The democratic virtues of the christian right

The Democratic Virtues of the Christian Right

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

  Shields, Jon A ^a  

^a NONE

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References (559)

1. Thomas Friedman, "Two Nations Under God," New York Times, 4 November 2004.
2. Robert Kuttner, "An Attack on American Tolerance," Boston Globe, 17 November 2004.
3. Peter Beinart, "Morally Correct," New Republic, 29 November 2004.
4. For a sample of recent scholarly work, see James A. Morone, Hellfire Nation: The Politics of Sin in American History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004)
5. Jason C. Bivins, The Fracture of Good Order: Christian Antiliberalism and the Challenge to American Politics (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2003)
6. Gabriel A. Almond, R. Scott Appleby, and Emmanuel Sivan, Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around theWorld (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003)
7. William H. Simon, "Three Limitations of Deliberative Democracy: Identity Politics, Bad Faith, and Indeterminacy," in Stephen Macedo, ed., Deliberative Politics: Essays on 'Democracy and Disagreement' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
8. Ann Burlein, Lift High the Cross: Where White Supremacy and the Christian Right Converge (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002)
9. Herman Didi, The Antigay Agenda: Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997)
10. Fritz Detwiler, Standing on the Premises of God: The Christian Right's Fight to Redefine America's Public Schools (New York: New York University Press, 1996)
11. Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York: Guilford Press, 1995)
12. Eugene F. Provenzo, Jr., Religious Fundamentalism and American Education: The Battle for Public Schools (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990).
13. Lawrence S. Rothenberg, Linking Citizens to Government: Interest Group Politics at Common Cause (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 100.
14. Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 65-78.
15. Jed Dannenbaum, Drink and Disorder: Temperance Reform in Cincinnati from the Washington Revival to the WCTU (Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1984), xi.
16. See, for instance, Ruth Birgitta Anderson Bordin, Women and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873-1900 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990)
17. Carol Mattingly, Well-Tempered Women: Nineteenth-Century Temperance Rhetoric (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University, 1999)
18. Janet Zollinger Giele, Two Paths to Women's Equality: Temperance, Suffrage, and the Origins of Modern Feminism (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1995).
19. Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977), 54, 32-33, 40-42, 50-52.
20. Thomas L. Pangle, "Commentary," in Robert A. Goldwin, Art Kaufman, andWilliam A. Schambra, eds., Forging Unity Out of Diversity: The Approaches of Eight Nations (Washington, DC: AEI Press, 1989), 97.
21. Federalist 10 in Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist, ed. Benjamin Fletcher Wright (New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1996), 129-136.
22. Harold D. Lasswell, Psychopathology and Politics (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 1930), 173, 184, 194-97, 78-79.
23. Joseph Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (Chicago, IL: University of Illinois, Urbana, 1963), 177.
24. Seymour Martin Lipset, "Sources of the Radical Right (1955)," in Daniel Bell, ed., The Radical Right, 3rd ed. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002), 308-9
25. Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Rabb, The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in the United States, 1790-1977, 2nd ed. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 23.
26. Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties, with a new afterword (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 103-23.
27. Lipset, "Sources of the Radical Right (1955)," 308-9
28. Lipset and Rabb, The Politics of Unreason, 23.
29. Bell, The End of Ideology, 103-23.
30. Richard Hofstadter, "The Pseudo-Conservative Revolt (1955)," in Bell, ed., The Radical Right, 3rd ed., 81-84
31. Hofstadter, "Psuedo-Conservatism Revisited (1962)," in Bell, ed., The Radical Right, 3rd ed., 102-3
32. Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 87-88
33. Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1962), 3, 125-31, 136-41.
34. Leo Lowenthal and Norbert Guterman, Prophets of Deceit (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949), 91-92.
35. John H. Bunzel, Anti-Politics in America (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1967), 68-69.
36. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965), 159-65.
37. Especially from Peter M. Blau, Exchange and Power in Social Life (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964).
38. Morris P. Fiorina, "Extreme Voices: A Dark Side of Civic Engagement," in Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999): 395-426.
39. Salisbury, "An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups," 16.
40. Peter B. Clark and James Q.Wilson, "Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations," Administrative Science Quarterly 6 (September 1961): 129-66.
41. See also James Q. Wilson, Political Organizations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 34-35.
42. David C. King and Jack L.Walker, "Provision of Benefits by Interest Group in the United States," Journal of Politics 54 (May 1992): 397.
43. Salisbury, "An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups," 16.
44. Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984), esp. chaps. 7 and 8.
45. See, for example, Louise J. Lorentzen, "Evangelical Life-Style Concerns Expressed in Political Action," Sociological Analysis 41 (Summer 1980): 144-54
46. Ann L. Page and Donald A. Clelland, "The Kanawha County Textbook Controversy: A Study of the Politics of Life Style Concern," Social Forces 57 (September 1978): 265-81
47. Louis A. Zucher, Jr., et al., "The Anti-pornography Campaign: A Symbolic Crusade," Social Problems 19 (Fall 1971): 217-37
48. James Davison Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins: Searching for Democracy in America's CultureWars (New York: Free Press, 1994)
49. E. J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992).
50. Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Volunteerism in American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 494-500, 518-21.
51. Thomas Frank, What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Owl Books, 2004), 1-10, 68-72, 122-30, 253-64.
52. Marsha Jones, "Fundamentalism Revisited," Sociology Review 10 (September 2000): 32.
53. R. Scott Appleby and Martin E. Marty, "Fundamentalism," Foreign Policy 6 (January-February 2002): 16.
54. Almond, Appleby, and Sivan, Strong Religion, 16-18
55. Martin E. Marty, "Our Religio-Secular World," Daedalus 132 (Summer 2003): 42-48.
56. Almond, Appleby, and Sivan, Strong Religion, 1-2, 16-18, 45-46, 156-157, 187, 198-199.
57. Ellen Willis, "Bringing the Holy War Home: There is a Link Between Our Own Cultural Conflicts and the Logic of Jihad," Nation, 17 December 2001, p. 15.
58. Barbara Ehrenreich, "Christian Wahhabists," Progressive 66 (January 2002): 12-13
59. See also Carla Power, "The Age of Fundamentalism," Newsweek International, 9 December 2002, 49.
60. Don Corrigan, "GOP Taliban: Gov. Blunt Tells Missouri Editors Sen. Danforth Is Wrong on Christian Right's Role in His Party," St. Louis Journalism Review 35 (April 2005): 22-23
61. Sydney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 203-04.
62. "Vast Right-Wing Conspiracy," American Prospect 14 (June 2003): 9
63. See also E. L. Doctorow, "Why We Are Infidels," Nation, 26 May 2003, pp. 11-12.
64. John M. Swomley, "Storm Troopers in the Culture War," Humanist 57 (September 1997): 13.
65. Abby L. Ferber, ed., Home-Grown Hate: Gender and Organized Racism (New York: Routledge, 2003), 1.
66. Lewis H. Lapham, "The Wrath of the Lamb," Harper's Magazine 310, May 2005, p. 9.
67. Colbert I. King, "Hijacking Christianity,"Washington Post, 23 April 2005.
68. Timothy M. Gray, "Intolerance Is Not a Value," Washington Post, 16 November 2004
69. See also Maureen Dowd, "Slapping the Other Check," New York Times, 14 November 2004.
70. Detwiler, Standing on the Premises of God, 10
71. See also Diamond, Roads to Dominion, 246-49
72. Diamond, Facing the Wrath, 47-56.
73. Bivins, The Fracture of Good Order, 180-81.
74. Mark E. Warren, Democracy and Association (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 15-16, 198
75. Simon, "Three Limitations of Deliberative Democracy," 50.
76. Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins, 46-47.
77. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics, 343.
78. Morris P. Fiorina, Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized Culture (New York: Pearson Education, 2005), 99-102.
79. Mathew Moen, The Transformation of the Christian Right (Tuscalossa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1992)
80. Mary E. Bendyna and Clyde Wilcox, "The Christian Right Old and New: A Comparison of the Moral Majority with the Christian Coalition," in Corwin E. Smidt and James M. Penning, eds., Sojourners in theWilderness: The Christian Right in Comparative Perspective (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), 41-56
81. Mark J. Rozell, "Growing Up Politically: The New Politics of the New Christian Right," in Smidt and Penning, eds., Sojourners in the Wilderness; Mark J. Rozell and Clyde Wilcox, Second Coming: The New Christian Right in Virginia Politics (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996): 235-48.
82. Rozell, "Growing Up Politically," 238.
83. Michael Walzer, "Deliberation, and What Else?" in Stephen Macedo, ed., Deliberative Politics: Essays on 'Democracy and Disagreement' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 60.
84. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960), xv.
85. Fiorina, "Extreme Voices," 416.
86. Wilson, Political Organizations, 230, 226-28.
87. Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984), 267-73
88. James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 84
89. John Gastil, By Popular Demand: Revitalizing Representative Democracy Through Deliberative Elections (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000)
90. Ethan Lieb, Deliberative Democracy in America: A Proposal for a Popular Branch of Government (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004).
91. Lawrence S. Rothenberg, Linking Citizens to Government: Interest Group Politics at Common Cause (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 100.
92. Throughout the book I use the terms elites and leaders to refer to paid staff in Christian Right organizations and media; activists are volunteers.
93. James Davison Hunter, CultureWars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991)
94. E. J. Dionne, Jr., Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992)
95. Morris P. Fiorina, "The Dark Side of Civic Engagement," in Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999), 395-426.
96. Lori Kehoe, interview by author, telephone, 13 July 2004.
97. Right to Life of Michigan, "President's Message: Working to Defend Life," newsletter, June/July 2003.
98. Chuck Gosnell, "Raising the Standard," accessed on the website of the Christian Coalition of Colorado at www.ccco.org, 16 June 2002.
99. New Jersey Christian Coalition, "Christian Coalition-Mainstream?" accessed on the website of the New Jersey Christian Coalition at www.nychristiancoalition.org, 18 June 2002.
100. Beverly LaHaye, "Success Without Compromise," Concerned Women for America Magazine, May 1991, p. 7.
101. Participant observation, Albemarle County Board of Supervisors Meeting, Charlottesville, VA, 11 August 2004.
102. Email from Marnie Deaton, "CVFF Update for Week Ending 10-22-04," 22 October 2004.
103. Stand to Reason, "Ambassador's Creed," 2003.
104. Participant observation, Arvada Covenant Church, Arvada, CO, 10 April 2004.
105. Justice for All, "Volunteer Agreement," 1 August 2000.
106. Scott Klusendorf, interview by author, La Mirada, CA, 2 March 2004.
107. Focus on the Family radio broadcast, "Reaching Hearts on Abortion," 19 January 2004.
108. Stand to Reason instructor, interview by author, telephone, 23 July 2004.
109. Life Chain, Code of Conduct, accessed on the website of Life Chain at www.lifechain.net, 30 September 2004.
110. John W. Kennedy, "Mixing Politics and Piety: Christian Talk Radio," Christianity Today, 15 August 1994, pp. 42-46.
111. Focus on the Family radio broadcast, "A Call to Social Action," 4 March 2002.
112. Tom Minnery, "Moral Outrage Is Not Enough," Citizen, 15 April 1991, p. 1.
113. Charles Colson, "Don't Swing That Bible," Citizen, 21 April 1990, p. 2.
114. Center for Reclaiming America, "Writing Effective Letters," 1998.
115. Julie Parton, interview by author, Tyson's Corner, VA, 24 September 2004.
116. Care Net, Serving with Care and Integrity: A Training Resource for Pregnancy Center Volunteers (2003), 48-55.
117. Ralph Reed, "A Strategy for Evangelicals," Christian American, January 1993, p. 14.
118. Christian Coalition, Training Seminar Manual, Level I1 (Chesapeake, VA: Christian Coalition, 1995), 52-54.
119. Carolyn Kunkle, interview by author, telephone, 21 June 2002.
120. Concerned Women for America, Opportunities for Leadership in Concerned Women for America (1995), 16, 18; Patricia Phillips, interview by author, telephone, 16 October 2001.
121. Christian Coalition, Blueprint for Victory, 12 September 1997, p. 6.
122. Concerned Women for America, Opportunities for Leadership in Concerned Women for America, 16, 18.
123. Lisa Andrusko, ed., Infinite Possibilities: National Right to Life Committee Yearbook 2004 (Washington, DC: National Right to Life Committee, 2004), 148.
124. Arkansas Right to Life, "Citizen Guide for Contacting Elected Officials and Grassroots Lobbying," accessed on the website of the Arkansas Right to Life Committee at www.artl.org, 28 June 2004.
125. Future for Life, The Future: Acting for Life in a New Age Handbook (June 2004), 6-7.
126. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, "About MCFL," accessed on the website of Massachusetts Citizens for Life at www.masscitizensforlife.org, 28 June 2002.
127. Julie Watson, "Who We Are," Life Lines, September/October 2002, p. 7.
128. Human Life of Washington, "Writing Letters," accessed on the website of Human Life of Washington at www.humanlife.net, 29 June 2004.
129. Jane Grimm, Life Times, January/February 2002, p. 1-2.
130. Society for Truth and Justice, "Registration Form," accessed on the website of the Society for Truth and Justice at www.societyfortruthandjustice.com/registration.htm, 14 July 2004.
131. See OR Boston, "General Sidewalk Counseling Points," accessed on the website of OR Boston at http://www.orboston.org/SWC_seminar_1_30_01.htm, 3 August 2004.
132. Cheryl Sullenger, Sidewalk Counseling: A Training Manual (Sacramento, CA: Operation Rescue West), 17, 28.
133. Life and Liberty Ministries, "Sidewalk Counseling," accessed on the website of Life and Liberty Ministries at www.lifeandlibertyministries.com/sc_dialogue.thm, 14 July 2004.
134. Woodbridge, "Culture War Casualties," 20.
135. Condon, "You Say Choice, I Say Murder," 22.
136. Andrew Walsh, "The Trouble with Missionaries," Religion in the News, Summer 2003, pp. 7-8, 27
137. Alan Cooperman, "Ministers Asked to Curb Remarks About Islam," Washington Post, 8 May 2003.
138. Beverly LaHaye Live radio broadcast, "The Culture War," 23 July 2003.
139. Included in Ohio Right to Life, "Coming Out of The Closet Kit" (n.d.).
140. Future for Life, The Future, 4.
141. Participant observation, Auraria Campus, Denver, CO, 12 April 2004.
142. Stand to Reason, "JFA Training Handout," (no date).
143. Sullenger, Sidewalk Counseling, 27.
144. Life and Liberty Ministries, "Sidewalk Counseling."
145. Care Net, Serving with Care and Integrity, 33, 50, 71, 87-89.
146. Barber, Strong Democracy; 173-78
147. Adolf G. Gunderson, The Socratic Citizen: A Theory of Deliberative Democracy (New York: Lexington Books, 2000).
148. Beverly LaHaye, "How to Communicate Your Convictions," Concerned Women for America Magazine, June 1991, p. 6.
149. Christian Coalition, Training Seminar Manual, 61.
150. Future for Life, The Future, 5-6.
151. Leadership Institute official, interview by author, Alexandria, VA, 13 August 2002.
152. Steve Wagner, interview by author, Denver, CO, 11 April 2004.
153. Center for Bio-Ethical Reform, "Genocide Awareness Project Video," accessed on the website of the Center for Bio-Ethical Reform at www.abortionno.org, 19 July 2004.
154. Participant observation, Arvada Covenant Church, Arvada, CO, 10 April 2004.
155. Stand to Reason, "JFA Training Handout," (no date).
156. See mission statement on the website of Patrick Henry College at www.phc.edu/about/mission.asp, 22 June 2006.
157. Michael Farris, "Training Christians to Be Politicians," a talk delivered at the Forum of the Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, 16 November 2005.
158. Sullenger, Sidewalk Counseling, 26
159. Life and Liberty Ministries, "Sidewalk Counseling."
160. OR Boston, "General Sidewalk Counseling Points."
161. Cheryl Sullenger, interview by author, telephone, 21 September 2004.
162. Care Net, Serving with Care and Integrity, 76-86.
163. Excerpted from an email exchange between Scott Klusendorf of Stand to Reason and the director of Care Net.
164. Julie Parton, interview by author, Crystal City, VA, 24 September 2004.
165. Care Net, Serving with Care and Integrity, 53-55.
166. Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 52-57. For criticisms of this restriction on deliberative debate
167. see William A. Galston, "Diversity, Toleration, and Deliberative Democracy: Religious Minorities and Public Schooling," in Stephen Macedo, ed., Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)
168. William Galston, "Democracy and Disagreement," Ethics 108 (April 1998)
169. Robert M. Gordon, "Democracy and Disagreement," Yale Law Journal 106 (January 1997)
170. Jeffrey Rosen, "In Search of Common Ground," New York Times, 29 December 1996.
171. On the movement away from religious argument in the Abolitionism movement see Gilbert Hobbs Barnes, The Antislavery Impulse, 1844-1930 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1964), 137-45
172. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, and Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 43-44, 61-62
173. On the Temperance movement see Peter H. Odegard, Pressure Politics: The Story of the Anti-Saloon League (New York: Columbia University Press, 1928)
174. Jonathan Zimmerman, Distilling Democracy: Alcohol Education in America's Public Schools, 1880-1925 (Lawrence, KA: Kansas University Press, 1999). On the Catholic response to eugenics laws
175. see Sharon M. Leon, "'A Human Being, and Not a Mere Social Factor': Catholic Strategies for Dealing with Sterilization Statutes in the 1920s," Church and History 73 (June 2004): 383-411.
176. Adam Nagourney, "In Final Debate, Clash on Taxes and Health Care," New York Times, 14 October 2004.
177. Accessed on the website of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice at http://www.rcrc.org/faith_choices/common_questions/answer3.htm, 2 January 2004.
178. GaryWeiand, "An Alternative Approach," Arizona Right to Life Newsletter, August 2000.
179. Dan Kennedy, "A Voice in theWilderness: Raising Our Voices in the Public Square," Human Life Newspaper, July 2000.
180. Pat Chivers, interview by author, Crystal City, VA, 3 July 2004.
181. Georgia Right to Life, "Abortion Arguments No. 1," accessed on the website of Georgia Right to Life at www.grtl.org, 28 June 2004.
182. Lisa Roche, interview by author, telephone, 3 August 2004.
183. Greg Koukl, Solid Ground cover letter, 1 September 2004.
184. Scott Klusendorf, interview by author, La Mirada, CA, 2 March 2004.
185. Participant observation, Arvada Covenant Church, Arvada CO, 10 April 2004.
186. Participant observation, First Right meeting, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 7 September 2004.
187. First Right, "Human Rights for All," accessed on the website of First Right at www.student.virginia.edu/~1stright/ad.doc, 1 April 2005.
188. Concerned Women for America, "Pocket Guide on How to Lobby from Your Home," pamphlet, n.d. These messages are also emphasized in CWA's radio program Beverly LaHaye Live. Recent examples include the following broadcasts: "Grassroots Activism: Becoming an Effective Lobbyist," 8 February 2001
189. "Grassroots Activism: Becoming an Effective Lobbyist," 27 April 2001
190. "How to Lobby," 6 January 2004.
191. Colson, "Don't Swing That Bible," 1-3.
192. Minnery, "How to Argue on Unfriendly Terrain," 5-6.
193. Kerby Anderson, "Politics and Religion," accessed on website of LeadershipU at http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/pol-rel.html, 10 January 2008.
194. Thomas Grey, "How to Fight Gambling," Christianity Today, 18 May 1998, p. 39.
195. Woodbridge, "Culture War Casualties," 26.
196. Accessed on the website of Patrick Henry College at www.phc.edu/about/mission.asp, 22 June 2006.
197. Quoted in Hanna Rosin, "God and Country," New Yorker, accessed on the website of the New Yorker at http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/050627fa_fact, 27 June 2005.
198. Holly Gatling, interview by author, Crystal City, VA, 2 July 2004.
199. Barbara Listing, interview by author, Crystal City, VA, 2 July 2004.
200. Right to Life of Michigan, Handbook for Affiliate President's (updated March 1999), 43.
201. Michael Ciccocioppo, interview by author, Crystal City, VA, 1 July 2004.
202. Joseph Graham, interview by author, Crystal City, VA, 1 July 2004.
203. Mark J. Rozell, "Growing Up Politically: The New Politics of the New Christian Right," in Corwin E. Smidt and James M. Penning, eds., Sojourners in the Wilderness: The Christian Right in Comparative Perspective (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), 236-38.
204. Christian Coalition, Citizen Action Seminar (Chesapeake, VA: Christian Coalition, 1995), 14.
205. Care Net, Serving with Care and Integrity, 95-103.
206. "The President's Stem Cell Theology," New York Times, 26 May 2005
207. "Bush's Stem Cell Theology," The International Herald, 27 May 2005
208. Jerome Groopman, "Beware of Stem Cell Theology," Washington Post, 29 May 2005.
209. Groopman, "Beware of Stem Cell Theology."
210. Joseph M. Bessette, The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy and American National Government (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 46-47.
211. J.C. Willke, "Unity or Divisiveness?" National Right to Life News, 16 August 1990.
212. Andrusko, Infinite Possibilities, 148.
213. Mark Hartwig, "Check Your Facts Before You Act," Citizen, 17 May 1993, pp. 6-7.
214. Woodbridge, "Culture War Casualties," 25.
215. Center for Reclaiming America, "Working with Your School Board," 1997.
216. Chuck Cunningham, Pat Garland, and Rick Schencker, "Voter Guides: Educating Pro-Family Voters" (transcript of the Christian Coalition Conference and Strategy Briefing Workshop, Washington, DC, 17 September 1994).
217. Care Net, Serving with Care and Integrity, 121-147.
218. Julie Parton, interview by author, Arlington, VA, 24 September 2004.
219. Dauneen Dolce, "Commentary from the Editor, Viva Life, September 2003, p. 2.
220. Ohio Right to Life, "Tips for Successful Legislative Contacts," n.d.
221. Texas Right to Life, "Lobbying Guidelines for a Visit with Your Legislator or Congressional Candidate," accessed on the website of Texas Right to Life at www.texasrighttolife.com, 29 June 2004.
222. Pat Chivers, interview by author, Crystal City, VA, 3 July 2004.
223. Janice Shaw Crouse, Strategies for Reclaiming America's Future (Washington, DC: Beverly LaHaye Institute, 2000), 7.
224. Center for Reclaiming America, "Working with Your School Board," 1997.
225. Texas Christian Coalition, Handbook for Grassroots Lobbying: 2001-2002 Edition (2002), 4-8.
226. South Carolina Christian Coalition, "Keys to Effective Interaction with Lawmakers," accessed on the website of the South Carolina Christian Coalition at www.scchristiancoalition.org/resources.shtml#interact, 16 June 2002.
227. Christian Coalition of Oregon, "How to Be a Lobbyist: A Vestpocket Handbook for Citizen Lobbyists," accessed on the website of the Christian Coalition of Oregon at www.coalition.org, 16 June 2002.
228. Hanna Rosin, "God and Country," New Yorker, accessed on the website of the New Yorker at http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/050627fa_fact, 27 June 2005.
229. Michael Farris, "Training Christians to be Politicians," a talk delivered at the Forum of the Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, 16 November 2005
230. Scott Klusendorf, interview by author, La Mirada, CA, 2 March 2004.
231. Scott Klusendorf, "What the Average Person Can Do to Stop Abortion," accessed on the website of Stand to Reason at www.str.org/free/bioethics/average.htm, 2 February 2004.
232. Focus on the Family radio broadcast, "Reaching Hearts on Abortion," 19 January 2004.
233. Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins, 61-67.
234. Center for Bio-Ethical Reform GAP Video.
235. David Lee, interview by author, Auraria Campus, Denver, CO, 12 April 2004.
236. Participant observation, Auraria Campus, Denver, CO, 12 April 2004.
237. Excerpted from email exchange between Klusendorf and Care Net director.
238. Gregg Cunningham, "Reproductive 'Choice' Trucks Have Pro-Aborts Running Scared," In Perspective, Winter 2001.
239. For the origins of this alienation, see George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelism, 1870-1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980).
240. Participant observation, Arvada Covenant Church, Arvada, CO, 10 April 2004.
241. Paul E. Johnson, "Interest Group Recruiting: Finding Members and Keeping Them," in Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, eds., Interest Group Politics, 5th ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1998): 35-62.
242. Jane Mansbridge, "Everyday Talk in the Deliberative System," in Stephen Macedo, ed., Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999): 211-42.
243. CWA direct mailings: December 1992; 21 January 1993; January 1993; 20 February 1998; Christian Coalition direct mailings: July 1997; October 1997.
244. Christian Coalition direct mailings: October 1997; February 2000; May 2000.
245. CWA direct mailings: February 1992; 9 March 1998; August 1999. For similar claims, see March 1992; April 1992; April 1993; 9 December 1993; July 1997; March 1998; August 1998; September 1998; 18 September 2000.
246. CWA direct mailings: 4 June 1992; July 1992. For similar claims, see August 1993; January 1994; September 1994; 17 August 1998; May 1999; 4 January 2000; 16 November 2001.
247. CWA direct mailings: December 1992; July 1997; January 1998.
248. Christian Coalition direct mailing, date unknown.
249. CWA direct mailing, February 1992.
250. CWA direct mailing, July 1992.
251. Christian Coalition direct mailing, 2 July 1998.
252. Christian Coalition direct mailing, date unknown.
253. Amitai Etzioni, The New Golden Rule: Community and Morality in a Democratic Society (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 99-100.
254. James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 165-66.
255. James Davison Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins: Searching for Democracy in America's Culture Wars (New York: Free Press, 1994), 61-66.
256. Keith Cassidy, "The Movement and Its Message: Pro-Life Educational Campaigns and Their Critiques," paper presented at annual meeting of University Faculty for Life, 1994.
257. Mark J. Rozell, "Growing Up Politically: The New Politics of the New Christian Right," in Corwin E. Smidt and James M. Penning, eds., Sojourners in the Wilderness: The Christian Right in Comparative Perspective (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), 236-38.
258. Mathew C. Moen, The Christian Right and Congress (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1989), 153-56.
259. See, for example, Steve Bruce, The Rise and Fall of the New Christian Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
260. Stuart Rothenberg and Frank Newport, The Evangelical Voter (Washington, DC: Free Congress Research and Education Foundation, 1984), 140.
261. James Davison Hunter, Evangelicalism: The Coming Generation (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 143-150.
262. James L. Guth, "Southern Baptist Clergy: Vanguard of the Christian Right?" in Robert C. Liebman and Robert Wuthnow, eds., The New Christian Right: Mobilization and Legitimation (New York: Aldine, 1983), 118-22.
263. Christian Smith, Christian America? What Christians ReallyWant (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), 122-24.
264. Laura Berkowitz and John C. Green, "Charting the Coalition: The Local Chapters of the Ohio Christian Coalition," in Corwin E. Smidt and James M. Penning, eds., Sojourners in the Wilderness: The Christian Right in Comparative Perspective (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997): 57-72.
265. Jeffrey Hadden, Anson Shupe, James Howdin, and Kenneth Martin, "Why Jerry Falwell Killed the Moral Majority," in Marshall W. Fishwick and Ray B. Browne, eds., The God Bumpers: Religion in the Electronic Age (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1987), 102.
266. Clyde Wilcox, Onward Christian Soldiers? The Religious Right in American Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000), 36-37.
267. James M. Ault, Jr., Spirit and Flesh: Life in a Fundamentalist Baptist Church (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), 117-19.
268. Mark J. Rozell and Clyde Wilcox, "Second Coming: The Strategies of the New Christian Right," Political Science Quarterly 111 (Summer 1996): 271-72.
269. Wilcox, Onward Christian Soldiers? 113-14.
270. James Risen and Judy L. Thomas, Wrath of Angels: The American Abortion War (New York: Basic Books, 1998), 19-20.
271. John T. McGreevy, Catholicism and American Freedom: A History (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003), 273
272. Bill Peterson, "As New Right Gets Old, Strategists Recast It as New Populism," Washington Post, 12 March 1983.
273. Nicholas D. Kristof, "Aid for 'Victims' of Welfare Urged," Washington Post, 29 July 1982
274. Nicholas D. Kristof, "New Right Meeting Grumbles About Reagan," Washington Post, 28 July 1982
275. Colman McCarthy, "Enlightening the New Right," Washington Post, 14 August 1982.
276. Beverly LaHaye, "Success Without Compromise," Concerned Women for America Newsletter, May 1991, p. 7.
277. Jane J. Mansbridge, Why We Lost the ERA (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 134-35.
278. Leadership Institute official, interview by author, Alexandria, VA, 13 August 2002.
279. Eidsmore, God and Caesar: Biblical Faith and Political Action, 65-66.
280. Robison and Cox, Save America to Save the World, 35-36.
281. Mathew Moen, The Transformation of the Christian Right (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1992)
282. Mark J. Rozell and Clyde Wilcox, Second Coming: The New Christian Right in Virginia Politics (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), esp. chap. 3.
283. See Risen and Thomas, Wrath of Angels, esp. chaps. 3, 5, and 6.
284. "Note: Safety Valve Closed: The Removal of Non-violent Outlets for Dissent and the On-Set of Abortion Related Violence," Harvard Law Review 113 (March 2000), 1218-19. On police brutality, see also Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins, 161-62.
285. William Cotter, interview by author, Boston, MA, 27 July 2004. See also Risen and Thomas, Wrath of Angels, 298.
286. National Abortion Federation, "NAF Violence and Disruption Statistics," accessed on the website of the National Abortion Federation at http://www.prochoice.org/pubs_research/publications/downloads/about_abortion/violence_statistics.pdf, 13 December 2006.
287. Institute for First Amendment Studies and Bliss Institute of the University of Akron, "Survey of Christian Right Activists," accessed on the website of the Institute for First Amendment Studies at www.ifas.org/library/survey/index.html, 9 July 2002.
288. National Abortion Federation, "NAF Violence and Disruption Statistics," accessed on the website of the National Abortion Federation at http://www.prochoice.org/pubs_research/publications/downloads/about_abortion/violence_statistics.pdf, 13 December 2006.
289. Christopher P. Keleher, "Double Standards: The Suppression of Abortion Protesters' Free Speech Rights," DePaul Law Review 51 (Spring 2002), 844-46. See also Risen and Thomas, Wrath of Angels, 314.
290. "Note: Safety Valve Closed," 1209-20.
291. "In their Own Words: Tiller and Staff Speak Out," accessed on the website of Dr. Tiller at http://www.dr-tiller.com/their-own-words.htm, 15 December 2006.
292. For these and other details, see the website of Women's Health Care Services at www.drtiller.com.
293. Participant observation, Holiday Inn Express, St. Louis, MO, 12 June 2004.
294. Participant observation, Church of St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 11 June 2004.
295. Troy Newman, interview by author, St. Louis, MO, 9 June 2004.
296. Troy Newman, interview by author, St. Louis, MO, 10 June 2004.
297. Risen and Thomas, Wrath of Angels, 78, 101-31, 217-23.
298. Romans 13; Mark 12:17.
299. Randall A. Terry, "Selling Out the Law of Heaven," Washington Post, 18 September 1994.
300. Operation Save America, "Incrementalism-A Lie from the Pit of Hell!" accessed on the website of Operation Rescue at www.operationsaveamerica.org/news/news/2001-04.thml, 19 June 2002.
301. Guy M. Condon, "You Say Choice, I Say Murder," Christianity Today, 24 June 1991, p. 22.
302. Paul Brenton, "Casualties of the Abortion Wars," Christianity Today, 16 October 1992, pp. 22-23.
303. David Shaw, "Abortion Bias Creeps into the News" Los Angeles Times, 1 July 1990.
304. Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins, 157-63.
305. Bolce and De Maio, "A Prejudice for the Thinking Classes," 33-34.
306. Risen and Thomas, Wrath of Angels, 101-5.
307. Michael Gerson, "A New Social Gospel," Newsweek, 13 November 2006.
308. E. J. Dionne, Jr., Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), 42-45.
309. Quoted in David Cantor, The Religious Right: The Assault on Tolerance and Pluralism in America (New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1994), 23-26.
310. See Barbara Bradley Hagerty, "Christian Leaders Balk at Robertson's Remarks," All Things Considered radio broadcast, January 12, 2006, accessed on the website of National Public Radio at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5151840, 12 February 2006.
311. On Focus on the Family's embrace of public reason see W. Bradford Wilcox, Soft Patriarchs, New Men: How Christianity Shapes Fathers and Husbands (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 34-35.
312. Clyde Wilcox, "Of Movements and Metaphors: The Co-Evolution of the Christian Right and the GOP," paper prepared for presentation at conference on the Christian Conservative Movement and American Democracy, April 2007, pp. 8-10.
313. Thomas Frank, What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Owl Books, 2004).
314. Richard Fenno, "U.S. House Members in Their Constituencies," American Political Science Review 71 (September 1977): 884.
315. James Davison Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins: Searching for Democracy in America's Culture War (New York: Free Press, 1994), 13.
316. Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 74-77.
317. Shortly after each outreach, JFA administers a brief questionnaire that invites activists to reflect in an open-ended way on their experiences. In accordance with an agreement with Justice for All, I have changed the names of the volunteers.
318. Participant observation, Auraria Campus, Denver, CO, 12 April 2004.
319. David France, interview by author, Denver, CO, 12 April 2004.
320. Participant observation, Auraria Campus, Denver, CO, 12 April 2004.
321. All reflections were placed on a CD-ROM by Justice for All. See JFA Reflections, 1, 44-45, 162-63.
322. JFA Reflections, 6-7, 34-35, 68-69, 86-88.
323. JFA Reflections, 27-28, 103-7, 124-25, 130-32, 141-42.
324. Participant observation, Auraria Campus, Denver, CO, 12-14 April 2004.
325. Jeremy Alder, interview by author, Denver, CO, 14 April 2004.
326. See Andrew Webb, "Display Ignites Controversy: Responses to Graphic Exhibit Run Gamut from Horror to Support," Daily Lobo, 19 February 2002.
327. Amanda Hutchinson, "Pro-Life Display Draws Pro-Choice Opposition," Daily Texan, 21 February 2001.
328. Stephanie, interview by author, Denver, CO, 13 April 2004.
329. Interview by author, Denver, CO, 13 April 2004.
330. Michael, interview by author, Denver, CO, 13 April 2004.
331. Mishka, interview by author, Denver, CO, 13 April 2004.
332. Participant observation, Arvada Covenant Church, Arvada, CO, 12 April 2004.
333. JFA Reflections, 8-9.
334. JFA Reflections, 106-8, 130-32.
335. JFA Reflections, 130-32, 141-44.
336. Participant observation, Auraria Campus, Denver, CO, 14 April 2004.
337. Participant observation, Auraria Campus, Denver, CO, 12 April 2004.
338. Michael, interview by author, 13 April 2004.
339. Stephanie, interview by author, Denver, CO, 13 April 2004.
340. JFA Reflections, 124-25.
341. JFA Reflections, 15-16, 61, 66-67, 70-74, 77-78.
342. JFA Reflections, 17-18, 158-59, 118-19.
343. JFA Reflections, 46-48, 111-12, 133-35, 153-55.
344. JFA Reflections, 15-16, 21-23, 160-61.
345. Participant observation, Auraria Campus, Denver, CO, 12 April 2004.
346. Interview by author, Denver, CO, 13 April 2004.
347. Participant observation, Auraria Campus, Denver, CO, 14 April 2004.
348. David France, interview by author, Denver, CO, 14 April 2004.
349. Paul Troiani, interview by author, Boston, MA, 24 July 2004.
350. NARAL Pro-Choice America, NARAL's Campus Kit For Pro-Choice Organizers (Washington, DC: NARAL Foundation, Fall 2001), 42.
351. Email from Jamia Wilson, Campus Outreach Manager, Planned Parenthood, 24 November 2004.
352. See Pro-Choice Action Network, "Why We Don't Debate Anti-Choice Spokespersons," accessed on the website of the Pro-Choice Action Network at http://www.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org/articles/debate.shtml, 28 February 2006.
353. Serrin M. Foster, "The Feminist Case Against Abortion," The American Feminist, Summer/Fall 2004.
354. Nolen, interview by author, Granite City, IL, 10 June 2004.
355. Jessica, interview by author, Granite City, IL, 10 June 2004.
356. Participant observation, Hope Clinic for Women, Granite City, IL, 10 June 2004.
357. Jessica, interview by author, Granite City, IL, 10 June 2004.
358. Heather, interview by author, Granite City, IL, 11 June 2004.
359. Michaela, interview by author, Granite City, IL, 11 June 2004.
360. Chuck, interview by author, Granite City, IL, 12 June 2004.
361. Nolen, interview by author, Granite City, IL, 10 June 2004.
362. Participant observation, Hope Clinic for Women, Granite City, IL, 10 June 2004.
363. Angela Michaels, interview by author, St. Louis, MO, 9 June 2004.
364. Participant observation, Hope Clinic for Women, Granite City, IL, 10-11 June 2004.
365. Jessica, interview by author, Granite City, IL, 10 June 2004.
366. Participant observation, Planned Parenthood, St. Louis, MO, 12 June 2004.
367. Connie, interview by author, St. Louis, MO, 12 June 2004.
368. Participant observation, Planned Parenthood, St. Louis, MO, 12 June 2004.
369. Participant observation, Planned Parenthood, Boston, MA, 24 July 2004.
370. Tony, interview by author, Boston, MA, 24 July 2004.
371. Danny, interview by author, Boston, MA, 24 July 2004.
372. Phil, interview by author, Boston, MA, 24 July 2004.
373. Bill Cotter, interview by author, Boston, MA, 27 July 2004.
374. Participant observation, Planned Parenthood, Boston, MA, 23 July 2004.
375. Personal interview, Planned Parenthood, Boston, MA, 23 July 2004.
376. Participant observation, Planned Parenthood, Boston, MA, 23, 24, 27 July 2004.
377. Participant observation, Planned Parenthood, Boston, MA, 23 July 2004.
378. Theresa, interview by author, Boston, MA, 23 July 2004.
379. Courtney, interview by author, Washington, DC, 22 January 2005.
380. Participant observation, Planned Parenthood, Washington, DC, 22 January 2005.
381. "Remarks of President Bush via Telephone to March for Life Demonstration on the National Mall," Federal News Service, 24 January 2005.
382. Participant observation, Washington, DC, 24 January 2005.
383. In fact, the March for Women's Lives even made the Style Section of the Washington Post. See Hank Stuever, "Body Politics," Washington Post, 26 April 2004.
384. Participant observation, Washington, DC, 24 January 2005.
385. Bubba Garret, interview by author, Denver, CO, 14 April 2004.
386. Scott Klusendorf, interview by author, La Mirada, CA, 2 March 2004
387. "Thousands Throng San Francisco Waterfront in Walk for Life," America's Intelligence Wire, 22 January 2005
388. Sara Steffens, "San Francisco Marchers Cover Both Sides of Abortion Issue," Contra Costa Times, 23 January 2005.
389. Board of Supervisors, City and County of San Francisco, "San Francisco Supervisors Announce Official City Policy: San Francisco is Pro-Choice and Proud," Press Release, 11 January 2005.
390. Joe Garofoli, "Thousands Expected at Anti-abortion March," San Francisco Chronicle, 20 January 2005.
391. Cicero A. Estrella and Henry K. Lee, "Protesters Face Off over Abortion Rights," San Francisco Chronicle, 23 January 2005.
392. Henry K. Lee,Wyatt Buchanan, and Michael Cabanatuan, "San Francisco Abortion Showdown," San Francisco Chronicle, 22 January 2006.
393. Carol Morello and Yolanda Woodlee, "Anti-abortion Rally Confronts Huge March," Washington Post, 26 April 2004.
394. Toni Lacy, "Thousands March in DC to Protest 'War on Women,' " USA Today, 26 April 2004.
395. Danny, interview by author, Boston, MA, 24 July 2004.
396. Activist reflections can be found on the website of the Society for Truth and Justice at http://www.societyfortruthandjustice.com/letters_to_editor.htm, 10 November 2004.
397. Michael Ciccicioppo, interview by author, Alexandria, VA, 1 July 2004.
398. Participant observation of sermon delivered by Reverend Childress, Church of St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 11 June 2004.
399. Participant observation, Boston, MA, 24-25 July 2004.
400. Paul Troiani, interview by author, Boston, MA, 25 July 2004.
401. Phil, interview by author, Boston, MA, 24 and 26 July 2004.
402. Melissa and Joy, interview by author, Boston, MA, 24 July 2005.
403. Participant observation, Boston, MA, 24-25 July 2004.
404. Participant observation, Boston, MA, 25 July 2004.
405. Participant observation, Boston, MA, 26 July 2004.
406. Gary McCullough, interview by author, Boston, MA, 26 July 2004.
407. Participant observation, Boston, MA, 26 July 2004.
408. Participant observation, Hope Clinic, Granite City, IL, 11 June 2004.
409. Troy Newman, interview by author, St. Louis, MO, 9 June 2004.
410. Participant observation, Granite City, IL, 11 June 2004.
411. Troy Newman, interview by author, St. Louis, MO, 9 July 2004.
412. These ideas are discussed at great length in Troy Newmnan, Their Blood Cries Out (Wichita, KS: Restoration Press, 2003), 184-86.
413. David Shaw, "Abortion Bias Creeps into the News" Los Angeles Times, 1 July 1990.
414. Lori Kehoe, interview by author, telephone, 13 July 2004.
415. Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins, 163.
416. Eileen McDonagh, "Adding Consent to Choice in the Abortion Debate," Society 42 (July/August 2005): 19.
417. Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984), esp. chaps. 7 and 8.
418. Cynthia Gorney, "Gambling with Abortion," Harpers Magazine, November 2004, p. 38.
419. Scott Klusendorf, interview by author, La Mirada, CA, 2 March 2004.
420. Cheryl Sullenger, interview by author, telephone, 21 September 2004.
421. Participant observation, Fredericksburg, VA, 19 October 2005.
422. Donna, interview by author, Boston, MA, 24 July 2004.
423. See Appleton's testimony on the website of the Pro-Life Action League at www307.pair.com/ejs/plal1/joan_appleton.htm, 13 December 2004.
424. See website of the Pro-Life Action League at www307.pair.com/ejs/plal1/Dr._Joseph_Randall.htm, 14 December 2004.
425. See website of the Pro-Life Action League at www307.pair.com/ejs/plal1/judithfetrow.htm, 13 December 2004.
426. See website of the Pro-Life Action League at www307.pair.com/ejs/plal1/kathy_spanks.htm, 13 December 2004.
427. Julia Duin, "Bernard Nathanson's Conversion," accessed on the website of the EternalWorld Television Network at http://www.ewtn.com/library/prolife/bernconv.txt, 15 December 2004.
428. Robin Hoffman, interview by author, telephone, 13 July 2004.
429. Phil, interview by author, Boston, MA, 24 July 2004.
430. Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins, 116-17.
431. James Risen and Judy L. Thomas, Wrath of Angels: The American Abortion War (New York: Basic Books, 1998): 59.
432. Focus on the Family radio broadcast, "Saving Babies Through Ultrasound," 26 April 2004.
433. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), 393-401, 513-21.
434. Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York:W.W. Norton, 1976), 3-6, 36-38, 259-68.
435. Jane J. Mansbridge, Why We Lost the ERA (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 133-35, 128-33.
436. Maryann Barakso, Governing NOW: Grassroots Activism in the National Organization of Women (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 64-68, 147, 151.
437. Interview with Anne Slater, WTO History Project, 12 December 2000.
438. Hank Stuever, "Body Politics," Washington Post, 26 April 2004.
439. David S. Broder, Changing of the Guard: Power and Leadership in America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980), 476.
440. Jon A. Shields, "Spiritual Politics on the Left," Society 43 (September/October 2006): 57-62.
441. Doug Rossinow, The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 4-5.
442. Paul Berman, A Tale of Two Utopias: The Political Journey of the Generation of 1968 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 56.
443. E. J. Dionne, Jr., Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 37-38
444. Berman, A Tale of Two Utopias, 55-63, 83-90.
445. Sennett, The Fall of Public Man, 264-65.
446. NARAL Pro-Choice America, NARAL's Campus Kit For Pro-Choice Organizers (Washington, DC: NARAL Foundation, Fall 2001), 35.
447. Pro-Choice Action Network, "WhyWe Don't Debate Anti-Choice Spokespersons," accessed on the website of the Pro-Choice Action Network at http://www.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org/articles/debate.shtml, 28 February 2006.
448. Rosamond Rhodes, "Reproduction, Abortion, and Rights," in David C. Thompson and Thomasine Kushner, eds., Birth to Death: Science and Bioethics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 59.
449. Judith Jarvis Thompson, "A Defense of Abortion," Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 (Fall 1971): 47.
450. Peter Singer, Practical Ethics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 149, 135-37.
451. Thompson, "A Defense of Abortion," 47-66.
452. Singer, Practical Ethics, 173, 169-74.
453. This is perhaps why Eileen McDonagh has recently insisted that pro-life advocates need to change the debate from what the fetus "is" to what it "does." See McDonagh, "Adding Consent to Choice in the Abortion Debate," 22-23.
454. Pro-Choice Action Network, "WhyWe Don't Debate Anti-Choice Spokespersons," accessed on the website of the Pro-Choice Action Network at http://www.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org/articles/debate.shtml, 28 February 2006.
455. Some 40 percent of those with a college degree indicated that they would not allow a racist to teach in colleges or universities. Robert S. Erikson and Kent L. Tedin, American Public Opinion, 6th ed. (New York: Longman, 2001), 151.
456. John L. Sullivan, James Pierson, and George E. Marcus, Political Tolerance and American Democracy (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 2-3.
457. Steven E. Finkel, Lee Sigelman, and Stan Humphries, in John P. Robinson, Phillip R. Shaver, and Lawrence S. Wrightman, eds., Measures of Political Attitudes (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1999), 214-15.
458. Alan Wolfe, One Nation, After All (New York: Viking, 1998), 278.
459. Quotation from Mark J. Rozell and Clyde Wilcox, Second Coming: The New Christian Right in Virginia Politics (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 85.
460. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), 162.
461. African Americans were treated separately. Those who identified as members of nondenominational, community, interdenominational, and "just Christian" churches were counted as evangelicals.
462. However, there was a minor question wording change in 1980.
463. George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelism, 1870-1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), vi, 185, 188-89.
464. Peter Beinart, "Morally Correct," New Republic, 29 November 2004, pp. 6-8
465. Peter Beinart, "Parlor Game," New Republic, 26 January 2004, p. 6.
466. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, vi, 35-39, 66-71, 85-93, 118-23, 204-5.
467. James Risen and Judy T. Thomas,Wrath of Angels: The American Abortion War (New York: Basic Books, 1998), 218-19.
468. Stuart Rothenberg and Frank Newport, The Evangelical Voter (Washington, DC: Free Congress Research and Education Foundation, 1984), 10, 81-90, 103.
469. Michael D'Antonio, Fall from Grace: The Failed Crusade of the Christian Right (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1989), 13.
470. Christian Coalition, Training Seminar Manual, Level 1 (Chesapeake, VA: Christian Coalition, 1995), 19-45.
471. Christian Coalition, Blueprint for Victory, 12 September 1997, 28-36.
472. Quoted in Mathew Continetti, "A Decade of Reed: One Republican's Long, Lucrative March Through the Institutions," Weekly Standard, 27 June 2005.
473. Hayden et al., "Why Jerry Falwell Killed the Moral Majority," 102.
474. Rick Forcier, interview by author, telephone, 17 June 2002.
475. John Fugatt, interview by author, Huntington Beach, CA, 19 June 2002.
476. James L Guth et al., "Onward Christian Soldiers: Religious Activist Groups in American Politics," in John C. Green et al., eds., Religion and the CultureWars: Dispatches from the Front (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996), 81.
477. Christian Coalition, Annual Report, 1996, p. 8.
478. Mark J. Rozell, "Growing Up Politically: The New Politics of the New Christian Right," in Corwin E. Smidt and James M. Penning, eds., Sojourners in the Wilderness: The Christian Right in Comparative Perspective (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), 243.
479. Justin Watson, The Christian Coalition: Dreams of Restoration, Demands for Recognition (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997), 54.
480. Most academic accounts, for example, placed the Christian Coalition's actual membership at less than 1 million members. See Bendyna and Wilcox, "The Christian Right Old and New," 47.
481. John Dickey, interview by author, telephone, 24 June 2002
482. John Fugatt, interview by author, Huntington Beach, CA, 19 June 2004.
483. Collinearity is not a concern. The largest correlation was between education and income at .40.
484. Richard C. Land, "Why Christians Should Vote Their Values," accessed on website of the National Right to Life Committee at nrlc.org/news/2000/NRL10/land.html, 21 February 2004.
485. Ralph Reed,"We Can't Stop Now," Christianity Today, 6 September 1999.
486. Letter by James Dobson, 13 August 2004.
487. James Dobson, "Your Voice Matters," Focus on the Family, October/November 2004, pp. 8-9.
488. Bill Sammon, "Evangelicals Endeavor to Redeem the Vote, Washington Times, 19 October 2004.
489. James Dobson, "Family News Forum," October 2004.
490. Accessed on the website of the Center for Reclaiming American at http://www.reclaimamerica.org/PAGES/grassroots.asp, 14 June 2005.
491. Ken Connonr and John Revell, Sinful Silence: When Christians Neglect their Civic Duty (Nashville, TN: Ginosko Publishing, 2004).
492. Transcript of the radio broadcast was accessed on the website of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church at http://www.coralridge.org/specialdocs/minnerytranscript.pdf, 14 June 2005.
493. Chuck Colson, "A Sacred Duty: Why Christians Must Vote," accessed on the website of Townhall at http://www.townhall.com/columnists/chuckcolson/cc20040514.shtml, 16 June 2005.
494. William L. Fisher, Ralph Reed, and Richard L. Weinhold, Christian Coalition Leadership Manual, 1990, p. 2.3.
495. Bill Thompson, interview by author, telephone, 18 June 2002.
496. Letter to pastors, 30 August 2002.
497. Cal Thomas, "HaveWe Settled for Caesar?" Christianity Today, 6 September 1999.
498. Cal Thomas and Ed Dobson, Blinded by Might: Can the Christian Right Save America (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1999).
499. Beverly LaHaye Live, radio broadcast, "Go Out to Vote," 31 October 2002.
500. Fisher, Reed, and Wienhold, Christian Coalition Leadership Manual, p. 2.2.
501. Guth and others, "Onward Christian Soldiers," 72.
502. Accessed on the website of Rock the Vote at http://www.rockthevote.com/is_whyvote.php, downloaded 16 June 2005.
503. Accessed on the website of Redeem the Vote at http://www.capitolconnect.com/redeemthevote/, 16 June 2005.
504. Peter Beinart, "Morally Correct," New Republic, 29 November 2004.
505. Transcript of the radio broadcast was accessed on the website of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church at http://www.coralridge.org/specialdocs/minnerytranscript.pdf, 14 June 2005.
506. Tom Zucco, Tim Grant, and Jeffrey Gettleman, "Thou Shall Vote," St. Petersburg Times, 4 November 1996.
507. Participant observation, Church of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 11 June 2004.
508. Sidney M. Milkis and Jesse H. Rhodes, "George W. Bush, the Republican Party, and the 'New' American Party System," Perspectives on Politics 5 (September 2007): 469, 471.
509. Milkis and Rhodes, "GeorgeW. Bush, the Republican Party, and the 'New' American Party System," 473
510. Thomas Frank, What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Owl Books, 2004), 239.
511. E. J. Dionne, Jr., Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991), chap. 13.
512. Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Volunteerism in American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 494-500, 518-21.
513. Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press), 9.
514. Morris P. Fiorina, Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America, 2d ed. (New York: Pearson Longman 2006).
515. James Q. Wilson, The Amateur Democrat: Club Politics in Three Cities (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 2-16.
516. Report of the Committee on Political Parties, "Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System," American Political Science Review 3 (September 1950): suppl: v.
517. Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States, 2nd ed. (New York: W.W. Norton, 1979), 313.
518. Tom Hayden to Students for Democratic Society Executive Committee, 5 April 1962, p. 6.
519. See appendix in Miller, Democracy is in the Streets, 331, 337.
520. Richard Flacks, "American Scene Document (Draft)," 7 June 1973, I-8.
521. See appendix in Miller, Democracy is in the Streets, 362.
522. Anthony King, ed., The New American Political System (Washington, DC: AEI Press, 1979).
523. John R. Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 9.
524. James Q. Wilson, "Polarization in America: Politics and Polarization," Tanner lecture delivered at Harvard University, 3 November 2005, p, 16
525. Michael P. McDonald and Samuel L. Popkin, "The Myth of the Vanishing Voter," American Political Science Review 95 (December 2001): 963-74.
526. Michael McDonald, "5 Myths about Turning out the Vote," Washington Post, 29 October 2006.
527. Jacobson, "Party Polarization in National Politics," 9-30.
528. Mark Button and Kevin Mattson, "Deliberative Democracy in Practice: Challenges and Prospects for Civic Deliberation," Polity 31 (Summer 1999): 609-37.
529. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), 62-63
530. Doris A. Graber, Mass Media and American Politics, 6th ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2002), 178-79.
531. Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, "The Two Faces of Issue Voting," in Richard G. Niemi and Herbert F.Weisberg, eds., Classics in Voting Behavior (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1994), 115.
532. Robert S. Erikson and Kent L. Tedin, American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Content, and Impact, 6th ed. (New York: Longman, 2001), 58-61.
533. Steven J. Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillan, 1993), 34, 214-19.
534. Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, Voice and Equality, 398-415.
535. Ronald Inglehart and Paul R. Abramson, "Economic Security and Value Change," American Political Science Review 88 (June 1994): 336-54.
536. Edward L. Glaeser and Bryce A. Ward, "Myths and Realities of American Political Geography," Discussion Paper No. 2100, Harvard Institute of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 10-11 January 2006, pp. 22-28.
537. Hacker and Pierson, Off Center, 186-87.
538. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics, 35-37.
539. Jeffrey M. Berry, The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
540. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), 51.
541. Flacks, "American Scene Document (Draft)," II-1; Tom Hayden to SDS Executive Committee, 5; Capper and Moody, "The Case for a Third Party," 2.
542. See appendix in Miller, Democracy is in the Streets, 331-
543. The few liberal thinkers who advocate for a reversal of Roe do so because they believe that liberals will benefit. See, for example, Benjamin Wittes, "Letting Go of Roe," Atlantic Monthly, January/February 2005, pp. 48-53.
544. Morris P. Fiorina, "Extreme Voices: A Dark Side of Civic Engagement," in Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999), 411-13.
545. James Davison Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins: Searching for Democracy in America's Culture War (New York: Free Press, 1994), 86-90.
546. Mary Ann Glendon, Abortion and Divorce in Western Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987)
547. Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse (New York: Free Press, 1991), chap. 3.
548. Stephen K. White, Sustaining Affirmation: The Strength ofWeak Ontology in Political Theory (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 6-11, 149-53.
549. Adam B. Seligman, Modernity's Wager: Authority, the Self, and Transcendence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 128-30, 136-41.
550. Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 77-78, 41-44.
551. Lawrence Tribe, Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes (New York:W.W. Norton, 1990)
552. Roger Rosenblatt, Life Itself: Abortion in the American Mind (New York: Random House, 1992).
553. See Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins, 23-27.
554. See also Michael W. McConnell, "How Not to Promote Serious Deliberation about Abortion," University of Chicago Law Review 58 (Summer 1991): 1181-202.
555. Gutmann and Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement, 74-79.
556. Robert P. George, "Democracy and Moral Disagreement: Reciprocity, Slavery, and Abortion," in Stephen Macedo, ed., Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 191.
557. Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative Versus Participatory Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
558. Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).
559. See Joseph M. Bessette, The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy and American National Government (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 34-36.