) - report on 370 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;42:929-934.
64. Hallissey MT, Dunn JA, Ward LC, Allum WH. The second British Stomach Cancer Group trial of adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy in resectable gastric cancer: five-year follow-up. Lancet 1994;343:1309-1312. (Pubitemid 2082066)
65. Valentini V, Cellini F, Minsky BD, et al. Survival after radiotherapy in gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol 2009;92:176-183.
66. Hazard L, O' Connor J, Scaife C. Role of radiation therapy in gastric adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:1511-1520.
67. Moertel CG, Childs DS, Reitemeier RJ, et al. Combined 5-fluorouracil and supervoltage radiation therapy of locally unresectable gastrointestinal cancer. Lancet 1969;2:865-867.
68. The concept of locally advanced gastric cancer. Effect of treatment on outcome. The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Cancer 1990;66:2324-2330.
69. Milano MT, Garofalo MC, Chmura SJ, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy in the treatment of gastric cancer: early clinical outcome and dosimetric comparison with conventional techniques. Br J Radiol 2006;79:497-503.
70. Lowy AM, Feig BW, Janjan N, et al. A pilot study of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for resectable gastric cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:519-524. (Pubitemid 32642608)
71. Ajani JA, Mansfield PF, Crane CH, et al. Paclitaxel-based chemoradiotherapy in localized gastric carcinoma: degree of pathologic response and not clinical parameters dictated patient outcome. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1237-1244.
72. Ajani JA, Mansfield PF, Janjan N, et al. Multi-institutional trial of preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with potentially resectable gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2774-2780. (Pubitemid 41079894)
73. Ajani JA, Winter K, Okawara GS, et al. Phase II trial of preoperative chemoradiation in patients with localized gastric adenocarcinoma (RTOG 9904): quality of combined modality therapy and pathologic response. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3953-3958. (Pubitemid 46630744)
74. Stahl M, Walz MK, Stuschke M, et al. Phase III comparison of preoperative chemotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:851-856.
75. Baeza MR, Giannini TO, Rivera SR, et al. Adjuvant radiochemotherapy in the treatment of completely resected, locally advanced gastric cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;50:645-650. (Pubitemid 32515321)
76. Dent DM, Werner ID, Novis B, et al. Prospective randomized trial of combined oncological therapy for gastric carcinoma. Cancer 1979;44:385-391. (Pubitemid 10220118)
77. Moertel CG, Childs DS, O'Fallon JR, et al. Combined 5-fluorouracil and radiation therapy as a surgical adjuvant for poor prognosis gastric carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1984;2:1249-1254.
78. Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med 2001;345:725-730.
79. Macdonald JS, Benedetti J, Smalley S, et al. Chemoradiation of resected gastric cancer: a 10-year follow-up of the phase III trial INT0116 (SWOG 9008) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(Suppl 1):Abstract 4515.
80. Lee J, Kang W, Lim D, et al. Phase III trial of adjuvant capecitabine/cisplatin (XP) versus capecitabine/cisplatin/RT (XPRT) in resected gastric cancer with D2 nodal dissection (ARTIST trial): safety analysis [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(Suppl 1):Abstract 4537.
81. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355:11-20.
82. Maehara Y. S-1 in gastric cancer: a comprehensive review. Gastric Cancer 2003;6(Suppl 1):2-8. (Pubitemid 36604648)
83. Sakuramoto S, Sasako M, Yamaguchi T, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer with S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1810-1820. (Pubitemid 350044801)
84. Nakajima T, Nashimoto A, Kitamura M, et al. Adjuvant mitomycin and fluorouracil followed by oral uracil plus tegafur in serosa-negative gastric cancer: a randomised trial. Gastric Cancer Surgical Study Group. Lancet 1999;354:273-277. (Pubitemid 29348734)
85. Ajani JA. Evolving chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Oncologist 2005;10:49-58.
86. Shah MA, Schwartz GK. Treatment of metastatic esophagus and gastric cancer. Semin Oncol 2004;31:574-587. (Pubitemid 39089070)
87. Bugat R. Irinotecan in the treatment of gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 2003;14(Suppl 2):ii37-40.
88. Einzig AI, Lipsitz S, Wiernik PH, Benson AB III. Phase II trial of taxol in patients with adenocarcinoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract (UGIT). The Eastern Cooperative Oncology group (ECOG) results. Invest New Drugs 1995;13:223-227.
89. Ohtsu A, Boku N, Tamura F, et al. An early phase II study of a 3-hour infusion of paclitaxel for advanced gastric cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 1998;21:416-419.
90. Ajani JA, Fairweather J, Dumas P, et al. Phase II study of Taxol in patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer J Sci Am 1998;4:269-274. (Pubitemid 128670021)
91. Kim YH, Shin SW, Kim BS, et al. Paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin combination chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer 1999;85:295-301. (Pubitemid 29051282)
92. Ajani JA. Chemotherapy for advanced gastric or gastroesophageal cancer: defining the contributions of docetaxel. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006;7:1627-1631. (Pubitemid 44218361)
93. Sulkes A, Smyth J, Sessa C, et al. Docetaxel (Taxotere) in advanced gastric cancer: results of a phase II clinical trial. EORTC Early Clinical Trials group. Br J Cancer 1994;70:380-383. (Pubitemid 2119649)
94. Roth AD, Maibach R, Martinelli G, et al. Docetaxel (Taxotere)-cisplatin (TC): an effective drug combination in gastric carcinoma. Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK), and the European Institute of Oncology (EIO). Ann Oncol 2000;11:301-306. (Pubitemid 30214667)
95. Ajani JA, Mansfield PF, Dumas P. Oral etoposide for patients with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer J Sci Am 1999;5:112-114. (Pubitemid 29169300)
96. Al-Batran SE, Atmaca A, Hegewisch-Becker S, et al. Phase II trial of biweekly infusional fluorouracil, folinic acid, and oxaliplatin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:658-663. (Pubitemid 41102130)
97. Louvet C, Andre T, Tigaud JM, et al. Phase II study of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and folinic acid in locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4543-4548. (Pubitemid 35407422)
98. Takiuchi H, Ajani JA. Uracil-tegafur in gastric carcinoma: a comprehensive review. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2877-2885. (Pubitemid 28363055)
99. Bouche O, Raoul JL, Bonnetain F, et al. Randomized multicenter phase II trial of a biweekly regimen of fluorouracil and leucovorin (LV5FU2), LV5FU2 plus cisplatin, or LV5FU2 plus irinotecan in patients with previously untreated metastatic gastric cancer: a Federation Francophone de Cancerologie Digestive Group Study-FFCD 9803. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4319-4328. (Pubitemid 41199650)
100. Boku N, Ohtsu A, Shimada Y, et al. Phase II study of a combination of irinotecan and cisplatin against metastatic gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:319-323. (Pubitemid 29022409)
101. Brell JM, Krishnamurthi SS, Javle M, et al. A multi-center phase II study of oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and capecitabine in advanced gastric/ gastroesophageal junction carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009;63:851-1357
102. Dank M, Zaluski J, Barone C, et al. Randomized phase III study comparing irinotecan combined with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid to cisplatin combined with 5-fluorouracil in chemotherapy naive patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagogastric junction. Ann Oncol 2008;19:1450-1457.
103. Enzinger PC, Ryan DP, Clark JW, et al. Weekly docetaxel, cisplatin, and irinotecan (TPC): results of a multicenter phase II trial in patients with metastatic esophagogastric cancer. Ann Oncol 2009;20:475-480.
104. Moehler M, Eimermacher A, Siebler J, et al. Randomised phase II evaluation of irinotecan plus high-dose 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (ILF) vs 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and etoposide (ELF) in untreated metastatic gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2005;92:2122-2128. (Pubitemid 40973775)
105. Moehler M, Kanzler S, Geissler M, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II study comparing capecitabine with irinotecan or cisplatin in metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagogastric junction. Ann Oncol 2010;21:71-77.
106. Pozzo C, Barone C, Szanto J, et al. Irinotecan in combination with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid or with cisplatin in patients with advanced gastric or esophageal-gastric junction adenocarcinoma: results of a randomized phase II study. Ann Oncol 2004;15:1773-1781. (Pubitemid 40017161)
107. Moehler M, Haas U, Siebler J, et al. Weekly treatment with irinotecan, folinic acid and infusional 5-fluorouracil (ILF) in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2003;14:645-650. (Pubitemid 37303932)
108. Ajani JA, Baker J, Pisters PWT, et al. CPT-11 plus cisplatin in patients with advanced, untreated gastric or gastroesophageal junction carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:641-646.
109. Glimelius B, Hoffman K, Haglund U, et al. Initial or delayed chemotherapy with best supportive care in advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 1994;5:189-190. (Pubitemid 24062577)
110. Pyrhonen S, Kuitunen T, Nyandoto P, Kouri M. Randomised comparison of fluorouracil, epidoxorubicin and methotrexate (FEMTX) plus supportive care with supportive care alone in patients with non-resectable gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 1995;71:587-591.
111. MacDonald JS, Schein PS, Woolley PV, et al. 5-Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and mitomycin (FAM) combination chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:533-536. (Pubitemid 10015173)
112. Cullinan SA, Moertel CG, Fleming TR, et al. A comparison of three chemotherapeutic regimens in the treatment of advanced pancreatic and gastric carcinoma. Fluorouracil vs fluorouracil and doxorubicin vs fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and mitomycin. JAMA 1985;253:2061-2067.
113. Wils JA, Klein HO, Wagener DJ, et al. Sequential high-dose methotrexate and fluorouracil combined with doxorubicin - a step ahead in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer: a trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:827-831.
114. Webb A, Cunningham D, Scarffe JH, et al. Randomized trial comparing epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil versus fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:261-267. (Pubitemid 27020582)
115. Vanhoefer U, Rougier P, Wilke H, et al. Final results of a randomized phase III trial of sequential high-dose methotrexate, fluorouracil, and doxorubicin versus etoposide, leucovorin, and fluorouracil versus infusional fluorouracil and cisplatin in advanced gastric cancer: a trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2648-2657. (Pubitemid 30465650)
116. Ross P, Nicolson M, Cunningham D, et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing mitomycin, cisplatin, and protracted venous-infusion fluorouracil (PVI 5-FU) with epirubicin, cisplatin, and PVI 5-FU in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1996-2004.
117. Al-Batran SE, Hartmann JT, Probst S, et al. Phase III trial in metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma with fluorouracil, leucovorin plus either oxaliplatin or cisplatin: a study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:1435-1442.
118. Van Cutsem E, Moiseyenko VM, Tjulandin S, et al. Phase III study of docetaxel and cisplatin plus fluorouracil compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil as first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a report of the V325 Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4991-4997. (Pubitemid 46631401)
119. Moehler MH, Thuss-Patience P, Arnold D, et al. Docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine (TEX regimen) for patients with metastatic gastric cancer: interim results from a phase II trial by the German AIO Group [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(Suppl 1):Abstract 4554.
120. Shankaran V, Mulcahy MF, Hochster HS, et al. Docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of metastatic or unresectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinomas: preliminary results of a phase II study [abstract]. Presented at the 2009 ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium; January 15-17, 2009; San Francisco, California. Abstract 47.
121. Ajani J. Review of capecitabine as oral treatment of gastric, gastroesophageal, and esophageal cancers. Cancer 2006;107:221-231. (Pubitemid 44043103)
122. Cunningham D, Starling N, Rao S, et al. Capecitabine and oxaliplatin for advanced esophagogastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2008;358:36-46.
123. Kang YK, Kang WK, Shin DB, et al. Capecitabine/cisplatin versus 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin as first-line therapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer: a randomised phase III noninferiority trial. Ann Oncol 2009;20:666-673.
124. Okines AFC, Norman AR, McCloud P, et al. Meta-analysis of the REAL-2 and ML17032 trials: evaluating capecitabine-based combination chemotherapy and infused 5-fluorouracil-based combination chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced oesophago-gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 2009;20:1529-1534.
125. Takahashi I, Kakeji Y, Emi Y, et al. S-1 in the treatment of advanced and recurrent gastric cancer: current state and future prospects. Gastric Cancer 2003;6(Suppl 1):28-33. (Pubitemid 36604653)
126. Koizumi W, Tanabe S, Saigenji K, et al. Phase I/II study of S-1 combined with cisplatin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2003;89:2207-2212. (Pubitemid 38168001)
127. Koizumi W, Kurihara M, Nakano S, Hasegawa K. Phase II study of S-1, a novel oral derivative of 5-fluorouracil, in advanced gastric cancer. For the S-1 Cooperative Gastric Cancer Study Group. Oncology 2000;58:191-197. (Pubitemid 30189900)
128. Koizumi W, Narahara H, Hara T, et al. S-1 plus cisplatin versus S-1 alone for first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer (SPIRITS trial): a phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 2008;9:215-221.
129. Ajani JA, Lee FC, Singh DA, et al. Multicenter phase II trial of S-1 plus cisplatin in patients with untreated advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:663-667. (Pubitemid 46630431)
130. Lenz HJ, Lee FC, Haller DG, et al. Extended safety and efficacy data on S-1 plus cisplatin in patients with untreated, advanced gastric carcinoma in a multicenter phase II study. Cancer 2007;109:33-40.
131. Ajani JA, Rodriquez W, Bodoky G, et al. Multicenter phase III comparison of cisplatin/S-1 (CS) with cisplatin/5-FU (CF) as first-line therapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer (FLAGS): secondary and subset analyses [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(Suppl 1):Abstract 4511.
132. Gravalos C, Jimeno A. HER2 in gastric cancer: a new prognostic factor and a novel therapeutic target. Ann Oncol 2008;19:1523-1529.
133. Wagner AD, Moehler M. Development of targeted therapies in advanced gastric cancer: promising exploratory steps in a new era. Curr Opin Oncol 2009;21:381-385.
134. Van Cutsem E, Kang Y, Chung H, et al. Efficacy results from the ToGA trial: a phase III study of trastuzumab added to standard chemotherapy (CT) in first-line human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastric cancer (GC) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(Suppl 1):Abstract LBA4509.
135. Enzinger PC, Ryan DP, Regan EM, et al. Phase II trial of docetaxel, cisplatin, irinotecan, and bevacizumab in metastatic esophagogastric cancer [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2008;26(Suppl 1):Abstract 4552.
136. Kelsen D, Jhawer M, Ilson D, et al. Analysis of survival with modified docetaxel, cisplatin, fluorouracil (mDCF), and bevacizumab (BEV) in patients with metastatic gastroesophageal (GE) adenocarcinoma: results of a phase II clinical trial [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(Suppl 1):Abstract 4512.
137. Shah MA, Ramanathan RK, Ilson DH, et al. Multicenter phase II study of irinotecan, cisplatin, and bevacizumab in patients with metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5201-5206. (Pubitemid 46631363)
138. Sun W, Powell ME, O'Dwyer P, et al. A phase II study: combination of sorafenib with docetaxel and cisplatin in the treatment of metastatic or advanced unresectable gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma (ECOG 5203) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2008;26(Suppl 1):Abstract 4535.
139. Pinto C, Di Fabio F, Siena S, et al. Phase II study of cetuximab in combination with FOLFIRI in patients with untreated advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FOLCETUX study). Ann Oncol 2007;18:510-517. (Pubitemid 46359631)
140. Kanzler S, Trarbach T, Seufferlein T, et al. Cetuximab with irinotecan/folinic acid/5-FU as first-line treatment in advanced gastric cancer: a nonrandomized multicenter AIO phase II study [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(Suppl 1):Abstract 4534.
141. Kim C, Lee JL, Ryu MH, et al. A prospective phase II study of cetuximab in combination with XELOX (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) in patients with metastatic and/or recurrent advanced gastric cancer. Invest New Drugs 2010; in press.
142. Pinto C, Di Fabio F, Barone C, et al. Phase II study of cetuximab in
143. Woell E, Greil R, Eisterer W, et al. Oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and cetuximab in advanced gastric cancer. First efficacy results of a multicenter phase II trial (AGMT Gastric-2) of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Medikamentoese Tumortherapie (AGMT) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(Suppl 1):Abstract 4538.
144. X Zhang, J Xu, I Shen, et al. A phase II study of cetuximab with cisplatin and capecitabine as first-line treatment in advanced gastric cancer [abstract]. Presented at the 2009 ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium; January 15-17, 2009; San Francisco, California. AbstractLBA39.
145. Chey WD, Wong BCY. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:1808-1825. (Pubitemid 47206706)
146. Jadvar H, Tatlidil R, Garcia AA, Conti PS. Evaluation of recurrent gastric malignancy with [F-18]-FDG positron emission tomography. Clin Radiol 2003;58:215-221.
147. Ott K, Fink U, Becker K, et al. Prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy in gastric carcinoma by metabolic imaging: results of a prospective trial. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4604-4610. (Pubitemid 46594034)
148. Tian J, Chen L, Wei B, et al. The value of vesicant 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) in gastric malignancies. Nucl Med Commun 2004;25:825-831. (Pubitemid 39099996)
149. Glimelius B, Ekstrom K, Hoffman K, et al. Randomized comparison between chemotherapy plus best supportive care with best supportive care in advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol 1997;8:163-168. (Pubitemid 27112884)
150. Casaretto L, Sousa PLR, Mari JJ. Chemotherapy versus support cancer treatment in advanced gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006;39:431-440.
151. Thuss-Patience PC, Kretzschmar A, Deist T, et al. Irinotecan versus best supportive care (BSC) as second-line therapy in gastric cancer: a randomized phase III study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 2009;27(Suppl 1):Abstract 4540.
152. Karnofsky DA, Burchenal JH. The clinical evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. In: MacLeod CM, ed. Evaluation of Chemotherapeutic Agents. New York: Columbia University Press; 1949:199-205.
153. Oken MM, Creech RH, Tormey DC, et al. Toxicity and response criteria of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Clin Oncol 1982;5:649-655.
154. Schag CC, Heinrich RL, Ganz PA. Karnofsky performance status revisited: reliability, validity, and guidelines. J Clin Oncol 1984;2:187-193.
155. Imbesi JJ, Kurtz RC. A multidisciplinary approach to gastrointestinal bleeding in cancer patients. J Support Oncol 2005;3:101-110. (Pubitemid 40439752)
156. Kim MM, Rana V, Janjan NA, et al. Clinical benefit of palliative radiation therapy in advanced gastric cancer. Acta Oncol 2008;47:421-427. (Pubitemid 351414930)
157. Holt AP, Patel M, Ahmed MM. Palliation of patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstruction with self-expanding metallic stents: the treatment of choice? Gastrointest Endosc 2004;60:1010-1017.
158. Lindsay JO, Andreyev HJ, Vlavianos P, Westaby D. Self-expanding metal stents for the palliation of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction in patients unsuitable for surgical bypass. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:901-905. (Pubitemid 38534819)
159. Kim TO, Kang DH, Kim GH, et al. Self-expandable metallic stents for palliation of patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction caused by stomach cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:916-920.
160. Jeurnink SM, van Eijck CH, Steyerberg EW, et al. Stent versus gastrojejunostomy for the palliation of gastric outlet obstruction: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol 2007;7:18.