Whose sacred place? Planning conflict at Cumberland Island National seashore

Historical Geography

Volumn 33, Issue , 2005, Pages 202-225

  Dilsaver, Lary ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 77951672571     PISSN: 10916458     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Ronald A. Foresta, America's National parks and Their Keepers (Washington, D.C.; Resources for the Future, Inc., 1984).
2. Lary M. Dilsaver, "Preservation Choices at Muir Woods," Geographical Review 84 (1994): 290-305;
3. Lary M. Dilsavcr and William C. Tweed, Challenge of the Big Trees: A Resource History of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (Three Rivers, Calif.: Sequoia Natural History Association. 1990);
4. Lary M. Dilsavcr and William Wyckoff, "Agency Culture, Cumulative Causation and Development in Glacier National Park, Montana," Journal of Historical Geograplty 25 (1999): 75-92;
5. Stanford E. Demars, The Tourist in Yosemite. 1855-1985 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991);
6. Michael J. Yochim, "Beauty and the Beet The Dam Battles of Yellowstone National Park," Montana 53:1 (2003): 14-27;
7. Michael J. Yochim, "Snow Machines in the Garden: The History of Snowmobiles in Glacier and Yellowstone National Parks," Montana 53:3 (2003): 2-l4;
8. Michael P. Conzen, "Heritage Corridors and the New Historic Canal Tourism in the United States," Geographischc Rundschau 53:1 (2001): 49-55;
9. Edward K. Muller, "Politics and Parks: The Emergence of the Rivers of Steel National Heritage Area," Paper presented at the 100th Annual Conference of the Association of American Geographers, Philadelphia, Pa., 2 March 2004.
10. William Wyckoff and Lary M. Dilsaver, "Promotional Imagery of Glacier National Park," Geographical Review 87 (1997): 1-26;
11. Judith L Meyer, The Spirit of Yellowstone (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Little field Publishers, Inc., 1997);
12. Terence Young, "False, Cheap and Degraded: When History, Economy, and Environment Collided at Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park," Journal of Historical Geography (forthcoming).
13. Hal Rodiman, The New Urban Park: Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Civic Environ-mentalism (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2004);
14. Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, Third Edition (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997);
15. Richard Wesc Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press).
16. National Park Service, "Administrative Histories List," (http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/liisnps/ NPSHistory/adminhistory.htm). Accessed l7 August 2004.
17. "An Act to Establish aNational Wilderness Preservation System for the Permanent Good of the Whole People, and for other purposes." 78 Stat.890. 3 September 1964.
18. "An Act to Establish a Program for the Preservation of Additional Historic Properties Throughout the Nation, and for other purposes." 80 Stac.915. 15 October 1966.
19. "An Act to Establish a National Policy for the Environment, to Provide for the Establishment of a Council on Environmental Quality, and for other purposes." 83 Stat. 852. 1 January 1970;
20. Good sources on the National Environmental Policy Act include Council on Environmental Quality, The National Environmental Policy Act A Stvdy of Its Effectiveness After Twenty-Five Years (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1997);
21. and Matthew J. Lindsstrom, Zachajy A, Smith, and Lynton K. Caldwell, The National Environmental Polity Act: Judicial Misconstruction, Legislative Indifference, and Executive Neglect (College Station. Tec: Texas A&M University Press, 2002).
22. The best lustory of the years before the seashore was established on Cumberland Island is Mary R. Bullard, Cumberland Island: A History (Atlanta: University of Georgia Press, 2003);
23. see also Louis Torres, Historic Resource Stttdy Cumberland Island National Seashore and Historic Data Section of the Dungeness Area (Denver, Colo.: National Park Service, Technical Information Center, 1977).
24. Bullard, Cumberland Island, 179-275;
25. see also Nancy C. Rockefeller, "The Carnegies of Cumberland Island," unpublished manuscript in the Georgia State Archives, Morrow, Georgia (1993).
26. Information on the sales of land to the National Park Service and retained rights agreements can be found in National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office (hereafter SERO). Lands Division. "Summary of Retained Estates, May-July 2000," available at that office in Atlanta as well as in the Lands files at Cumberland bland National Seashore (hereafter CINS). In addition, the CINS files also contain copies of each individual deed and retained right agreement under "Deeds to the National Park Foundation."
27. "An Act to Establish the Cumberland Island National Seashore in the State of Georgia, and for other purposes." 86 Sat. 1066.23 October 1972.
28. "An Act to Establish the Cumberland Island National Seashore in the Stale of Georgia," section 9.
29. Park Service director George Hartzog and his assistants made numerous promises of extensive development ac Congressional hearings. See, for example, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on National Parks and Recreation of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, 92nd Cong., 2nd Sess., Washington, D.C., 20-21 April 1972.
30. National Park Service, Master Plan Proposed Cumberland Island National Seashore (October 1971), CINS Library.
31. National Park Service, Master Plan.
32. Albert F. Ike and James I. Richardson, "Cumberland Island National Seashore Study, Carrying Capacity, Revised." Institute of Community and Area Development, University of Georgia (September 1975): 14.
33. Ike and Richardson, "Cumberland Island National Seashore Study."
34. "Excessive Tourism Threat to Island?" Atlanta Journal, 5 February 1975.
35. National Park Service, "Transcript of a Public Hearing Held on February 4,1975 ac Woodbine, Georgia," CINS Library, 56-57;
36. Robert Stanton to Sam Nunn, Correspondence, 6 December 1974, CINS Central Files, A3815.
37. National Park Service, 1977, Draft Environmental Statement General Management Plan [,] Wilderness Study Cumberland Island National Seashore, DES 77-125 CINS Library;
38. National Park Service, 1977, Draft General Management Plan and Wilderness Study[,] J Cumberland Island National Seashore, CINS Library.
39. National Park Service, "Transcript of a Hearing on the General Management Plan and Wilderness Study on the Cumberland Island National Seashore, September 24, 1977, St. Mary's, Georgia," CINS Library, National ParkService, "Transcript of a Hearing on the General Management Plan and Wilderness Study on the Cumberland Island National Seashore, September 27, 1977, Atlanta, Georgia," CINS Library.
40. National Park Service, "Transcript of a Hearing, Atlanta," 64-65.
41. National Park Service, "Transcript of a Hearing, Adanta," 62.
42. "U.S. Parks Chief to Study Cumberland Jitney Fight," Atlanta Journal, 14 August 1978;
43. Carol Ruckdeschel to William Whalen, Correspondence, 12 February 1979, CINS Central Hies, A3821.
44. Cumberland Island Nauonal Seashore, Fatal Environmental Impact Statement General Management Plan [and] Wilderness Recommendation[,] Cumberland Island National Seashore, (December 1980), D-1194B, CINS Library.
45. Cumberland Island National Seashore, Final Environmental Impact Statement; Southeast Region Office, National Park Service, "Park Service Nearing Approval of Plan for Cumberland Island,"(1981), Press Release in SERO Planning Files under "Cumberland Island National Seashore General Correspondence."
46. Robert Coram, "Can Georgia's Island Jewel Be Preserved And Developed?" 7 March 1981
47. Atlanta Journal and Constitution "Save Cumberiand," Atlanta Constitution, 17 March 1981;
48. "Conservationists Divided on Park Plan," Rome News-Tribune, 17 March 1981.
49. G. Robert Kerr, "Conservancy Explains Action," Atlanta Constitution, 13 March 1981.
50. Kerr, "Conservancy Explains Action"; Ingle, 18 March 1981;
51. Hans Neuhauser, "Wilderness for Cumberland," Atlanta Constitution 20 March 1931;
52. "Cumberland Saved," Atlanta Constitution, 19 March 1981.
53. Southeast Region Office, 18 March 1981;
54. G. Robert Kerr, "Cumberland Plan Beached." The Georgia Conservancy Newsletter 10, 1 April 1981.
55. Hans Neuhauser interviewed by Joyce Seward, Athens, Georgia, 21 November 1995. Transcript in CINS Archives; Cumberland Island National Seashore, Final Environmental Impact Statement 9;
56. U.S. House of Representatives, Correcting the Boundary of Crater Lake National Park in the State of Oregon, and for other purposes, House Report 97-383, 97th Cong., 1st Sess., 4-5, 10 December 1981;
57. "Island Wilderness Bill Submitted," The Savannah Morning News, 8 October 1981; H.R. 4713, 97th Cong. 1st Sess., 1981.
58. U.S. House of Representatives, Additions to the National Wilderness Preservation System, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands and National Parks of the Committee on Inte-riorand Insular Affairs on H.R. 1716. H.R, 3630, and H.R. 4713.97th Cong., IstScss., Serial No. 97-99, Part IV, 16 October 1981.
59. U.S. House of Representatives, Additions to the National Wilderness Preservation System, 85-109.
60. U.S. Senate, Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia, Wilderness; Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Report No. 97-531, 97th Cong., 2nd Sess., 18 August 1982; "Reagan Signs Bill for bland," Florida Times-Union, 11 September 1982; Neuhauser 1995, 30.
61. "Statement by the President," The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 9 Septembct 1982, CINS Central Files, A4027.
62. "Camden Longs for Access to Cumberland," Florida Times-Union, 18 October 1981.
63. National Park Service, "Summary of the Revised General Management Plan for Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia," 19 November 1981, Copy of Pamphlet in SERO Planning Files.
64. "Revised Cumberland Plan b Called 'The Ultimatc,"Atlanta Constitution, 20 November 1981;
65. "Island Revisions Praised," Florida Times-Union, 20 November 1981;
66. William E. Mankin to Robert M. Baker, 13 December 1981. Includes "Comments on Summary of the Revised General Management Plan"; Hans Neuhauscr to Friends of Cumberland Island, 16 March 1982, CINS Central Files, A4031.
67. "An Act to Establish a National Wilderness Preservation System."
68. "Eastern Wilderness Areas Act," 8 8 Stat 209 6, 3 January 1975.
69. G. Robert Kerr, Randy Snodgrass. Don Nixon, and George Songer to Robert Baker, Correspondence, 5 April 1983, CINS Resource Management Files under "Wilderness."
70. Roger Sumner Babb to Robert M. Baker, Correspondence, 17 August 1987. CINS Central Files, C38.
71. See Cumberland Island National Seashore's Land Protection Plans and updates for 1985,1986, 1989.1991, and 1994, CINS Central files, L14.
72. Edwin C. Bearss to Chief of Registration Shull, Interagency Resources Division, Correspondence, 15 August 1984, Nauonal Park Service, Park History Office Files under "Cumberland Island"
73. Bennie C. Keel to Superintendent, Cumberland Island National Seashore, Correspondence, 15 September 1994, CINS Central Files, H2215.
74. SERO, "Summary of Retained Estates"; Southeast Region Office, Nauonal Park Service, "Draft Minutes of the First Meeting of Cumberland Island-Plum Orchard Friends," 12 September 1983
75. SERO Planning Files under "Cumberland Island-Plum Orchard"; Cumberland Island Historic Foundation, "Minutes of Meeting of November 18, 1983." November 1983.
76. SERO Planning Files under "Cumberland Island-Plum Orchard."
77. Cumberland Island Historic Foundation, "Minutes of Meeting of November 9, 1988," November 1988, CINS Central Files, A3821; Cumberland Island National Seashore, "Staff Meer-ing Minutes," 25 October 1989, CINS Central Files. A22;
78. Rodney M. Cook Jr. to Rolland R. Swain, Correspondence, 4 February 1994, CINS Central files, H3021.
79. Rolland R. Swain interviewed by the author. Cumberland Island National Seashore, 11 June 1995.
80. "Artists' Retreat Criticized," Florida Times-Union, 14 March 1995;
81. "A Necessary Evil on Cumberland," Editorial in Atlanta Constitution, 22 May 1995;
82. "Legislator Blasts Park Plan," The Southeast Georgian, 15 February 1995.
83. Don Barger to Rolland Swain. Correspondence, 2 March 1995. CINS Central Files. H3021.
84. "Artists' Retreat Criticized," 14 March 1995.
85. Cumberland Island National Seashore, "Finding of No Significant Impact on Environmental Assessment fot Alternatives for Preservation of Plum Orchard Mansion in the Cumberland bland National Seashore between United States of Amcrica[,] Department of the Interior!,] National Park Service[,] Southeast Field Area[,] Cumberland Island Nauonal Seashore and The Plum Orchard Center for the Arts on Cumberland Island, Inc.," February 1996, CINS Central Files, A64.
86. "Defenders of Wild Cumberland, Inc. vs. United States, Bruce Babbit, Secretary of the Interior; Roger Kennedy, Director National Park Service; Robert Baker, Southeast Field Director, National Park Service; Rolland Swain, Superintendent, National Park Service, Cumberland Island Nauonal Seashore," U.S. District Court for Northern Georgia, Case Number I 96-CV-830-ODE, 1996;
87. Robert M. Baker to Ms. Nancy Parrish and Ms. Janet (GoGo) Ferguson, 14 June 1996, CINS Central files, A22.
88. "Davis To Head Cumberland NPS," The Southeast Georgian, 20 November 1996;
89. Thornton Morris interviewed by the author, Adanta, Georgia, 6 October 1999.
90. Cumberland Island National Seashore, "Superintendent's Annual Report 1999," 2000, CINS Central files, H2621.
91. Jennifer Bjork to Worltshop Participants, Briefing Statement, 26 May 1998, CINS Central Files. A40.
92. "Superintendent's Annual Report 1999"; "Cumberland Island Wilderness Management Flan Forum," Held at Cumberland bland National Seashore, Georgia, 1-3 May 1998. attended by the author; "Wilderness Plan Near?" Florida Tuna-Union, 5 May 1598.
93. Cumberland Island National Seashore, "Superintendent's Annual Report 1997," 1998, CINS Central Files, H2621; The Nature Conservancy of Georgia, "Nature Conservancy Negotiates a 4-Year Purchase Plan to Protect 1,148 Acres on Cumberland Island," The Nature Conservancy of Georgia Newsletter, Spring 1997.
94. Jack Kingston, "Kingston To Introduce Cumberland Preservation Act," 23 June 1998, News Release in CINS Superintendents Office Files; "Kingston Plan Divides racoons," Florida Times-Union, 12 July 1998; H. R. 4l44,105th Cong., 2nd Sess., 25 June 1998.
95. Denis Davis to Jack Kingston, Correspondence, 17 July 199B, CINS Central Files, W38; "Kingston Plan Divides," 12July 1998; " Superintendent'sAnnual Report 1999"
96. Robert Stanton to Max Cleland, Correspondence, 2 December 1998, CINS Central Files, A98; "Park Service, Lawmaker at Odds Over Seashore," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 11 December 1998;
97. "Island Issues on Tap," Florida times-Union, 13 December 1998.
98. "Funds for Land Cleared," Florida Times-Union, 22 December 1998;
99. Max Cleland and Jack Kingston to Don Barry, John Berry, and Robert Stanton, Correspondence, 25 November 1998, CINS Superintendent's Office Files.
100. "Superintendent's Annual Report 1999"; Cumberland Island Nadonal Seashore, "Final Agreement," 16 February 1999, CINS Management Specialist's Office Files.
101. Andy Ferguson interviewed by the author, Sr. Mary's, Georgia. 2 July 2001; "Superintendent's Annual Report 1999."
102. Andy Ferguson interview, 2 July 2001; Ardiur Frederick interviewed by the author, St. Mary's, Georgia. 2 July 2001.
103. Southeast Region Office, National Park Service, Draft Introduction to Planning Effort and Environmental Impact Statement for the Wilderness Management Plan, Long Range Interpretive Plan, Commercial Services Plan, Resource Management Plan (Cultural and Natural Resources), Three volumes with Appendices (December 2000), CINS Superintendents Office.
104. Arthur Frederick interview, 2 July 2001;
105. Richard Sussman telephone interview by the author, 13 July 2001;
106. Southeast Region Office, December 2000.
107. Richard Sussman interview, 13 July 2001;
108. Andy Ferguson, telephone interview by the author, 17 March 2003.