Regulating greenhouse gas emissions from Australian coal mines

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 240-262

  Mcgrath, Chris ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951705496     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (110)

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9. Media reports indicate that the price of coking coal has trebled and the price of thermal coal has doubled since this data was published.
10. Wright, n 2, p 159.
11. Including taxes on wages of mine workers.
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14. Prepared at Kyoto 11 December 1997; signed for Australia 24 April 1998; ratified by Australia 12 December 2007; entered into force generally 16 February 2005; entered into force for Australia 11 March 2008 [2008] ATS 2
15. Using the methodology set out in the Department of Climate Change, National Greenhouse Accounts (NGA) Factors (2008), http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/workbook/pubs/workbook-feb2008.pdf viewed 3 June 2008, pp 9-10.
16. An energy content (EC) of 21.8 and an emission factor (EF) of 92.4 were used as average values for black coal for electricity from Qld, NSW, WA and SA coal
17. Using the methodology in Department of Climate Change, n 7, pp 9-10.
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20. I thank Gerry Bates for raising this issue with me.
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36. IPCC, n 12, p 102.
37. For a detailed analysis of the future effects of different greenhouse gases and aerosols.
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43. See IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptatation and Vulnerability. Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (Cambridge University Press, 2007), Ch 11; CSIRO, Climate Change in Australia (CSIRO Publishing, 2007), http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/resources.php viewed 3 June 2008
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45. IPCC, n 30, pp 13 and 509. "Very high confidence" was defined as at least a nine out of 10 chance of being correct.
46. IPCC, n 30, p 12 (see also pp 330 and 853).
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50. Proposed 370 ppm CO2-eq for stabilisation at 1°C but that article was written prior to the full AR4 report being published and should be revised to 350 ppm CO2-eq for consistency with the AR4
51. See the publications cited in n 1.
52. Department of Climate Change, n 9.
53. For a discussion of policy initiatives by the previous Commonwealth government.
54. McGrath, n 35, pp 187-190.
55. See IPCC, n 12, pp 285-287; International Energy Agency, n 12, Ch 7.
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62. See generally, Smith and Shearman, n 1, Ch 4.
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64. See generally, March v Stramare (E & MH) Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506; Royall v The Queen (1991) 172 CLR 378; Environment Agency v Empress Car Co (Arbertillery) Ltd [1999] 2 AC 22; Henville v Walker (2001) 206 CLR 459
65. Damages for negligence are limited to harm that is reasonably foreseeable, in the sense that a reasonable person would have foreseen the kind or type of harm as not far-fetched or fanciful and therefore a real risk, even if it is extremely unlikely to occur and even if the extent of the injury is greater than expected: Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40 at 47
66. Recent climate change litigation is helpfully reviewed by Bisco J in Walker v Minister for Planning (2007) 157 LGERA 124; [2007] NSWLEC 741
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68. Queensland Conservation Council Inc v Minister for the Environment & Heritage [2003] FCA 1463 (Kiefel J); Minister for the Environment & Heritage v Queensland Conservation Council Inc (2004) 139 FCR 24; [2004] FCAFC 190 at [53]-[57] (Black CJ, Ryan and Finn JJ). The author was the junior counsel for QCC in this case
69. For details see http://www.envlaw.com.au/whitsunday.html viewed 3 June 2008. The author was junior counsel for the applicant in this case.
70. See http://www.envlaw.com.au/whitsunday14.pdf viewed 3 June 2008.
71. Rourke F, "Anvil Hill Project Approved by NSW Planning Minister" (2007) 26 AMPLJ 124 at 127.
72. Re Xstrata Coal Queensland Pty Ltd [2007] QLRT 33 (Koppenol P); Queensland Conservation Council Inc v Xstrata Coal Queensland Pty Ltd Ltd (2007) 155 LGERA 322; [2007] QCA 338 (McMurdo P, Holmes JA, Mackenzie J). For background information, see http://www.envlaw.com.au/newlands.html viewed 3 June 2008
73. McGrath C, "The Xstrata Case: Pyrrhic Victory or Harbinger?", Ch 13 in Bonyhady and Christoff, n 1. The author was junior counsel for QCC in the Xstrata case.
74. Saddler H, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with the Proposed Newlands Wollombi No 2 Project (Energy Strategies, 2007), http://www.envlaw.com.au/newlands5.pdf viewed 3 June 2008, p 6.
75. Saddler H and Turatti F, Joint Experts Report (unpublished report, 2007), p 1.
76. The GHG Protocol is available at http://www.ghgprotocol.org viewed 3 June 2008.
77. Queensland Conservation Council Inc v Xstrata Coal Queensland Pty Ltd Ltd (2007) 155 LGERA 322; [2007] QCA 338 (McMurdo P, Holmes JA, Mackenzie J).
78. Re Xstrata Coal Queensland Pty Ltd [2007] QLRT 33 at [21] (Koppenol P), footnotes deleted.
79. See http://www.envlaw.com.au/anvil7.pdf viewed 3 June 2008.
80. Anvil Hill Project Watch Assn Inc v Minister for the Environment & Heritage (2008) 244 ALR 96; [2008] FCAFC 5.
81. The author was junior counsel for the applicant at trial and on appeal.
82. Massachusetts v Environmental Protection Agency 127 S Ct 1438 at 1457; 549 US __ (2007), pp 20-22 of the majority judgment (per Stevens, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer JJ).
83. Compare Fisher DE, "The Response of the United States Supreme Court to Global Warming: Injury in Fact or Conjecture" (2007) 24 EPLJ 241.
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88. Fallding, n 64, p 228.
89. Garnaut, n 45.
90. I thank Gerry Bates for raising this issue with me.
91. IPCC, n 12, Ch 13, p 750.
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93. Meltz, n 62.
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95. See http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/reporting/index.html viewed 3 June 2008.
96. Available at http://www.ghgprotocol.org viewed 3 June 2008.
97. Department of Climate Change, n 7.
98. Even ignoring that the mine's controlling corporation group, Xstrata, vastly exceeds the thresholds for reporting.
99. Saddler, n 56, p 10.
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102. Fallding, n 64.
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105. See the oft-cited statement of Cripps J in Prineas v Forestry Commission of NSW (1983) 49 LGRA 402 at 417.
106. Minister for the Environment & Heritage v Queensland Conservation Council (2004) 139 FCR 24; [2004] FCAFC 190 at [53] and [57].
107. See the Department of Climate Change, n 7.
108. Pyx Granite Co Ltd v Ministry of Housing & Local Government [1958] 1 QB 554; Lloyd v Robinson (1962) 107 CLR 142.
109. Cardwell Shire Council v King Ranch Australia Pty Ltd (1984) 54 LGRA 110.
110. Greenpeace Australia Ltd v Redbank Power Co Ltd (1994) 86 LGERA 143 at 163.