메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 203, Issue 20, 2000, Pages 3045-3064

What it takes to fly: The structural and functional respiratory refinements in birds and bats

Author keywords

Bat; Bird; Blood; Flight; Haematocrit; Hypoxia; Lung; Oxygen consumption

Indexed keywords

ALTITUDE; ANIMAL; BAT; BIRD; ENDURANCE; ENERGY METABOLISM; FLYING; HISTOLOGY; LUNG; LUNG GAS EXCHANGE; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VASCULARIZATION;

EID: 0033751886     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (144)

References (256)
  • 8
    • 0007180457 scopus 로고
    • Comparative physiology of oxygen transport in mammals
    • (1964) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 559-604
    • Bartels, H.1
  • 10
    • 0002292371 scopus 로고
    • Energy metabolism
    • Animal Physiology: Principles and Adaptations (ed. M. S. Gordon), New York: Macmillan
    • (1982) , pp. 57-110
    • Bartholomew, G.A.1
  • 17
    • 0001625581 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism
    • Biology of Reptilia, (ed. C. Gans and W. R. Dawson), New York: Academic Press
    • (1976) , vol.5 , pp. 127-223
    • Bennet, A.F.1    Dawson, W.R.2
  • 19
    • 0003841624 scopus 로고
    • Sauerstoffverbrauch von Kolibris (Colibri coruscans und C. thalassinus) beim Horizontalflug
    • BIONA Report 3 (ed. W. Nachtigall), Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag
    • (1985) , pp. 307-314
    • Berger, M.1
  • 20
    • 0001266407 scopus 로고
    • Physiology and energetics of flight
    • Avian Biology, (ed. D. S. Farner and J. R. King), New York: Academic Press
    • (1974) , vol.4 , pp. 415-477
    • Berger, M.1    Hart, J.S.2
  • 22
    • 0000520989 scopus 로고
    • Respiration in flying birds
    • Bird Respiration, (ed. T. J. Seller), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • (1987) , vol.2 , pp. 43-73
    • Bernstein, M.H.1
  • 25
    • 0007253646 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen transport during progressive hypoxia in bar-headed geese (Anser anser) acclimated to sea level and 5600m
    • Respiratory Function in Birds Adult and Embryonic (ed. J. Piiper), Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    • (1978) , pp. 79-83
    • Black, C.P.1    Tenney, S.M.2    Kroonenberg, M.V.3
  • 27
    • 0025131886 scopus 로고
    • Effects of combined abdominal and thoracic air-sac occlusion on respiration in domestic fowl
    • (1990) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.152 , pp. 93-100
    • Brackenbury, J.H.1
  • 28
    • 0002119239 scopus 로고
    • Ventilation, gas exchange and oxygen delivery in flying and flightless bird
    • Physiological Strategies for Gas Exchange and Metabolism (ed. A. J. Woakes, M. K. Grieshaber and C. R. Bridges), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • (1991) , pp. 125-147
    • Brackenbury, J.H.1
  • 34
    • 34250115660 scopus 로고
    • Ventilation and oxygen consumption in Amazona viridigenalis: A reappraisal of resting respiratory parameters in birds
    • (1985) J. Comp. Physiol. B , vol.155 , pp. 269-276
    • Bucher, T.L.1
  • 42
    • 4243711655 scopus 로고
    • Flight metabolism in flying foxes
    • Swimming and Flying in Nature, (ed. T. Y. T. Wu, C. J. Brokaw and C. Brennen), New York: Plenum Press
    • (1975) , vol.2 , pp. 883-890
    • Carpenter, R.E.1
  • 44
  • 46
    • 0000797274 scopus 로고
    • Temperature regulation of carpenter bees (Xylocopa californica) foraging in Colorado desert of Southern California
    • (1982) Physiol. Zool. , vol.55 , pp. 267-280
    • Chappell, M.A.1
  • 48
    • 0023556863 scopus 로고
    • Foraging energetics of grey-headed albatrosses, Diomedea chrysostoma at Bird Island, South Georgia
    • (1987) Ibis , vol.129 , pp. 149-158
    • Costa, D.P.1    Prince, P.A.2
  • 53
    • 84910468252 scopus 로고
    • Mount Everest and beyond: Breathing air
    • A Companion to Animal Physiology (ed. C. R. Taylor, K. Johansen and L. Bolis), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • (1982) , pp. 17-27
    • Dejours, P.1
  • 55
    • 0019481427 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of the respiratory system of the house sparrow, budgerigar and violet-eared hummingbird
    • (1981) Respir. Physiol. , vol.46 , pp. 43-60
    • Dubach, M.1
  • 57
    • 0003754892 scopus 로고
    • The quantitative design of the avian respiratory system: From hummingbird to the mute swan
    • BIONA Report 3 (ed. W. Nachtigall), Stuttgart: Gustav-Fischer Verlag
    • (1985) , pp. 361-378
    • Duncker, H.R.1    Guntert, M.2
  • 58
    • 0002500910 scopus 로고
    • Morphometric analysis of the avian respiratory system
    • Vertebrate Morphology (ed. H. R. Duncker and G. Fleischer), Stuttgart: Gustav-Fischer Verlag
    • (1985) , pp. 383-387
    • Duncker, H.R.1    Guntert, M.2
  • 61
    • 0001403839 scopus 로고
    • Functional dependence of the power for hovering on wing disc loading in hummingbirds
    • (1980) Physiol. Zool. , vol.53 , pp. 347-357
    • Epting, R.J.1
  • 63
    • 0007314426 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral circulation during hypoxia: Is a bird brain better?
    • Hypoxia: The Adaptations (ed. J. R. Sutton, G. Coates and J. E. Remmers), Burlington, Ontario: B. C. Decker Inc
    • (1990) , pp. 26-29
    • Faraci, M.F.1
  • 67
    • 0016905461 scopus 로고
    • Contribution a la connaissance du metabolisme energetique chez deux Crocidurinae: Suncus etruscus (Savi 1822) et Crocidura russula (Herman 1780), Insectivora, Soricidae
    • (1976) Mammalia , vol.40 , pp. 229-311
    • Fons, R.1    Sicart, R.2
  • 72
    • 0001910953 scopus 로고
    • The flight of birds: The significant dimensions, their departure from the requirements for dimensional similarity and the effect on flight aerodynamics of that departure
    • (1975) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. , vol.65 , pp. 1-67
    • Greenewalt, C.H.1
  • 73
    • 0000334920 scopus 로고
    • Migrations and homing of bats
    • Biology of Bats, (ed. W. A. Wimsatt), London: Academic Press
    • (1970) , vol.1 , pp. 233-264
    • Griffin, D.R.1
  • 80
  • 81
    • 0007186656 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion
    • Animal Physiology: Adaptation in Function (ed. F. W. Hainsworth), Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
    • (1981) , pp. 259-292
    • Hainsworth, F.W.1
  • 85
    • 84986849018 scopus 로고
    • Hematological and rheological characteristics of blood in seven marine mammal species: Physiological implications for diving behaviour
    • (1991) J. Zool., Lond. , vol.225 , pp. 273-283
    • Hedrick, M.S.1    Duffield, D.A.2
  • 88
    • 0023517601 scopus 로고
    • The primary structures of the major and minor haemoglobin-components of adult Andean goose (Chleophaga melanoptera, Anatidae): The mutation α-Leu-Ser in position 55 of the β-chains
    • (1987) Biol. Chem. , vol.368 , pp. 1559-1569
    • Hiebl, I.1    Braunitzer, G.2    Schneegans, D.3
  • 91
    • 0000501752 scopus 로고
    • Comparative intermediary metabolism
    • Comparative Animal Physiology, third edition (ed. C. L. Prosser), Philadelphia: Saunders
    • (1973) , pp. 212-278
    • Hochachka, P.W.1
  • 92
    • 0000426172 scopus 로고
    • The metabolic rates and body temperatures of bats
    • (1951) Biol. Bull. , vol.101 , pp. 289-299
    • Hock, R.J.1
  • 94
    • 0002236835 scopus 로고
    • Bat origins and evolution
    • The Biology of Bats, (ed. W. A. Wimsatt), New York: Academic Press
    • (1970) , vol.1 , pp. 1-64
    • Jepsen, G.L.1
  • 95
    • 0003045440 scopus 로고
    • The world as a laboratory: Physiological insights from nature's experiments
    • Advances in Physiological Research (ed. H. McLannan, J. R. Ledsome, C. H. S. McIntosh and D. R. Jones), New York: Plenum Press
    • (1987) , pp. 377-396
    • Johansen, K.1
  • 99
    • 0007249234 scopus 로고
    • Optimal flight speed of pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus)
    • European Bat Research 1987: Proceedings of the Fourth European Bat Research Symposium (ed. V. Hanak, I. Horaceck and J. Gaisler), Praha: Charles University Press
    • (1989) , pp. 87-103
    • Jones, G.1    Rayner, J.M.V.2
  • 103
    • 0033603155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The early life thrived despite early travails
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 2111-2113
    • Kerr, R.A.1
  • 106
    • 0000890915 scopus 로고
    • Energy metabolism, thermoregulation and body temperature
    • Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds, (ed. A. J. Marshall), London: Academic Press
    • (1969) , vol.2 , pp. 215-279
    • King, J.R.1    Farner, D.A.2
  • 107
    • 0002397275 scopus 로고
    • Maximum cold-induced oxygen consumption in the house sparrow, Passer domesticus (L.)
    • (1986) Physiol. Zool. , vol.59 , pp. 43-48
    • Koteja, P.1
  • 109
    • 0042022525 scopus 로고
    • Postnatale Entwicklung der Wasserfledermaus, Myotis daubentoni Kuhl 1981 und bisherige Kenntnis dieser Problematik im Rahmen der Unterordnung Microchiroptera (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
    • (1981) Fol. Mus. Rer. Nat. Bohem. Occident. Zool. , vol.16 , pp. 1-34
    • Kratky, J.1
  • 112
    • 0002609281 scopus 로고
    • Temperaturregulation bei Fiedermausen (Chiroptera) aus verschiedenen Klimazonen
    • (1965) Z. Vergl. Physiol. , vol.50 , pp. 1-34
    • Kulzer, E.1
  • 113
    • 0016752559 scopus 로고
    • Blood oxygen affinity and alveolar ventilation in relation to body weight in mammals
    • (1975) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.229 , pp. 529-536
    • Lahiri, S.1
  • 115
    • 0007247934 scopus 로고
    • The energetic cost of small size in hummingbirds
    • Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress on Ornithology
    • (1963) Condor , vol.10 , pp. 1095-1103
    • Lasiewski, R.C.1
  • 118
  • 119
    • 0021969712 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary design in microchiropteran lung (Pipistrellus subflavus) during hibernation
    • (1984) Respir. Physiol. , vol.59 , pp. 301-312
    • Lechner, A.J.1
  • 120
    • 0001913642 scopus 로고
    • Introduction to the scaling of aerial locomotion
    • Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. P. J. Pedley), London: Academic Press
    • (1977) , pp. 365-404
    • Lighthill, J.1
  • 127
    • 0020369296 scopus 로고
    • A scanning electron microscopic study of the air and blood capillaries of the lung of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)
    • (1982) Experientia , vol.35 , pp. 614-616
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 128
    • 0021323940 scopus 로고
    • Morphometrics of the avian lung. III. The structural design of the passerine lung
    • (1984) Respir. Physiol. , vol.55 , pp. 291-309
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 129
    • 0002415040 scopus 로고
    • A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the bat lung
    • (1985) J. Zool., Lond. , vol.205 , pp. 19-27
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 130
    • 0001873533 scopus 로고
    • The structural design of the bat lung
    • (1986) Myotis , vol.23 , pp. 71-77
    • Manna, J.N.1
  • 131
    • 0023133290 scopus 로고
    • Morphometrics of the avian lung. IV. The structural design of the charadriiform lung
    • (1987) Respir. Physiol. , vol.68 , pp. 99-119
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 132
    • 0024102337 scopus 로고
    • Scanning electron microscopic study of the spatial organization of the air and blood conducting components of the avian lung
    • (1988) Anat. Rec. , vol.222 , pp. 145-153
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 133
    • 0000851048 scopus 로고
    • Morphometrics of the avian lung
    • Form and Function in Birds,(ed. A. S. King and J. McLelland), London: Academic Press
    • (1989) , vol.4 , pp. 307-368
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 134
    • 0027289033 scopus 로고
    • Morphometries of the avian lung: The structural-functional correlations in the design of the lungs of birds
    • (1993) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , vol.105 , pp. 397-410
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 135
    • 0008533456 scopus 로고
    • Comparative pulmonary morphology and morphometry: The functional design of respiratory systems
    • Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology,(ed. R. Giles), Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    • (1994) , vol.20 , pp. 112-232
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 136
    • 0002735223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on the structure and function in birds
    • Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds (ed. E. Rosskoff), Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins
    • (1996) , pp. 163-256
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 138
    • 0002757485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lungs of the volant vertebrates - Birds and bats: How are they relatively structurally optimized for this elite mode of locomotion?
    • Principles of Animal Design: The Optimization and Symmorphosis Debate (ed. E. R. Weibel, C. R. Taylor and L. Bolis), New York:. Cambridge University Press
    • (1998) , pp. 177-195
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 139
    • 0034654082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative respiratory morphology: Themes and principles in the design and construction of the gas exchangers
    • (2000) Anat. Rec. , vol.261 , pp. 25-44
    • Maina, J.N.1
  • 141
    • 0020357787 scopus 로고
    • Morphometrics of the avian lung. II. The wild mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and the greylag goose (Anser anser)
    • (1982) Respir. Physiol. , vol.50 , pp. 299-313
    • Maina, J.N.1    King, A.S.2
  • 142
    • 0020066561 scopus 로고
    • The thickness of the avian blood-gas barrier: Qualitative and quantitative observations
    • (1982) J. Anat. , vol.134 , pp. 553-562
    • Maina, J.N.1    King, A.S.2
  • 145
    • 0024643292 scopus 로고
    • The lung of the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae: A microscopic and morphometric study
    • (1989) J. Anat. , vol.163 , pp. 67-74
    • Maina, J.N.1    King, A.S.2
  • 153
    • 0025280586 scopus 로고
    • Maximum load-lifting and induced power output of Harris' hawks are general functions of flight muscle mass
    • (1990) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.149 , pp. 511-514
    • Marden, J.H.1
  • 154
    • 0028220964 scopus 로고
    • From damselflies to pterosaurs: How burst and sustainable flight performance scale with size
    • (1994) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.266
    • Marden, J.H.1
  • 156
    • 0025529476 scopus 로고
    • Dietary, phylogenetic and ecological correlates of intestinal sucrase and maltase activity in birds
    • (1990) Physiol. Zool. , vol.63 , pp. 987-1011
    • Martinez del Rio, C.1
  • 157
    • 0007314429 scopus 로고
    • Histology of flight: Tissue and muscle gas exchange
    • Hypoxia: The Adaptations (ed. S. R. Sutton, G. Coates, J. E. Remmers), Toronto: B. C. Dekker Inc.
    • (1990) , pp. 13-19
    • Mathieu-Costello, O.1
  • 159
    • 0024222079 scopus 로고
    • How many species are there on Earth?
    • (1988) Science , vol.241 , pp. 1441-1449
    • May, R.M.1
  • 164
    • 0016987146 scopus 로고
    • Kinematics, aerodynamics and energetics of horizontal flapping flight in the long-eared bat Plecotus auritus
    • (1976) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.65 , pp. 179-212
    • Norberg, U.M.1
  • 165
  • 166
    • 0019745167 scopus 로고
    • Why foraging birds in trees should climb and hop upwards rather than downwards
    • (1981) Ibis , vol.123 , pp. 281-288
    • Norberg, U.M.1
  • 167
    • 0000374838 scopus 로고
    • Flying, gliding and soaring
    • Functional Vertebrate Morphology (ed. M. Hildebrand), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • (1985) , pp. 366-377
    • Norberg, U.M.1
  • 174
    • 0003186269 scopus 로고
    • The many myths, some old, some new, of dinosaurology
    • (1991) Mod. Geol. , vol.16 , pp. 69-99
    • Paul, G.S.1
  • 178
    • 0002720164 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of flight
    • Avian Biology, (ed. D. S. Farner and J. R. King), New York: Academic Press
    • (1975) , vol.5 , pp. 1-75
    • Pennycuick, C.J.1
  • 186
    • 0003691724 scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate flapping flight mechanics and aerodynamics and the evolution of flight in bats
    • BIONA Report 5, Bat Flight - Fledermausflug (ed. W. Nachtigall), Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag
    • (1986) , pp. 27-74
    • Rayner, J.M.V.1
  • 187
    • 84985079784 scopus 로고
    • Autumnal migration over Puerto Rico and the Western Atlantic: A radar study
    • (1976) Ibis , vol.118 , pp. 309-332
    • Richardson, J.1
  • 188
    • 0000659247 scopus 로고
    • Blood physiology
    • Biology of Bats, (ed. W. A. Wimsatt), New York: Academic Press
    • (1977) , vol.2 , pp. 485-517
    • Riedesel, M.L.1
  • 190
    • 0026082284 scopus 로고
    • Reptilian physiology and the flight capacity of Archeopteryx
    • (1991) Evolution , vol.45 , pp. 1-17
    • Ruben, J.1
  • 193
    • 4243700677 scopus 로고
    • Significance of lung structure for performance at high altitude
    • Acta XVIII International Congress of Ornithology, (ed. V. D. Ilyicher and V. M. Gavrilov), Moscow: Nauka
    • (1985) , vol.3 , pp. 976
    • Scheid, P.1
  • 194
    • 0002763962 scopus 로고
    • Avian respiratory system and gas exchange
    • Hypoxia: The Adaptations (ed. J. R. Sutton, G. Coates and J. E. Remmers), Burlington, Ontario: B. C. Decker Inc
    • (1990) , pp. 4-7
    • Scheid, P.1
  • 198
    • 0002047092 scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in avian respiration
    • Avian Physiology (ed. M. Peaker), London: Academic Press
    • (1975) , pp. 33-47
    • Schmidt-Nielsen, K.1
  • 201
    • 0043021817 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of flight in bats
    • BIONA Report 5 (ed. W. Nachtigall), Stuttgart: Gustav-Fischer Verlag
    • (1986) , pp. 1-12
    • Scholey, K.1
  • 205
    • 0017201078 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory characteristics of whole blood and selected aspects of circulatory physiology in the common short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus brachyotes
    • (1976) Respir. Physiol. , vol.28 , pp. 239-247
    • Snyder, G.K.1
  • 206
    • 0027011847 scopus 로고
    • Thermogenic capacity of shrews (Mammalia, Soricidae) and its relationship with basal rate of metabolism
    • (1992) Physiol. Zool. , vol.65 , pp. 77-96
    • Sparti, A.1
  • 209
  • 219
    • 0020922941 scopus 로고
    • The annual migrations of three species of West African fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
    • (1983) Can. J. Zool. , vol.61 , pp. 2266-2272
    • Thomas, D.W.1
  • 221
    • 0016723252 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism during flight in two species of bats, Phyllostomus hastatus and Pteropus gouldii
    • (1975) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.63 , pp. 273-293
    • Thomas, S.P.1
  • 222
    • 0001307119 scopus 로고
    • Ventilation and oxygen extraction in the bat, Pteropus gouldii during rest and during steady flight
    • (1981) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.94 , pp. 231-250
    • Thomas, S.P.1
  • 223
    • 0001898981 scopus 로고
    • The physiology of bat flight
    • Recent Advances in the Study of Bats (ed. M. B. Fenton, P. Racey and J. M. V. Rayner), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • (1987) , pp. 75-99
    • Thomas, S.P.1
  • 231
    • 0003942470 scopus 로고
    • The energetics of avian flight at altitude
    • Bird Flight, BIONA Report 3 (ed. W. Nachtigall), Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag
    • (1985) , pp. 45-87
    • Torre-Bueno, J.R.1
  • 232
    • 0014253759 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory physiology of house sparrows in relation to high altitude flight
    • (1968) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.48 , pp. 55-66
    • Tucker, V.1
  • 233
    • 0001099786 scopus 로고
    • Respiratory exchange and evaporative water loss in flying budgerigar
    • (1968) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.48 , pp. 67-87
    • Tucker, V.1
  • 236
  • 237
    • 0007256559 scopus 로고
    • Scaling and avian flight
    • Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. T. J. Pedley), New York: Academic Press
    • (1977) , pp. 497-510
    • Tucker, V.A.1
  • 238
    • 0000034459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gliding flight: Speed and acceleration of ideal falcons during diving and pull out
    • (1998) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.201 , pp. 403-414
    • Tucker, V.1
  • 239
  • 243
    • 0014183264 scopus 로고
    • Respiration and tracheal ventilation in locusts and other flying insects
    • (1967) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.47 , pp. 561-587
    • Weis-Fogh, T.1
  • 244
    • 0002336061 scopus 로고
    • Dimensional analysis of hovering flight
    • Scale Effects in Animal Locomotion (ed. T. J. Pedley), New York: Academic Press
    • (1977) , pp. 405-420
    • Weis-Fogh, T.1
  • 248
    • 0020957744 scopus 로고
    • Climbing Mt Everest without oxygen: An analysis of maximal exercise during extreme hypoxia
    • (1983) Respir. Physiol. , vol.52 , pp. 265-274
    • West, J.B.1
  • 252
    • 0033166868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flight speed and body mass of nectar-feeding bats (Glossophaginae) during foraging
    • (1999) J. Exp. Biol. , vol.202 , pp. 1917-1930
    • Winter, Y.1
  • 256
    • 0007242320 scopus 로고
    • Beitrage zur Mechanik der Atmung bei Vogeln in Stand und Flug
    • (1935) Zoologica , vol.33 , pp. 1-69
    • Zimmer, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.