The enigma of glucose and cardiovascular disease

Heart

Volumn 96, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 649-651

  Desouza, Cyrus ^a,b   Raghavan, Vasudevan A ^c   Fonseca, Vivian A ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b VA NEBRASKA WESTERN IOWA HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^c TEXAS A AND M HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^d TULANE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLICLAZIDE; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INDAPAMIDE PLUS PERINDOPRIL; METFORMIN; SULFONYLUREA;

ATHEROGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEATH; DIABETES MELLITUS; EDITORIAL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN TREATMENT; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STROKE;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77951655333     PISSN: 13556037     EISSN: 1468201X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2009.191866     Document Type: Editorial

References (35)

1. Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S, et al. Association of hemoglobin A1c with cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults: the European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:413-420 (Pubitemid 39281877)
2. Balkau B, Shipley M, Jarrett RJ, et al. High blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for mortality in middle-aged nondiabetic men. 20-year follow-up in the Whitehall Study, the Paris Prospective Study, and the Helsinki Policemen Study. Diabetes Care 1998;21:360-367
3. Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, et al. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 1999;22:233-240
4. Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G, et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:421-431 (Pubitemid 39281878)
5. Powell K. Obesity: the two faces of fat. Nature 2007;447:525-527
6. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 2001;414:813-820 (Pubitemid 34000785)
7. Anon. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352:837-853
8. Shichiri M, Kishikawa H, Ohkubo Y, et al. Long-term results of the Kumamoto Study on optimal diabetes control in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2000;23(Suppl 2):B21-9. (Pubitemid 30185774)
9. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-Year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1577-1589
10. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2643-2653 (Pubitemid 41817713)
11. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2545-2559 (Pubitemid 351831356)
12. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560-2572 (Pubitemid 351831357)
13. Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2009;360:129-139
14. Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, et al. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2009;373:1765-1772
15. Kelly TN, Bazzano LA, Fonseca VA, et al. Systematic review: glucose control and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:394-403.
16. Turnbull FM, Abraira C, Anderson RJ, et al. Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009;52:2288-2298
17. Del Prato S. Megatrials in type 2 diabetes. From excitement to frustration? Diabetologia 2009;52:1219-1226
18. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, et al. Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet 2000;355:773-778 (Pubitemid 30128815)
19. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1359-1367
20. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;354:449-461 (Pubitemid 43200296)
21. Malmberg K. Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ 1997;314:1512-1515 (Pubitemid 27216066)
22. Malmberg K, Ryden L, Wedel H, et al. Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity. Eur Heart J 2005;26:650-661 (Pubitemid 40516876)
23. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA, et al. Glucose-potassium- insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GISTeUK). Lancet Neurol 2007;6:397-406.
24. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1283-1297
25. Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med 2009;35:1738-1748
26. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2008;358:125-139
27. Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, Krumholz HM, et al. Glucometrics in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: defining the optimal outcomes-based measure of risk. Circulation 2008;117:1018-1027
28. Pinto DS, Skolnick AH, Kirtane AJ, et al. U-shaped relationship of blood glucose with adverse outcomes among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:178-180 (Pubitemid 40905149)
29. Mellbin LG, Malmberg K, Waldenstrom A, et al. Prognostic implications of hypoglycaemic episodes during hospitalisation for myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes: a report from the DIGAMI 2 trial. Heart 2009;95:721-727
30. Desouza C, Salazar H, Cheong B, et al. Association of hypoglycemia and cardiac ischemia: a study based on continuous monitoring. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1485-1489
31. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, et al. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993;16:434-444
32. Greenfield S, Billimek J, Pellegrini F, et al. Comorbidity affects the relationship between glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:854-860
33. Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, et al. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:580-591
34. Reaven PD, Moritz TE, Schwenke DC, et al. Intensive glucose-lowering therapy reduces cardiovascular disease events in veterans affairs diabetes trial participants with lower calcified coronary atherosclerosis. Diabetes 2009;58:2642-2648
35. DeSouza C, Fonseca V. Therapeutic targets to reduce cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009;8:361-367