Load carrying during locomotion in the barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis): The effect of load placement and size

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - A Molecular and Integrative Physiology

Volumn 156, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 309-317

  Tickle, Peter G ^a   Richardson, Mark F ^a   Codd, Jonathan R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Birds; Load carrying; Locomotion; Metabolic rate; Respiration; Respirometry

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; BRANTA LEUCOPSIS; BREATHING MECHANICS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENERGY COST; ENERGY TRANSFER; GOOSE; KINEMATICS; LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY; LOCOMOTION; METABOLIC RATE; NONHUMAN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; SEASONAL VARIATION; WALKING;

AVES; BRANTA LEUCOPSIS; MAMMALIA;

EID: 77951977459     PISSN: 10956433     EISSN: 15314332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.022     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Aschoff J., and Pohl H. Rhythmic variations in energy metabolism. Fed. Proc. 29 (1970) 1541-1552
2. Aschoff L., and Pohl M. Der ruheumsatz von vogeln als funktion der tagesziet und der korpergrosse. J. Ornithol. III (1970) 38-47
3. Bastien G.J., Schepens B., Willems P.A., and Heglund N.C. Energetics of load carrying in Nepalese porters. Science 308 (2005) 1755
4. Baudinette R.V., and Biewener A.A. Young wallabies get a free ride. Nature 395 (1998) 653-654
5. Baumel J.J., Wilson J.A., and Bergren D.R. The ventilatory movements of the avian pelvis and tail: function of the muscles of the tail region of the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Exp. Biol. 151 (1990) 263-277
6. Biewener A.A., and Corning W.R. Dynamics of mallard (Anas platyrynchos) gastrocnemius function during swimming versus terrestrial locomotion. J. Exp. Biol. 204 (2001) 1745-1756
7. Boggs D.F. Interactions between locomotion and ventilation in tetrapods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 133 (2002) 269
8. Boggs D.F., Butler P.J., and Wallace S.E. Differential air sac pressures in diving tufted ducks Aythya fuligula. J. Exp. Biol. 201 (1998) 2665-2668
9. Brackenbury J.H., and Avery P. Energy consumption and ventilatory mechanisms in the exercising fowl. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 66 (1980) 439-445
10. Brody S. Bioenergetics and Growth (1945), Reinhold, New York, USA
11. Butler P.J., Woakes A.J., and Bishop C.M. Behaviour and physiology of Svalbard Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis during their autumn migration. J. Avian Biol. 29 (1998) 536-545
12. Calder W.A., and King J.R. In: Farner D.S., and King J.R. (Eds). Thermal and Caloric Relations of Birds. Avian Biology vol. IV (1975), Academic Press, New York 259-413
13. Carrier D.R. The evolution of locomotor stamina in tetrapods: circumventing a mechanical constraint. Paleobiology 13 (1987) 326-341
14. Carrier D.R. Conflict in the hypaxial musculo-skeletal system: documenting an evolutionary constraint. Am. Zool. 31 (1991) 644-654
15. Carrier D.R., and Farmer C.G. The evolution of pelvic aspiration in archosaurs. Paleobiology 26 (2000) 271-293
16. Claessens L.P.A.M. The skeletal kinematics of lung ventilation in three basal bird taxa (emu, tinamou, and guinea fowl). J. Exp. Zool. A 311 (2008) 586-599
17. Codd J.R., Boggs D.F., Perry S.F., and Carrier D.R. Activity of three muscles associated with the uncinate processes of the giant Canada goose Branta canadensis maximus. J. Exp. Biol. 208 (2005) 849-857
18. Dial K.P., Goslow Jr. G.E., and Jenkins J.F.A. The functional anatomy of the shoulder in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). J Morphol. 207 (1991) 327-344
19. Dietz M.W., Piersma T., and Dekinga A. Body-building without power training: endogenously regulated pectoral muscle hypertrophy in confined shorebirds. J. Exp. Biol. 202 (1999) 2831-2837
20. Ellerby D.J., and Marsh R.L. The energetic costs of trunk and distal-limb loading during walking and running in guinea fowl Numida meleagris: II. muscle energy use as indicated by blood flow. J. Exp. Biol. 209 (2006) 2064-2075
21. Ellerby D.J., Henry H.T., Carr J.A., Buchanan C.I., and Marsh R.L. Blood flow in guinea fowl Numida meleagris as an indicator of energy expenditure by individual muscles during walking and running. J. Physiol. 564 (2005) 631-648
22. Fedak M.A., Pinshow B., and Schmidt-Nielsen K. Energy cost of bipedal running. Am. J. Physiol. 227 (1974) 1038-1044
23. Grabowski A., Farley C.T., and Kram R. Independent metabolic costs of supporting body weight and accelerating body mass during walking. J. Appl. Physiol. 98 (2005) 579-583
24. Griffin T.M., and Kram R. Biomechanics: penguin waddling is not wasteful. Nature 408 (2000) 929
25. Griffin T.M., Roberts T.J., and Kram R. Metabolic cost of generating muscular force in human walking: insights from load-carrying and speed experiments. J. Appl. Physiol. 95 (2003) 172-183
26. Harms C.A., Babcock M.A., McClaran S.R., Pegelow D.F., Nickele G.A., Nelson W.B., and Dempsey J.A. Respiratory muscle work compromises leg blood flow during maximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 82 (1997) 1573-1583
27. Heglund N.C., Willems P.A., Penta M., and Cavagna G.A. Energy-saving gait mechanics with head-supported loads. Nature 375 (1995) 52-54
28. Kiessling K.-H. Muscle structure and function in the goose, quail, pheasant, guinea hen and chicken. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 57 (1977) 287-292
29. Kram R. Inexpensive load carrying by rhinoceros beetles. J. Exp. Biol. 199 (1996) 609-612
30. Kram R., and Taylor C.R. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 346 (1990) 265-267
31. Lighton, J.R.B., 2008. Measuring metabolic rates. New York: OUP, USA. pp. 84-104.
32. Mador M.J., and Acevedo F.A. Effect of respiratory muscle fatigue on subsequent exercise performance. J. Appl. Physiol. 70 (1991) 2059-2065
33. Maina J. What it takes to fly: the structural and functional respiratory refinements in birds and bats. J. Exp. Biol. 203 (2000) 3045-3064
34. Maloiy G.M.O., Heglund N.C., Prager L.M., Cavagna G.A., and Taylor C.R. Energetic cost of carrying loads: have African women discovered an economic way?. Nature 319 (1986) 668-669
35. Markley J.S., and Carrier D.R. The cost of ventilation in birds measured via unidirectional artificial ventilation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 155 (2010) 146-153
36. Marsh R.L., Ellerby D.J., Carr J.A., Henry H.T., and Buchanan C.I. Partitioning the energetics of walking and running: swinging the limbs is expensive. Science 303 (2004) 80-83
37. Marsh R.L., Ellerby D.J., Henry H.T., and Rubenson J. The energetic costs of trunk and distal-limb loading during walking and running in guinea fowl Numida meleagris: I. organismal metabolism and biomechanics. J. Exp. Biol. 209 (2006) 2050-2063
38. Martin P.E. Mechanical and physiological responses to lower extremity loading during running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 17 (1985) 427-433
39. McGowan C.P., Duarte H.A., Main J.B., and Biewener A.A. Effects of load carrying on metabolic cost and hindlimb muscle dynamics in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). J. Appl. Physiol. 101 (2006) 1060-1069
40. Nassar P.N., Jackson A.C., and Carrier D.R. Entraining the natural frequencies of running and breathing in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). J. Exp. Biol. 204 (2001) 1641-1651
41. Pinshow B., Fedak M.A., and Schmidt-Nielsen K. Terrestrial locomotion in penguins: it costs more to waddle. Science 195 (1977) 592-594
42. Portugal S.J., Green J.A., and Butler P.J. Annual changes in body mass and resting metabolism in captive barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis): the importance of wing moult. J. Exp. Biol. 210 (2007) 1391-1397
43. Portugal S.J., Thorpe S.K.S., Green J.A., Myatt J.P., and Butler P.J. Testing the use/disuse hypothesis: pectoral and leg muscle changes in captive barnacle geese Branta leucopsis during wing moult. J. Exp. Biol. 212 (2009) 2403-2410
44. Soule R.G., Pandolf K.B., and Goldman R.F. Energy expenditure of heavy load carriage. Ergonomics 21 (1978) 373-381
45. Steudel K. The work and energetic cost of locomotion. I. The effects of limb mass distribution in quadrupeds. J. Exp. Biol. 154 (1990) 273-285
46. Taylor C.R., Heglund N.C., McMahon T.A., and Looney T.R. Energetic cost of generating muscular force during running: a comparison of large and small animals. J. Exp. Biol. 86 (1980) 9-18
47. Tickle P.G., Ennos A.R., Lennox L.E., Perry S.F., and Codd J.R. Functional significance of the uncinate processes in birds. J. Exp. Biol. 210 (2007) 3955-3961
48. Tolkamp B.J., Emmans G.C., Yearsley J., and Kyriazakis I. Optimization of short-term animal behaviour and the currency of time. Anim. Behav. 64 (2002) 945-953
49. Ward S., Bishop C.M., Woakes A.J., and Butler P.J. Heart rate and the rate of oxygen consumption of flying and walking barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) and bar-headed geese (Anser indicus). J. Exp. Biol. 205 (2002) 3347-3356
50. White C.R., Martin G.R., and Butler P.J. Pedestrian locomotion energetics and gait characteristics of a diving bird, the great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo. J. Comp. Physiol. B 178 (2008) 745-754
51. Wickler S.J., Hoyt D.F., Cogger E.A., and Hall K.M. Effect of load on preferred speed and cost of transport. J. Appl. Physiol. 90 (2001) 1548-1551
52. Zimmer K. Beiträge zur Mechanik der Atmung bei den Vögeln in Stand und Flug aufgrund anatomischer-physiologischer und experimenteller Studien. Zoologica 88 (1935) 1-69