The hispanic-white achievement gap in math and reading in the elementary grades

American Educational Research Journal

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 853-891

  Reardon, Sean F ^a   Galindo, Claudia ^b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY   (United States)

Author keywords

Achievement gap; Elementary schools; Hispanic education

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951638859     PISSN: 00028312     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3102/0002831209333184     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Bali, V. A., & Alvarez, R. M. (2003). Schools and educational outcomes: What causes the "race gap" in student test scores? Social Science Quarterly, 84(3), 485-507.
2. Ballou, D. (2008, April). Test scaling and value-added measurement. Paper presented at the National Conference on Value-Added Modeling, Madison, WI.
3. Borman, G. D., Stringfield, S., & Rachuba, L. (2000). Advancing minority high achievement: National trends and promising programs and practices. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Social Organization of Schools.
4. Cameron, S., & Heckman, J. (2001). The dynamics of educational attainment for Black, Hispanic, and White males. Journal of Political Economy, 109, 455-499.
5. Clotfelter, C. T., Ladd, H. F., & Vigdor, J. L. (2006). The academic achievement gap in Grades 3 to 8 (Working Paper No. 12207). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
6. Crawford, J. (1997). Best evidence: Research foundations of the Bilingual Education Act. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.
7. DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., & Mills, R. J. (2004). Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2003 (Report No. P60-266). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
8. Duncan, G. J., & Magnuson, K. A. (2005). Can family socioeconomic resources account for racial and ethnic test score gaps? The Future of Children, 15(1), 35-54.
9. Fry, R. (2004). Hispanic youth finishing college: The role of selective pathways. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
10. Fryer, R. G., & Levitt, S. D. (2004). Understanding the Black-White test score gap in the first two years of school. Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), 447-464.
11. Fryer, R. G., & Levitt, S. D. (2006). The Black-White test score gap through third grade. American Law and Economics Review, 8(2), 249-281.
12. Galindo, C., & Reardon, S. F. (2006). Latino students' educational experiences and opportunities during kindergarten. Tempe, AZ: National Task Force on Early Childhood Education for Hispanics.
13. Gándara, P., Rumberger, R., Maxwell-Jolly, J., & Callahan, R. (2003). English learners in California schools: Unequal resources, unequal outcomes. Educational Policy Analysis Archives, 11(36). Retrieved February 11, 2009, from http://epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v11n36/
14. Grissmer, D. W., Flanagan, A., & Williamson, S. (1998). Why did the Black-White score gap narrow in the 1970s and 1980s? In C. Jencks & M. Phillips (Eds.), The Black-White test score gap (pp. 182-228). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
15. Guzman, B. (2001). The Hispanic population: Census 2000 brief (Current Population Reports No. C2KBR/01-3). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-3.pdf
16. Hakimzadeh, S., & Cohn, D. V. (2007). English usage among Hispanics in the United States. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
17. Hanushek, E. A., & Rivkin, S. G. (2006). School quality and the Black-White achievement gap. Unpublished manuscript.
18. Hao, L., & Bonstead-Bruns, M. (1998). Parent-child differences in educational expectations and the academic achievement of immigrant and native students. Sociology of Education, 71, 175-198.
19. Hedges, L. V., & Nowell, A. (1999). Changes in the Black-White gap in achievement test scores. Sociology of Education, 72(2), 111-135.
20. Henderson, R., & Landesman, E. (1992). Mathematics and middle school students of Mexican descent: The effect of thematically integrated instruction. Santa Cruz: University of California, Center for Research on Education, Diversity, and Excellence.
21. Henson, R. K. (2001). Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates: A conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 177-189.
22. Hernandez, D. J. (2006). Young Hispanic children in the U.S.: A demographic portrait based on Census 2000. New York: National Task Force on Early Childhood Education for Hispanics.
23. Ho, A. D., & Haertel, E. H. (2006). Metric-free measures of test score trends and gaps with policy-relevant examples (CSE Report No. 665). Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Evaluation.
24. Kao, G., & Thompson, J. (2003). Race and ethnic stratification in educational achievement and attainment. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 417-442.
25. Kaufman, P., Alt, M. N., & Chapman, C. D. (2001). Dropout rates in the United States: 2000 (NCES Report No. 2002-114). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
26. Kohler, A., & Lazarín, M. (2007). Hispanic education in the United States. Washington, DC: National Council of La Raza.
27. Lee, V. E., & Burkham, D. T. (2002). Inequality at the starting gate: Social background differences in achievement as children begin school. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.
28. Lichter, D. T., Qian, Z., & Crowley, M. L. (2005). Poverty and economic polarization among America's minority and immigrant children. Ann Arbor, MI: National Poverty Center.
29. LoGerfo, L., Nichols, A., & Reardon, S. F. (2006). Achievement gains in elementary and high school. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
30. Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical theory of mental test scores. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
31. Murnane, R. J., Willett, J. B., Bub, K. L., & McCartney, K. (2006). Understanding trends in the Black-White achievement gaps during the first years of school. Brookings- Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2006, 97-135.
32. National Center for Education Statistics. (2001). ECLS-K, base year public-use data file and user's manual (NCES Report No. 2001-029). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
33. National Center for Education Statistics. (2002a). Common core of data (CCD) public elementary and secondary school universe data. Retrieved February 10, 2009 from http://www.nces.ed.gov/ccd/pubschuniv.html
34. National Center for Education Statistics. (2002b). User's manual for the ECLS-K first grade public-use data files and electronic codebook (NCES Report No. 2002- 135). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
35. Neal, D. A. (2006). Why has Black-White skill convergence stopped? In E. A. Hanushek & F. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of education (Vol. 1, pp. 511-576). New York: Elsevier.
36. Neut, A. (2006). Hispanics in the US: Mobility within the US. Monitor Hispano. Retrieved September 25, 2008, from http://mediaserver.fxstreet.com/Reports/9c1b6d93-dd98-4fa6-b31a-4e881a17 1ed3/fab08094-62cb-4cb2-9fac-6028b70ac984.pdf
37. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
38. Orfield, G., & Yun, J. T. (1999). Resegregation in American schools. Retrieved from http://www.law.harvard.edu/groups/civilrights/publications/resegregation 99.htm
39. Padilla, A., & Gonzalez, R. (2001). Academic performance of immigrant and U.S. born Mexican heritage students: Effects of schooling in Mexico and bilingual English language instruction. American Educational Research Journal, 38(3), 727-742.
40. Padron, Y. N., Waxman, H. C., & Rivera, H. H. (2002). Educating Hispanic students: Obstacles and avenues to improve academic achievement (Report No. EPR08). Santa Cruz: University of California, Center for Research on Education, Diversity, and Excellence.
41. Perreira, K., Harris, K., & Lee, D. (2006). Making it in America: High school completion by immigrant and native youth. Demography, 43, 511-536.
42. Phillips, M. (2000). Understanding ethnic differences in academic achievement: Empirical lessons from national data. In D. W. Grissmer & J. M. Ross (Eds.), Analytic issues in the assessment of student achievement (pp. 103-132). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
43. Phillips, M., Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., Klebanov, P., & Crane, J. (1998). Family background, parenting practices, and the Black-White test score gap. In C. Jencks & M. Phillips (Eds.), The Black-White test score gap (pp. 103-148). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
44. Planty, M., Hussar, W., Snyder, T., Provasnik, S., Kena, G., Dinkes, R., et al. (2008). The condition of education, 2008 (NCES Report No. 2008-031). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
45. Pollack, J. M., Narajian, M., Rock, D. A., Atkins-Burnett, S., & Hausken, E. G. (2005). Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K), psychometric report for the fifth grade (NCES Report No. 2006-036). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
46. Pollack, J. M., Rock, D. A., Weiss, M. J., Atkins-Burnett, S., Tourangeau, K., West, J., et al. (2005). Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K), psychometric report for the third grade (NCES Report No. 2005-062). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
47. Portes, A., & Schauffler, R. (1996). Language and the second generation: Bilingualism yesterday and today. In A. Portes (Ed.), The new second generation (pp. 8-29). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
48. Ramirez, R. R. (2004). We the people: Hispanics in the United States (Report No. CENSR-18). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
49. Reardon, S. F. (2003). Sources of educational inequality: The growth of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic test score gaps in kindergarten and first grade (Working Paper No. 03-05R). University Park: Pennsylvania State University, Population Research Institute.
50. Reardon, S. F. (2008). Thirteen ways of looking at the Black-White test score gap (Working Paper No. 2008-08). Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Institute for Research on Educational Policy and Practice.
51. Reardon, S. F., & Galindo, C. (2006). Patterns of Hispanic students' math and English literacy test scores in the early elementary grades. New York: National Task Force on Early Childhood Education for Hispanics.
52. Reardon, S. F., & Robinson, J. (2007). Patterns and trends in racial/ethnic and socioeconomic academic achievement gaps. In H. Ladd & E. Fiske (Eds.), Handbook of research in education finance and policy (pp. 497-516). New York: Routledge.
53. Rock, D. A., & Pollack, J. M. (2002). Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K), psychometric report for kindergarten through first grade (NCES Report No. 2002-05). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
54. Rock, D. A., & Stenner, A. J. (2005). Assessment issues in the testing of children at school entry. The Future of Children, 15(1), 15-34.
55. Rosenthal, A., Baker, K., & Ginsburg, A. (1983). The effects of English background on achievement levels and learning outcomes among elementary school students. Sociology of Education, 56(4), 157-169.
56. Rothstein, R. (2004). Class and schools. Using social, economic, and educational reform to close the Black-White achievement gap. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.
57. Rumberger, R. W., & Arellano, B. (2004). Understanding and addressing the California Latino achievement gap in early elementary school (Report No. 2004-01). Santa Barbara, CA: University of California Linguistic Minority Research Institute.
58. Rumberger, R. W., & Tran, L. (2006). Preschool participation and the cognitive and social development of language-minority students (CSE Technical Report No. 674). Los Angeles: University of California, Center for the Study of Evaluation.
59. Saunders, W. M., & O'Brian, G. (2007). Oral language. In F. Genesee, K. Lindholm- Leary, W. M. Saunders, & D. Christian (Eds.), Educating English language learners: A synthesis of research evidence (2nd ed., pp. 14-63). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
60. Schmid, C. (2001). Educational achievement, language minority and the new second generation. Sociology of Education, 73(Extra issue), 71-87.
61. Schneider, B., Martinez, S., & Owens, A. (2006). Barriers to educational opportunities for Hispanics in the United States. In M. Tienda & F. Mitchell (Eds.), Hispanics and the future of America (pp. 179-227). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
62. Selzer, M. H., Frank, K. A., & Bryk, A. S. (1994). The metric matters: The sensitivity of conclusions about growth in student achievement to choice of metric. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 16(1), 41-49.
63. Smith, J. P. (2006). Immigrants and their schooling. In E. A. Hanushek & F. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of economics of education (Vol. 1, pp. 155-187). New York: Elsevier.
64. Stoops, N. (2004). Educational attainment in the United States: 2003. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
65. Thomas, W. P., & Collier, V. P. (2002). A national study of school effectiveness for language minority students' long-term academic achievement. Santa Cruz: University of California, Center for Research on Education, Diversity, and Excellence.
66. Tourangeau, K., Nord, C., Lê, T., Pollack, J. M., & Atkins-Burnett, S. (2006). Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K), combined user's manual for the ECLS-K fifth-grade data files and electronic codebooks (NCES Report No. 2006-032). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
67. Van Hook, J., & Balistreri, K. S. (2002). Diversity and change in the institutional context of immigrant adaptation: California schools 1985-2000. Demography, 39(4), 639-654.
68. Winsler, A., Diaz, R., Espinosa, L., & Rodriguez, J. (1999). When learning a second language does not mean losing the first: Bilingual language development in low- income, Spanish-speaking children attending bilingual preschool. Child Development, 70(2), 349-362.
69. Zill, N., Collins, M., West, J., & Hausken, E. G. (1995). Approaching kindergarten: A look at preschoolers in the United States (NCES Report No. 95-280). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.