Effectiveness of blood pressure lowering: Evidence-based comparisons between men and women

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 199-209

  Turnbull, Fiona ^a,b   Woodward, Mark ^c   Anna, Vibeke ^d  

^a GEORGE INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^b University of Sydney   (Australia)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

blood pressure; blood pressure lowering regimens; coronary heart disease; gender specific; major cardiovascular events; meta analyses; observational studies; randomized, controlled trials; sex specific; stroke; treatment adherence

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; PLACEBO;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DRUG EFFICACY; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; AGING; FEMALE; MALE; MORTALITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT;

AGING; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77951883453     PISSN: 14779072     EISSN: 17448344     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/erc.09.155     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Rodgers A, Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez A, Lin R, Murray C. Distribution of major health risks: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study. PLoS Med. 1, e27 (2004).
2. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 119(3), e21-e181 (2009).
3. Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Law MR, Elliott P, MacMahon S, Rodgers A. Blood pressure and the global burden of disease 2000. Part II: estimates of attributable burden. J. Hypertens. 24, 423-430 (2006).
4. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 360, 1903-1913 (2002).
5. Woodward M. Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis (2nd Edition). Chapman and Hall/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA (2005).
6. Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. J. Hypertens. 21(4), 707-716 (2003).
7. Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Does sex matter in the associations between classical risk factors and fatal coronary heart disease? J. Women's Health 14, 820-828 (2005).
8. Quan A, Kerlikowske K, Gueffiyer F, Boissel J-P; INDANA Investigators. Efficacy of treating hypertension in women. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 14, 718-729 (1999).
9. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. JAMA 288, 2981-2997 (2002).
10. Gueffiyer F, Boutitie F, Boissel J-P et al. Effect of antihypertensive drug treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in women and men. A meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised controlled trials. Ann. Intern. Med. 126, 761-767 (1997).
11. WHO-International Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Protocol for prospective collaborative overviews of major randomized trials of blood-pressure lowering treatments. J. Hypertens. 16, 127-137 (1998).
12. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Do men and women respond differently to blood pressure-lowering treatment? Results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 29, 2669-2680 (2008).
13. Brenner B, Cooper M, De Zeeuw D et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 861-869 (2001).
14. Dahlof B, Devereux R, Kjeldsen S et al.; LIFE study group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension Study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359, 995-1003 (2002).
15. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers S, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S; for the HOT Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Randomised trial. Lancet 351, 1755-1762 (1998).
16. National Intervention Cooperative Study in Elderly Hypertensives study group. Randomized double-blind comparison of a calcium antagonist and a diuretic in elderly hypertensives. Hypertension 34, 1129-1133 (1999).
17. MacMahon S, Sharpe N, Gamble G et al.; PART-2 Collaborative Research Group. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, in patients with coronary or other occlusive vascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 36, 438-443 (2000).
18. Pitt B, Byington R, Furberg C et al. Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. Circulation 102, 1503-1510 (2000).
19. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood pressure lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358, 1033-1041 (2001).
20. Teo K, Burton J, Buller C et al.; SCAT Investigators. Long-term effects of cholesterol lowering and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on coronary atherosclerosis. The Simvastatin/Enalapril Coronary Atherosclerosis Trial (SCAT). Circulation 102, 1748-1754 (2000).
21. Staessen J, Fagard R, Thijs L et al.; SYST-EUR Study Group. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension in Europe. Lancet 350, 757-764 (1997).
22. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. Br. Med. J. 317, 713-720 (1998).
23. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. Br. Med. J. 317, 703-713 (1998).
24. Zanchetti A, Agabiti-Rosei E, Dal Palu C, Leonetti G, Magnani B, Pessina A. The Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study (VHAS): results of long-term randomised treatment with either verapamil or chlorthalidone on intima-media thickness. J. Hypertens. 16, 1667-1676 (1998).
25. HOPE (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation) study investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 145-153 (2000).
26. Pitt B, O'Neill B, Feldman R et al.; QUIET study group. The Quinapril Ischemic Event Trial (QUIET): evaluation of chronic ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular function. Am. J. Cardiol. 87, 1058-1063 (2001).
27. Dens J, Desmet W, Coussement P et al. Usefulness of nisoldipine for prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (results of the NICOLE study). Am. J. Cardiol. 87, 28-33 (2001).
28. Wright J, Bakris G, Green T et al.; African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension study group. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA 288, 2421-2431 (2002).
29. Estacio R, Jeffers B, Hiatt W, Biggerstaff S, Gifford N, Schrier R. The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes and hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 645-652 (1998).
30. Schrier R, Estacio R, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive Type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int. 61, 1086-1097 (2002).
31. Wing L, Reid C, Ryan P et al.; Second Australian National Blood Pressure study Group. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 583-592 (2003).
32. Hansson L, Lindholm L, Niskanen L et al.; Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) study group. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 353, 611-616 (1999).
33. Hansson L, Lindholm L, Ekbom T et al.; STOP-Hypertension-2 study group. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354, 1751-1756 (1999).
34. Black H, Elliot W, Grandits G, Grambsch P, Lucente T, White W; CONVINCE research group. Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular Endpoints (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA 289, 2073-2082 (2003).
35. Zanchetti A, Bond M, Hennig M et al.; ELSA investigators. Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Circulation 106, 2422-2427 (2002).
36. Brown M, Palmer C, Castaigne A et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet 356, 366-372 (2000).
37. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P et al.; NORDIL study group. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and b-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 356, 359-365 (2000).
38. Malacco E, Gnemmi A, Romagnoli A, Coppini A; SHELL study group. Systolic hypertension in the elderly: long-term lacidipine treatment. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 23(Suppl. 5), S62-S66 (1994).
39. Yui Y, Sumiyoshi T, Kodama K et al.; Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) study group. Comparison of nifedipine retard with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in Japanese hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: the Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) randomized trial. Hypertens. Res. 27, 181-191 (2004).
40. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva A et al.; Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) investigators. Preventing microalbuminuria in Type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1941-1951 (2004).
41. Marre M, Lievre M, Chatellier G, Mann J, Passa P, Menard J; on behalf of the DIABHYCAR study investigators. Effects of low dose ramipril on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes and raised excretion of urinary albumin: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial (the DIABHYCAR study). Br. Med. J. 328, 495 (2004).
42. The European trial on reduction of cardiac events with perindopril in stable coronary artery disease investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 362, 782-788 (2003).
43. Asselbergs F, Diercks G, Hillege H et al.; Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease Intervention Trial (PREVEND IT) investigators. Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation 110, 2809-2816 (2004).
44. Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A et al.; MOSES study group. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention. Stroke 36, 1218-1226 (2005).
45. Pepine C, Handberg E, Cooper-DeHoff R et al.; INVEST investigators. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290, 2805-2816 (2003).
46. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus; results of propsectively designed overviews. Arch. Intern. Med. 165, 1410-1419 (2005).
47. Turnbull F, Neal B, Ninomiya T et al.; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials. Br. Med. J. 336, 1121-1123 (2008).
48. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Mähönen M, Tolonen H, Ruokokoski E, Amouyel P; WHO MONICA (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease) project. Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet 353, 1547-1557 (1999).
49. Safar M, Smulyan H. Hypertension in women. Am. J. Hypertens. 17, 82-87 (2004).
50. Ong K, Tso A, Lam K, Cheung B. Gender difference in blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk factors in Americans with diagnosed hypertension. Hypertension 51, 1142-1148 (2008).
51. Mosca L, Linfante A, Benjamin E et al. National study of physician awareness and adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines. Circulation 111, 499-510 (2005).
52. Keyhani S, Scobie JV, Hebert PL, McLaughlin MA. Gender disparities in blood pressure control and cardiovascular care in a national sample of ambulatory care visits. Hypertension 51, 1149-1155 (2008).
53. Gu Q, Burt VL, Paulose-Ram R, Dillon CF. Gender differences in hypertension treatment, drug utilization patterns, and blood pressure control among US adults with hypertension: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Am. J. Hypertens. 21, 789-798 (2008).
54. Di Martino M, Veronesi C, Degli Esposti L et al. Adherence to antihypertensive drug treatment and blood pressure control: a real practice analysis in Italy. J. Hum. Hypertens. 22, 51-53 (2008).
55. Mosca L, Ferris A, Fabunmi R, Robertson RM; American Heart Association. Tracking women's awareness of heart disease: an American Heart Association national study. Circulation 109, 573-579 (2004).
56. Nissinen A, Kastarinen M, Tuomilehto J. Community control of hypertension - experiences from Finland. J. Hum. Hypertens. 18, 553-556 (2004).
57. Ninios I, Ninios V, Lazaridou F, Dimitriadis K, Kerasidou O, Louridas G. Gender-specific differences in hypertension prevalence, treatment, control, and associated conditions among the elderly: data from a Greek population. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 30, 327-337 (2008).
58. Wu Y, Huxley R, Li L et al.; for the China NNHS Working Group. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China: data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. Circulation 118, 2679-2686 (2008).
59. Stramba-Badiale M, Fox KM, Priori SG et al. Cardiovascular diseases in women: a statement from the policy conference of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J. 27, 994-1005 (2006).
60. CDC. National Center for Health Statistics, Compressed Mortality File 1999-2006. CDC WONDER On-line Database, compiled from Compressed Mortality File 1999-2006 Series 20 No 2L http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd10.html
61. WHO. WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) www.who.int/whosis/en/