A training model for environmental educators and interpreters employed in Greek protected areas and ecotourism settings

International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 164-176

  Skanavis, Constantina ^a   Giannoulis, Christos ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

Author keywords

Eco tour guides; Environmental education; Environmental educators' training; Environmental interpretation; Greece; Non formal environmental education

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE; DEVELOPING WORLD; ECOTOURISM; EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; PROTECTED AREA; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

GREECE;

EID: 77951600747     PISSN: 13504509     EISSN: 17452627     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13504500902919664     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Adams D. 2004. Shared principles: heritage interpretation promoting sustainable development. In: Hamú D, Auchincloss E, Goldstein W, editors. Communicating protected areas. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: Commission on Education and Communication, IUCN. p. 258-264.
2. Altschuld JW. 1999. The case of a voluntary system for credentialing evaluators. Am J Eval. 20(3):507-517.
3. Ap J, Wong KKF. 2001. Case study on tour guiding: professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism Manage. 22(5):551-563.
4. Armstrong EK, Weiler B. 2002. Getting the message across: an analysis of messages delivered by tour operators in protected areas. J Ecotourism. 1(2&3):104-121.
5. Armstrong EK, Weiler B. 2003. Improving the tourist experience: evaluation of interpretation components of guided tours in national parks. Brisbane: CRC for Sustainable Tourism.
6. Bainer DL, Cantrell D, Pat B. 2000. Professional development of nonformal environmental educators through school-based partnerships. J Environ Educ. 32(1):36-45.
7. Ballantyne R, Hughes K. 2001. Interpretation in ecotourism settings: investigating tour guides' perceptions of their role, responsibilities and training needs'. J Tourism Stud. 12(2):2-9.
8. Beriatos E. 2005. Protected areas as spaces for (creative) tourism development: the case of Greece. Bilbao, Spain: ISOCarp World Congress.
9. Black R. 2007. Professional certification: a mechanism to enhance ecotour guide performance. In: Black R., Crabtree A. editors. Quality assurance and certification in ecotourism. Oxfordshire, U.K., CABI 5:316-336.
10. Black R, Crabtree A. 2003. Ecoguide Australia certification guide. Ecotourism Australia.
11. Black R, Ham S. 2005. Improving the quality of tour guiding: towards a model for tour guide certification. J Ecotourism. 4(3):178.
12. Black R, Ham S, Weiler B. 2001. Ecotour Guide training in less developed countries: some preliminary research findings. J Sustain Tourism. 9(2):147-156.
13. Brennan B. 1997. Reconceptualizing non-formal education. Int J Lifelong Educ. 16(3):185-200.
14. Brochu L, Merriman T. 2008. Personal interpretation: connecting your audience to heritage resources. National Association for Interpretation. Fort Collins. CO. USA
15. Bruntland G. 1987. Our common future: The World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Buckley R. 2003. Case studies in ecotourism. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
17. Bushell R. 2003. Balancing conservation with visitation in protected areas. In: Buckley R, Pickering C, Weaver D, editors. Nature-based tourism, environment and land management. Wallingford: CABI International. p. 197-208.
18. Carver A, Basman C, John L. 2003. Assessing the non-market value of heritage interpretation. J Interpretation Res. 8(1):83-95.
19. Chape S, Harrison J, Spalding M, Lysenko I. 2005. Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 360(1454):443-455.
20. Chen WLJ. 2000. Exploring visitor meanings of place in the national capital parks-central [MSc in recreation, parks, and tourism resources]. Morgantown, West Virginia: Department of Recreation, Parks, and Tourism Resources.
21. Chen WLJ. 2003. The craft and concepts of interpretation: a look at how national park service interpreters reveal and facilitate opportunities for connections. Dissertation, Davis College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Consumer Sciences, West Virginia University.
22. Cherem GJ. 1977. The professional interpreter: agent for an awakening giant. J Interpretation. 2(1):3-16.
23. Christie MF, Mason PA. 2003. Transformative tour guiding: training tour guides to be critically reflective practitioners. J Ecotourism. 2(1):1-14.
24. Christie MF, Young R. 1994. Critical incidents in vocational training. NTUniprint, Darwin.
25. Cohen E. 1985. The tourist guide: the Origins, Structure and Dynamics of a Role. Ann Tourism Res. 12(1):5-29.
26. Cookson P. Area report 2006. Last update: 6/24/2005 7:42:26 AM [cited 2007 Feb]. Available from: http://wftga.org/page.asp?id=188.
27. Dahles H. 2002. The politics of tour guiding: image management in indonesia. Ann Tourism Res. 29(3):783-800.
28. Dioko LAN, Unakul MH. 2005. The need for specialized training in heritage tour guiding at Asian's world heritage sites-preliminary fidings on the challenges and opportunities. PATA Educator's Forum. Macao: Pacific Asia Travel Association, Institute of Tourism Studies.
29. Etling A, Radhakrishna R. 1998. The evolution of a curriculum to prepare nonformal educators. J Int Agri Ext Educ. 5(1):5-14.
30. Fennell D, Weaver D. 2005. The ecotourium concept and tourism-conservation symbiosis. J Sustain Tourism. 13(4):373-390.
31. Frauman E, Norman WC. 2004. Mindfulness as a tool for managing visitors to tourism destinations. J Travel Res. May 1, 42(4):381-389.
32. Government of the Yukon. 1982. Wilderness/adventure travel industry: guide training study. Canada: Government of the Yukon.
33. Gross M, Zimmerman R. 2002. Park and museum interpretation: helping visitors find meaning. Curator. 45(4):265-276.
34. Haig I, McIntyre N. 2002. Viewing nature: the role of the guide and the advantages of participating in commercial ecotourism. J Tourism Stud. 13(1):39-48.
35. Ham S. 2002. One perspective on the evolution of interpretive research. USA and Australia International Symposium on Interpretation and Ecotourism. Taichung City, Taiwan.
36. Ham S. 2004. Interpretation isn't magic. J Interpretation Res. 9(1):65-68.
37. Ham SH. 1992. Environmental interpretation: a practical guide for people with big ideas and small budgets. North American Press.
38. Ham SH, Sutherland DS, Meganck RA. 1993. Applying environmental interpretation in protected areas of developing countries: problems in exporting a US model. Environ Conserv. 20(3):232-242.
39. Ham SH, Weiler B. 2000. Six principles for tour guide training and sustainable development in developing countries. 9th Nordic Tourism Research Conference-Tourism in Peripheral Areas-Experiences for the 21st Century. Denmark: Research Centre of Bornholm.
40. Harmon D. 2003. The source and significance of values in protected areas. In: Harmon D, Putney A, editors. The Full Value of Parks from Economics to the Intangible: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers:13-25.
41. Herberich A. 1998. Environmental training for tourism professionals. France: european environmental management association.
42. Hovardas T, Stamou GP. 2006. Structural and narrative reconstruction of representations of environment, nature, and ecotourism. Soc Nat Resour. 19(3):225-237.
43. Howes M, Ingamells P. 1994. Choosing of interpretive media-a comparison of on-site methods. In: Beckmann E, Hull S, editors. Interpretation attached to heritage third annual of interpretation conference association; Collingwood, Victoria: Interpretation Australia Association. p. 89-96.
44. Hunter C. 2003. Aspects of the sustainable tourism debate from a natural resources perspective. In: Harris R, Griffin T, Williams P, editors. Sustainable Tourism: A global perspective. 2nd ed. New York: Elsevier:1-23.
45. Knapp D. 2008. Applied interpretation: putting research into practice. National association for interpretation. Colorado: Fort Collins.
46. Knapp D, Benton G. 2004. Elements to successful interpretation: a multiple case study of five national parks. J Interpretive Res. 9(2):9-25.
47. Knudson DM, Cable TT, Beck L. 1995/2003. Interpretation of cultural and natural resources. State College, Pennsylvania, USA Venture Publishing, Inc. pp 411.
48. Kuo I-L. 2002. The effectiveness of environmental interpretation at resource-sensitive tourism destinations. Int J Toursim Res. 4:87-101.
49. Littlefair CJ. 2003. The effectiveness of interpretation in reducing the impact of visitors in national parks. Australia: Griffith University.
50. Luck M. 2003. Education on marine mammal tours as agent for conservation-but do tourists want to be educated? Ocean Coast Manage. 46(9):943-956.
51. Magill AW. 1992. Outdoor recreation careers: A need for socially sensitive people and training in the social sciences. J Environ Educ. 23(3):4-8.
52. Marcinkowski T. 1999. Environmental education and interpretation: A synthesis. Connection The Environmental Education Section of the National Association for Interpretation. 3-6. Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
53. Markwell K. 1996. Challenging the pedagogic basis of contemporary environmental interpretation. Australian J Environ Educ. 12:9-14.
54. Maslow A. 1943. A theory of human motivation. Psychol Rev. 50: 370-396.
55. McKeown R, Hopkins C. 2003. EE=ESD: defusing the worry. Environ Educ Res. 9(1):117-128.
56. Merriman T. 2007. Nai business plan. Fort Collins: National Association Of Interpretation (U.S.).
57. Merriman T, Brochu L. 2004. Twelve trends in interpretive profession. J Interpretation Res. 9(2):65-72.
58. Merriman T, Brochu L. 2006. The history of heritage interpretation. Fort Collins, CO USA: National Association of Interpretation (US).
59. Mohanty B. 1985. Training. In: Mohanty B, editor. Non-Formal Education. Allahabad, India: Chuch Publications: 123-143.
60. Moscardo G. 1998. Interpretation and sustainable tourism: Functions, examples and principles. J Tourism Stud. 9(1):2-13.
61. Nareshwar M. 2006. Integrating interpretation into sustainable development. Interpreting World Heritage 2006, International Conference. Puerto Rico: Association of Intepretation.
62. Newson M. 2001. Encouraging and rewarding best practice: australia's Nature and Ecotourism Accreditation Programme (NEAP). Ind Environ. 24(3-4):24-29.
63. Packer J. 2004. Motivational factors and the experience of learning in educational leisure settings. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology.
64. Packer J, Ballantyne R. 2004. Is educational leisure a contradiction in terms? Exploring the synergy of education and entertainment. Ann Leis Res. 7(1):54-71.
65. Pond KL. 1993. The professional guide: dynamics of tour guiding. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
66. Pridham G. 1999. Towards sustainable tourism in the Mediterranean: policy and practice in Spain, Italy and Greece: Environ Polit. 8:97-116.
67. Qablan AM. 2005. Education for sustainable development at the university level: interactions of the need for community, fear of indoctrination and the demands of work [Dissertation]: University of Florida.
68. Randall C, Collins R. 2005. Role of the tour guide in national parks. Eleventh Canadian Congress on Leisure Research. BC, Canada: Nanaiami.
69. Reisinger Y, Steiner C. 2006. Reconceptualising interpretation: The role of tour guides in authentic tourism. Curr Issues Tourism. 9(6).
70. Robertson A. 2003. A case study of collaboration in Science Education: Intergrating informal learning experiences into the school curriculum [PhD thesis]: University of Texas at Austin.
71. Roggenbuck JW, Williams DR, Bobinski CT. 1992. Public-private partnership to increase commercial tour guides' effectiveness as nature interpreters. J Park Recrea Adm. 10(2):41-50.
72. Saunders R. 1989. Summary of interpretation and their values. Aust Ranger Bull. 5:13-14.
73. Skanavis C, AMatsinos YG, Petreniti V. 2004. Environmental education potential for Greek ecotourism. Int J Environ Stud. 61(6):735-745.
74. Soteriades M, Varvaressos S. 2003. A research project for the planning and promotion of ecotourism in Crete: Conditions for successful achievement. International Scientific Conference: 'Sustainable Tourism Development and the Environment', Chios Island, Greece.
75. Svoronou E, Holden A. 2005. Ecotourism as a tool for nature conservation: the role of WWF Greece in the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli forest reserve in Greece. J Sustain Tourism. 13(5):456-467.
76. Taylor E, Caldarelli M. 2004. Teaching beliefs of non-formal environmental educators: a perspective from state and local parks in the United States. Environ Educ Res. 10(4):451-469.
77. Taylor EW. 2006. Making meaning of local nonformal education: Practitioner's perspective. Adult Educ Q. 56(4):291.
78. Tilden F. 1977. Interpreting our heritage. University of North Carolina Press.
79. Tyler R. 1950. Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
80. United nations economic commission for Europe. 2004. Committee on environmental policy. draft unece strategy for education for sustainable development. Geneva. 13-15 October Report No.: CEP/2004/15 - CEP/AC.13/2004/8/Rev.1.
81. Uzzell D. 1998. Interpreting our heritage: a theoretical interpretation. In: Uzzell D, Ballantyne R, editors. Contemporary issues in heritage and environmental interpretation. London: The Stationary Office:11-25.
82. Weaver DB. 2005. Comprehensive and minimalist dimensions of ecotourism. Ann Tourism Res. 32(2):439-455.
83. Weiler B, Ham, S. 2001. Tour guides and interpretation. In: Weaver D, editors. Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. Wallingford: CAB International, Wallingford.
84. Weiler B, Hall M. 1991. Meeting the needs of the recreation and tourism partnership: a comparative study of tertiary education programmes in Australia and Canada leisure options: Aust J Leis Recreation. 1(2):7-14.
85. Weiler B, Ham S. 1999. Training ecotour guides in developing countries: lessons learned from panama's first guides course. In: Hsu C, editor. New frontiers in tourism research 1999; Vancouver: International Society for Travel and Tourism Educators Annual Conference. p. 10-19.
86. Weiler B, Ham SH. 2000. Training ecotour guides in developing countries: lessons learned from panama's first guides course: faculty of business & economics. Australia: Monash University.
87. Weiler B, Ham SH. 2002. Tour guide training: a model for sustainable capacity building in developing countries. J Sustain Tourism. 10(1):52-69.
88. Wohlers L. 2005. Nature centres and environmental interpretation in the baltic sea region. Survey Report: Institute for Environmental Communication and Sustainability, University of Lueneburg/Germany.
89. Zuefle D. 1996. Commentary: taking tilden seriously: on the differences betweeen interpretation and environmental education. Legacy. 8(1):5-6.