Cutaneous metastases: A study of 78 biopsies from 69 patients

American Journal of Dermatopathology

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 222-239

  Fernandez Flores, Angel ^a,b  

^a HOSPITAL EL BIERZO   (Spain)

^b Service of Cellular Pathology   (Spain)

Author keywords

Cutaneous metastasis; Secondary tumor; Skin metastases

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BREAST CARCINOMA; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN BIOPSY; SKIN METASTASIS; SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE; TISSUE NECROSIS;

ABDOMEN; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BIOPSY; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LYMPHOMA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NECROSIS; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASMS, UNKNOWN PRIMARY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SKIN NEOPLASMS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 77951756285     PISSN: 01931091     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181b348f8     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Saeed S, Keehn CA, Morgan MB. Cutaneous metastasis: a clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical appraisal. J Cutan Pathol. 2004; 31:419-430
2. Abrams HL, Spiro R, Goldstein N. Metastases in carcinoma; analysis of 1000 autopsied cases. Cancer. 1950;3:74-85.
3. Mehregan AH. Metastatic carcinoma to the skin. Dermatologica. 1961; 123:311-325.
4. Reingold IM. Cutaneous metastases from internal carcinoma. Cancer. 1966;19:162-168.
5. Brownstein MH, Helwig EB. Patterns of cutaneous metastasis. Arch Dermatol. 1972;105:862-868.
6. Brownstein MH, Helwig EB. Spread of tumors to the skin. Arch Dermatol. 1973;107:80-86.
7. Rosen T. Cutaneous metastases. Med Clin North Am. 1980;64:885-900.
8. McKee PH. Cutaneous metastases. J Cutan Pathol. 1985;12:239-250.
9. White JW Jr. Evaluating cancer metastatic to the skin. Geriatrics. 1985; 40:67-73.
10. Spencer PS, Helm TN. Skin metastases in cancer patients. Cutis. 1987; 39:119-121.
11. Lookingbill DP, Spangler N, Sexton FM. Skin involvement as the presenting sign of internal carcinoma. A retrospective study of 7316 cancer patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22:19-26.
12. Lookingbill DP, Spangler N, Helm KF. Cutaneous metastases in patients with metastatic carcinoma: a retrospective study of 4020 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29(pt 1):228-236.
13. Patel JK, Didolkar MS, Pickren JW, et al. Metastatic pattern of malignant melanoma. A study of 216 autopsy cases. Am J Surg. 1978;135: 807-810.
14. Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, et al. Cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002;52(1):23-47. Erratum in: CA Cancer J Clin. 2002;52:119. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002;52:181-182.
15. Schwartz RA. Histopathologic aspects of cutaneous metastatic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33:649-657.
16. Braverman AS. Cutaneous metastases from breast cancer. South Med J. 2009;102:343-344.
17. Marneros AG, Blanco F, Husain S, et al. Classification of cutaneous intravascular breast cancer metastases based on immunolabeling for blood and lymph vessels. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:633-638.
18. Wieselthier JS, White WL. Cutaneous metastasis of ocular malignant melanoma. An unusual presentation simulating blue nevi. Am J Dermatopathol. 1996;18:289-295.
19. Powell FC, Venencie PY, Winkelmann RK. Metastatic prostate carcinoma manifesting as penile nodules. Arch Dermatol. 1984;120: 1604-1606.
20. Lee WJ, Lee DW, Lee MW, et al. Multiple cutaneous metastases of neuroendocrine carcinoma derived from the uterine cervix. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:494-496.
21. Cesinaro AM, Maiorana A, Annessi G, et al. Cutaneous metastasis of chordoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 1995;17:603-605.
22. Ogi H, Kiryu H, Hori Y, et al. Cutaneous metastasis of CNS chordoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 1995;17:599-602.
23. Royer MC, Rush WL, Lupton GP. Hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as a precocious cutaneous metastasis. Am J Dermatopathol. 2008;30: 77-80.
24. Setoyama M, Kanda A, Kanzaki T. Cutaneous metastasis of an osteosarcoma. A case report. Am J Dermatopathol. 1996;18:629-632.
25. Lee WJ, Kim CH, Chang SE, et al. Cutaneous metastasis from large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder expressing CK20 and TTF-1. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009;31:166-169.
26. Tok J, Kao GF, Berberian BJ, et al. Cutaneous metastasis from a parotid adenocarcinoma. Report of a case with immunohistochemical findings and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol. 1995;17:303-306.
27. Maher-Wiese VL, Wenner NP, Grant-Kels JM. Metastatic cutaneous lesions in children and adolescents with a case report of metastatic neuroblastoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26:620-628.
28. Lu CI, Wong WR, Hong HS. Distant cutaneous metastases of cholangiocarcinoma: report of two cases of a previously unreported condition. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51(2 Suppl):S108-S111.
29. Stergiopoulos C, Kountouras J, Kapetanakis N, et al. Distant cutaneous metastasis preceding the diagnosis of ductal cholangiocarcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:242-243.
30. Schwartz RA. Cutaneous metastatic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33(pt 1):161-182, quiz 183-186.
31. Markson LS, Stoops CW, Kanter J. Metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the penis simulating a chancre. Arch Derm Syphilol. 1949;59:50-54.
32. Carrizosa-Esquivel A, Rodriguez-Pichardo A, Camacho F. Síndrome pernió tico asociado a leucemia mielomonocítica cró nica. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am. 1994;22:327-329.
33. O'Connell DM, FaganWA, Skinner SM, et al. Cutaneous involvement in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33:628-631.
34. Reuter MJ, Nomland R. Inflammatory cutaneous metastatic carcinoma. Wis Med J. 1941;40:196-201.
35. Edelstein JM. Pancreatic carcinoma with unusual metastasis to the skin and subcutaneous tissue simulating cellulitis. N Engl J Med. 1950;242: 779-781.
36. Ingram JT. Carcinoma erysipelatoides and carcinoma telangiectaticum. AMA Arch Dermatol. 1958;77:227-231.
37. Hazelrigg DE, Rudolph AH. Inflammatory metastatic carcinoma. Carcinoma erysipelatoides. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113:69-70.
38. Krishnan EU, Phillips AK, Randell A, et al. Bilateral metastatic inflammatory carcinoma in the breast from primary ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 1980;55(3 Suppl):94S-96S.
39. Stahl D, Veien NK. Cutaneous metastases simulating other dermatoses. Cutis. 1980;26:282-284.
40. Tschen EH, Apisarnthanarax P. Inflammatory metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Arch Dermatol. 1981;117:120-121.
41. Schwartz RA, Rubenstein DJ, Raventos A, et al. Inflammatory metastatic carcinoma of the parotid. Arch Dermatol. 1984;120:796-797.
42. Haupt HM, Hood AF, Cohen MH. Inflammatory melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;10:52-55.
43. Graham BS, Wong SW. Cancer cellulitis. South Med J. 1984;77:277-278.
44. Cox SE, Cruz PD Jr. A spectrum of inflammatory metastasis to skin via lymphatics: three cases of carcinoma erysipeloides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30(pt 2):304-307.
45. Ruiz de Erenchun F, Vázquez Doval J, Valérdiz S, et al. Inflammatory metastatic carcinoma. A clinical and histopathologic study of three cases. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1991;17:784-787.
46. Lever LR, Holt PJ. Carcinoma erysipeloides. Br J Dermatol. 1991;124: 279-282.
47. Matsuoka LY. Neoplastic erythema nodosum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(pt 2):361-363.
48. Pickard C, Callen JP, Blumenreich M. Metastatic carcinoma of the breast. An unusual presentation mimicking cutaneous vasculitis. Cancer. 1987;59:1184-1186.
49. Newcomb WD. Unusual cutaneous metastases in carcinoma of the breast. Lancet. 1924;206:1056-1057.
50. Parkes Weber F. Bilateral thoracic zosteroid spreading marginate telangiectasia-probably a variety of "carcinoma erysipelatodes" (C. Rasch)-associated with unilateral mammary carcinoma, and better termed "carcinoma telangiectaticum." Br J Dermatol Syph. 1933;45: 418-423.
51. Van Vonno NC. A case of carcinoma telangiectaticum. Br J Dermatol Syph. 1933;45:423-424.
52. Freeman CD, Lynch FW. Carcinoma of the breast with peculiar cutaneous metastases: report of a case. Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 1937;35: 643-652.
53. Shamai-Lubovitz O, Rothem A, Ben-David E, et al. Cutaneous metastatic carcinoma of the breast mimicking malignant melanoma, clinically and histologically. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:1058-1060.
54. Cotton DW, Fairris GM. Metastatic breast carcinoma on the lip: case report. Dermatologica. 1985;171:362-365.
55. Sariya D, Ruth K, Adams-McDonnell R, et al. Clinicopathologic correlation of cutaneous metastases: experience from a cancer center. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:613-620.
56. Hager CM, Cohen PR. Cutaneous lesions of metastatic visceral malignancy mimicking pyogenic granuloma. Cancer Invest. 1999;17: 385-390.
57. Kubota Y, Koga T, Nakayama J. Cutaneous metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma resembling pyogenic granuloma. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1999;24:78-80.
58. Franzblau MJ, Manwaring M, Plumhof C, et al. Metastatic breast carcinoma mimicking granular cell tumor. J Cutan Pathol. 1989;16: 218-221.
59. Tharakaram S, Rajendran SS, Premalatha S, et al. Cutaneous metastasis from carcinoma cervix. Int J Dermatol. 1985;24:598-599.
60. Milchgrub S, Wiley EL. Adrenal carcinoma presenting as a lesion resembling cutaneous angiosarcoma. Cancer. 1991;67:3087-3092.
61. Delacretas J, Chapuis H. Metastases cutanees alopeciantes. Dermatologica. 1958;116:372-373.
62. Cohen I, Levy E, Schreiber H. Alopecia neoplastica due to breast carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1961;84:490-492.
63. Mallon E, Dawber RP. Alopecia neoplastica without alopecia: a unique presentation of breast carcinoma scalp metastasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31(pt 2):319-321.
64. Carson HJ, Pellettiere EV, Lack E. Alopecia neoplastica simulating alopecia areata and antedating the detection of primary breast carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 1994;21:67-70.
65. Conner KB, Cohen PR. Cutaneous metastasis of breast carcinoma presenting as alopecia neoplastica. South Med J. 2009;102: 385-389.
66. Faust HB, Treadwell PA. Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the scalp mimicking a kerion. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29:654-655.
67. Brenden LD, Schwartz RA. Extramammary Paget's disease. Am Fam Physician. 1983;28:159-161.
68. Chanda JJ. Extramammary Paget's disease: prognosis and relationship to internal malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1985;13:1009-1014.
69. Hashimoto T, Inamoto N, Nakamura K. Triple extramammary Paget's disease. Immunohistochemical studies. Dermatologica. 1986;173: 174-179.
70. Anthony PP, Freeman K,Warin AP. Extramammary Paget's disease. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1986;11:387-395.
71. Ojeda VJ, Heenan PJ,Watson SH. Paget's disease of the groin associated with adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder. J Cutan Pathol. 1987;14: 227-231.
72. Archer CB, Louback JB, MacDonald DM. Extramammary Paget's disease. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1987;12:238-239.
73. Urabe A, Matsukuma A, Shimizu N, et al. Extramammary Paget's disease: comparative histopathologic studies of intraductal carcinoma of the breast and apocrine adenocarcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 1990;17: 257-265.
74. van der Putte SC, van Gorp LH. Adenocarcinoma of the mammary-like glands of the vulva: a concept unifying sweat gland carcinoma of the vulva, carcinoma of supernumerary mammary glands and extramammary Paget's disease. J Cutan Pathol. 1994;21:157-163.
75. Bluefarb SM, Wallk S, Gecht M. Carcinoma of the prostate with zosteriform cutaneous lesions. AMA Arch Derm. 1957;76:402-407.
76. Hodge SJ, Mackel S, Owen LG. Zosteriform inflammatory metastatic carcinoma. Int J Dermatol. 1979;18:142-145.
77. Matarasso SL, Rosen T. Zosteriform metastasis: case presentation and review of the literature. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988;14:774-778.
78. Manteaux A, Cohen PR, Rapini RP. Zosteriform and epidermotropic metastasis. Report of two cases. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992;18: 97-100.
79. Ando K, Goto Y, Kato K, et al. Zosteriform inflammatory metastatic carcinoma from transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31(pt 1):284-286.
80. Itin PH, Lautenschlager S, Buechner SA. Zosteriform metastases in melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(pt 2):854-857.
81. Heckmann M, Volkenandt M, Lengyel ER, et al. Cytological diagnosis of zosteriform skin metastases in undiagnosed breast carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135:502-503.
82. Shafqat A, Viehman GE, Myers SA. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with zosteriform metastasis in a transplant recipient. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:1008-1009.
83. Cuq-Viguier L, Viraben R. Zosteriform cutaneous metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the stump of an amputated arm. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1998;23:116-118.
84. Maeda S, Hara H, Morishima T. Zosteriform cutaneous metastases arising from adenocarcinoma of the colon: diagnostic smear cytology from cutaneous lesions. Acta Derm Venereol. 1999;79:90-91.
85. Ahmed I, Holley KJ, Charles-Holmes R. Zosteriform metastasis of colonic carcinoma. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:182-183.
86. Fearfield LA, Nelson M, Francis N, et al. Cutaneous squamous cell car cinoma with zosteriform metastases in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:573-574.
87. Kauffman CL, Sina B. Metastatic inflammatory carcinoma of the rectum: tumor spread by three routes. Am J Dermatopathol. 1997;19:528-532.
88. Riley FC. Metastatic tumors of the eyelids. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970;69: 259-264.
89. Hood CI, Font RL, Zimmerman LE. Metastatic mammary carcinoma in the eyelid with histiocytoid appearance. Cancer. 1973;31:793-800.
90. Hyde JN. Disseminated lenticular cancer of the skin: "cancer en cuirasse." Am J Med Sci. 1892;103:235-245.
91. Goldsmith WN. A case of metastatic scirrhous carcinoma of the scalp. Br J Dermatol Syph. 1929;41:270-273.
92. Park KD, Kim YK, Chun SI. Lymphoma en cuirasse. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32:519-520.
93. White WL, Hitchcock MG. Dying dogma: the pathological diagnosis of epidermotropic metastatic malignant melanoma. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1998;15:176-188.
94. Hayashi H, Kawashima T, Hosokawa K, et al. Epidermotropic metastatic malignant melanoma with a pedunculated appearance. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28:666-668.
95. Ishii A, Nishiguchi T, Kitagawa T, et al. A case of epidermotropic metastatic malignant melanoma with multiple nodular lesions of the scalp. J Dermatol. 2005;32:821-826.
96. Wick MR, Patterson JW. Cutaneous melanocytic lesions: selected problem areas. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;124(Suppl):S52-S83.
97. Gerami P, Shea C, Stone MS. Angiotropism in epidermotropic metastatic melanoma: another clue to the diagnosis. Am J Dermatopathol. 2006;28: 429-433.
98. Peñas PF, Jones-Caballero M, Amigo A, et al. Cutaneous meningioma underlying congenital localized hypertrichosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30(pt 2):363-366.
99. Argenyi ZB, Thieberg MD, Hayes CM, et al. Primary cutaneous meningioma associated with von Recklinghausen's disease. J Cutan Pathol. 1994;21:549-556.
100. Cosnow I, Fretzin DF. Choriocarcinoma metastatic to skin. Arch Dermatol. 1974;109:551-553.
101. Avril MF, Mathieu A, Kalifa C, et al. Infantile choriocarcinoma with cutaneous tumors. An additional case and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14(pt 2):918-927.
102. Requena L, Sánchez M, Aguilar A, et al. Choriocarcinoma of the testis metastatic to the skin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1991;17:466-470.
103. Kahn JA, Sinhamohapatra SB, Schneider AF. Hepatoma presenting as a skin metastasis. Arch Dermatol. 1971;104:299-300.
104. Helson L, Garcia EJ. Skin metastases and hepatic cancer in childhood. N Y State J Med. 1975;75:1728-1730.
105. Schiff BL. Tumors of testis with cutaneous metastases to scalp. AMA Arch Derm. 1955;71:465-467.
106. Cartwright LE, Steinman HK. Malignant papillary mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testes: cutaneous metastases showing pagetoid epidermal invasion. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;17(pt 2): 887-890.
107. Chen JL, Hsu YH. Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: a case report and literature review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2009;25: 77-81.
108. Horiguchi Y, Takahashi C, Imamura S. Cutaneous metastasis from papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Report of two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;10:988-992.
109. Elgart GW, Patterson JW, Taylor R. Cutaneous metastasis from papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25(pt 2): 404-408.
110. Auty RM. Dermal metastases from a follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113:675-676.
111. Rico MJ, Penneys NS. Metastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid to the skin: a case confirmed by immunohistochemistry. J Cutan Pathol. 1985;12:103-105.
112. Toyota N, Asaga H, Hirokawa M, et al. A case of skin metastasis from follicular thyroid carcinoma. Dermatology. 1994;188:69-71.
113. White RM, Patterson JW. Distant skin metastases in a long-term survivor of malignant ameloblastoma. J Cutan Pathol. 1986;13:383-389.
114. Ahsan Z, Maloney DJ, English PJ. Metastasis to skin from Leydig cell tumour. Br J Urol. 1993;72:510-511.
115. Moskaluk CA, Zhang H, Powell SM, et al. Cdx2 protein expression in normal and malignant human tissues: an immunohistochemical survey using tissue microarrays. Mod Pathol. 2003;16:913-919
116. Barbareschi M, Murer B, Colby TV, et al. CDX-2 homeobox gene expression is a reliable marker of colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases to the lungs. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:141-149.
117. Werling RW, Yaziji H, Bacchi CE, et al. CDX2, a highly sensitive and specific marker of adenocarcinomas of intestinal origin: an immunohistochemical survey of 476 primary and metastatic carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:303-310.
118. Rabban JT, Lerwill MF, McCluggage WG, et al. Primary ovarian carcinoid tumors may express CDX-2: a potential pitfall in distinction from metastatic intestinal carcinoid tumors involving the ovary. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2009;28:41-48.
119. Leite KR, Mitteldorf CA, Srougi M, et al. Cdx2, cytokeratin 20, thyroid transcription factor 1, and prostate-specific antigen expression in unusual subtypes of prostate cancer. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2008;12: 260-266.
120. Chen N, Gong J, Chen X, et al. Cytokeratin expression in malignant melanoma: potential application of in-situ hybridization analysis of mRNA. Melanoma Res. 2009;19:87-93.
121. Azoulay S, Adem C, Pelletier FL, et al. Skin metastases from unknown origin: role of immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of cutaneous metastases of carcinoma of unknown origin. J Cutan Pathol. 2005;32: 561-566.
122. Swanson PE, Mazoujian G, Mills SE, et al. Immunoreactivity for estrogen receptor protein in sweat gland tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991; 15:835-841.
123. Ismael G, de Azambuja E, Awada A. Molecular profiling of a tumor of unknown origin. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1071-1072.
124. Ma XJ, Patel R,Wang X, et al. Molecular classification of human cancers using a 92-gene real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130:465-473.
125. Bender RA, Erlander MG. Molecular classification of unknown primary cancer. Semin Oncol. 2009;36:38-43.
126. Cerroni L, Zenahlik P, Höfler G, et al. Specific cutaneous infiltrates of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a clinicopathologic and prognostic study of 42 patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20: 1000-1010.
127. Walther BS, Gibbons G, Chan EF, et al. Leukemia cutis (involving chronic lymphocytic leukemia) within excisional specimens: a series of 6 cases. Am J Dermatopathol. 2009;31: 162-165.