The legitimacy of private transnational governance: Experts and the transnational market for force

Socio-Economic Review

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 157-185

  Cutler, A Claire ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

International relations; Law; Neo liberalism; Neo Marxism; Professions; Transnational diffusion

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951529601     PISSN: 14751461     EISSN: 1475147X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ser/mwp027     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M. (2007) 'Introduction: The Privatisation and Globalisation of Security in Africa', International Relations, 21, 131-141.
2. Afrimex (UK) Ltd (2008) 'Final Statement by the UK National Contact Point for the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (2008)', accessed at http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file47555.doc on October 2, 2009, London, UK.
3. Anderson, M. (1999) Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace - or War, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner.
4. Avant, D. (2005) The Market for Force: The Consequences for Privatizing Security, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
5. Avant, D. (2007a) 'NGOs, Corporations and Security Transformations in Africa', International Relations, 21, 143-161.
6. Avant, D. (2007b) 'The Emerging Market for Private Military Services and the Problem of Regulation'. In Chesterman, S. and Lehnhardt, C. (eds) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 181-195.
7. Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London, Sage.
8. Beck, U. (2000) World Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London, Sage.
9. Bodansky, D. (1999) 'The Legitimacy of International Governance: A Coming of Age for International Environmental Law?' American Journal of International Law, 93, 596-624.
10. Born, H., Caparini, M. and Cole, E. (2007) 'Regulating Security in Europe: Status and Prospects', Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, Policy Paper No. 20, accessed at http://www.dcaf.ch/publications/kms/details.cfm?lng=en&id=43475&nav1=5 on September 30, 2009.
11. Bratspies, R. (2005) '"Organs of society": A Plea for Human Rights Accountability for Transnational Enterprises and Other Business Entities', Michigan State Journal of International Law, 13, 25-27.
12. Buchanan, A. and Keohane, R. O. (2006) 'The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions', Ethics and International Affairs, 20, 405-437.
13. Büthe, T. (2004) 'Governance through Private Authority: Non-State Actors in World Politics', Journal of International Affairs, 58, 281-290.
14. Button, M. (2007) 'Assessing the Regulation of Private Security across Europe', European Journal of Criminology, 4, 109-128.
15. Calhoun, C. (2006) 'The Privatization of Risk', Public Culture, 18, 257-263.
16. Caparini, M. (2007) 'Domestic Regulation: Licensing Regimes for the Export of Military Goods and Services'. In Chesterman, S. and Lehnhardt, C. (eds) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 158-180.
17. Cernic, J. (2008) 'Corporate Responsibility for Human Rights: A Critical Analysis of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises', Hanse Law Review, 4, 71-100.
18. Chayes, A. and Chayes, A. (1988) The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
19. Chesterman, S. and Lehnardt, C. (eds) (2007) From Mercenaries to Markets: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
20. Cockayne, J. (2007) 'Make or Buy? Principal-Agent Theory and the Regulation of Private Military Companies'. In Chesterman, S. and Lehnhardt, C. (eds) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 196-216.
21. Conetta, C. (2004) '"Is There a New Warfare: America's Post 9/11 Wars", Project on Defense Alternatives', accessed at http://web.mit.edu/ssp/seminars/wed_archives_04-fall/conetta.htm on September 15, 2004.
22. Conzelmann, T. and Wolf, K. (2008) 'The Potential and Limits of Governance by Private Codes of Conduct'. In Graz and Nölke (eds) Transnational Private Governance and Its Limits, Abingdon, UK, Routledge, pp. 98-114.
23. Crook, J. (2009) 'Blackwater Guards Indicted for 2007 Baghdad Civilian Killings', American Journal of International Law, 103, 360-362.
24. Cutler, A. C. (2003) Private Power and Global Authority: Transnational Merchant Law in the Global Political Economy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
25. Cutler, A. C. (2005) 'Gramsci, Law, and the Culture of Global Capitalism', Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 8, 527-542.
26. Cutler, A. C. (2008a) 'Transnational Law and Privatized Governance'. In Pauly, L. and Coleman, W. (eds) Institutions, Governance, and Global Ordering, University of British Columbia Press, pp. 144-165.
27. Cutler, A. C. (2008b) 'Problematizing Corporate Social Responsibility under Conditions of Late Capitalism and Postmodernity'. In Nettesheim, M. and Rittberger, V. (eds) Authority in the Global Political Economy, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Palgrave, Macmillan, pp. 189-216.
28. Cutler, A. C. (2008c) 'Toward a Radical Political Economy Critique of Transnational Economic Law'. In Marks, S. (ed) International Law on the Left: Revisiting Marxist Legacies, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 199-219.
29. Cutler, A. C. (2009) 'Constituting Capitalism: Corporations, Law, and Private Transnational Governance', Saint Anthony's International Review, 5, 8-25.
30. Cutler, A. C, Haufler, V. and Porter, T. (eds) (1999) Private Authority and International Affairs, New York, NY, Suny Press.
31. De Schutter, O. (2008) 'Corporate Social Responsibility European Style', European Law Journal, 14, 203-236.
32. Djelic, M. (2006) 'Marketization: From Intellectual Agenda to Global Policy-Making'. In Djelic and Sahlin-Andersson (eds) Transnational Governance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 53-73.
33. Djelic, M. and Sahlin-Andersson, K. (eds) (2006) Transnational Governance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
34. Doswald-Beck, L. (2007) 'Private Military Companies under International Humanitarian Law'. In Chesterman, S. and Lehnhardt, C. (eds) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 115-138.
35. Drori, G. and Meyer, J. (2006) 'Scientiztion: Making a World Safe for Organizing'. In Djelic, M. and Sahlin-Andersson, K. (eds) Transnational Governance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 31-52.
36. Dufresne, R. (2004) 'The Opacity of Oil: Oil Corporations, Internal Violence, and International Law', International Law and Politics, 36, 331-394.
37. Evans, M. (2006). International Law, 2nd edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
38. Feil, M., Fischer, S., Haidvogl, A. and Zimmer, M. (2008) 'Bad Guys, Good Guys, or Something in between. Corporate Governance Contributions in Zones of Violent Conflict', Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Report No. 84.
39. Foucault, M. (1997) 'Society Must Be Defended'. In Bertani, M. and Fontana, A. (eds) Lectures at the College de France, 1975-76, New York, NY, Picador.
40. Franck, T. (1990) The Power of Legitimacy among Nations, New York, NY, Oxford University Press.
41. Giddens, A. (1991) Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press.
42. Grande, E. and Pauly, L. (eds) (2005) Complex Sovereignty: Reconstituting Political Authority in the Twenty-First Century, Toronto, Buffalo and London, University of Toronto Press.
43. Graz, J. C. and Nölke, A. (eds) (2008) Transnational Private Governance and Its Limits, London and New York, Routledge.
44. Hall, R. and Biersteker, T. (eds) (2002) The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
45. Haufler, V. (2001) A Public Role for the Private Sector: Industry Self-Regulation in a Global Economy, Washington, DC, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
46. Held, D. (1995) Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance, Cambridge, Polity Press.
47. Hoppe, C. (2008) 'Passing the Buck: State Responsibility for Private Military Companies', The European Journal of International Law, 19, 989-1014.
48. Horn, N. and Schmitthoff, C. (eds) (1982) The Transnational Law of International Commercial Transactions, Deventer, The Netherlands, Kluwer.
49. Isenberg, D. (2007) 'A Government in Search of Cover: Private military Companies in Iraq'. In Chesterman, S. and Lehnhardt, C. (eds) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 82-93.
50. Johns, F. (1994) 'The Invisibility of the Transnational Corporation: An Analysis of International law and Theory', Melbourne University Law Review, 19, 893-923.
51. Kaul, I. and Mendoza, R. (2003) 'Advancing the Concept of Public Goods'. In Kaul, I., Conceicao, P., Le Goulven, K. and Mendoza, R. (eds) Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 78-111.
52. Kaul, I., Conceicao, P., Le Goulven, K. and Mendoza, R. (2003) 'How to Improve the Provision of Global Public Goods?'. In Kaul, I., Conceicao, P., Le Goulven, K. and Mendoza, R. (eds) Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 21-58.
53. Keohane, R. O. (1984) After Hegemony, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
54. Koskenniemi, M. (2006) 'The Fate of Public International Law: Constitutional Utopia or Fragmentation?' Chorley Lecture, London School of Economics.
55. Krahmann, E. (2005) 'Private Military Services in the UK and Germany: Between Partnership and Regulation', European Security, 14, 277-295.
56. Krahmann, E. (2008) 'Security: Collective Good or Commodity?' European Journal of International Relations, 14, 379-404.
57. Leander, A. (2005) 'The Power to Construct International Security: On the Significance of Private Military Companies', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33, 803-826.
58. Leander, A. (2007) 'The Impunity of Private Authority: Understanding PSC Accountability', Paper presented at the Workshop on Accomplishments and Challenges in Research on Private Authority and Private Governance in International Affairs, International Studies Association Chicago, Chicago, IL, February, 2007.
59. Leander, A. and Van Munster, R. (2007) 'Private Security Contractors in the Debate about Darfur: Reflecting and Reinfiorcing Neo-Liberal Governmentality', International Relations, 21, 201-216.
60. Lehnardt, C. (2007) 'Private Military Companies and State Responsibility'. In Chesterman, S. and Lehnardt, C. (eds) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 139-157.
61. Lehnardt, C. (2008) 'Individual Liability of Private Military Personnel under the International Criminal Law', The European Journal of International Law, 19, 1015-1034.
62. MacIntyre, A. and Weiss, T. (2007) 'Weak Governments in Search of Strength: Africa's Experience of Mercenaries and Private Military Companies'. In Chesterman, S. and Lehnhardt, C. (eds) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 67-81.
63. Marcuse, P. (2004) 'The "War on Terrorism" and Life in Cities after September 11, 2001'. In Graham, S. (ed) Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 263-275.
64. Mörth, U. (ed) (2004) Soft Law in Governance and Regulation, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
65. Mügge, D. (2006) 'Private-Public Puzzles: Inter-firm Competition and Transnational Private Regulation', New Political Economy, 11, 177-200.
66. O'Brien, K. (2007) 'What Should and Should Not Be Regulated?' In Chesterman, S. and Lehnhardt, C. (eds) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 29-48.
67. O'Malley, P. (2000) 'Uncertain Subjects: Risks, Liberalism and Contract', Economy and Society, 29, 460-484.
68. Percy, S. (2007) 'Morality and Regulation'. In Chesterman, S. and Lehnhardt, C. (eds) From Mercenaries to Market: The Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 11-28.
69. Perrin, B. (2006) 'Promoting Compliance of Private Security and Military Companies with International Humanitarian law', International Review of the Red Cross, 89, 613-636.
70. Porter, T. (2005) 'Private Authority, Technical Authority, and the Globalization of Accounting Standards', Business and Politics, 7, Article 2.
71. Raz, J. (1990) Authority, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
72. Roach, S. (ed.) (2008) Critical Theory and International Relations: A Reader, New York and London, Routledge.
73. Ruggie, J. (2004) 'Reconstituting the Global Public Domain: Issues, Actors and Practices', European Journal of International Relations, 10, 499-531.
74. Ryngaert, C. (2008) 'Litigating Abuses Committed by Private Military Companies', The European Journal of International Law, 19, 1035-1053.
75. Scahill, J. (2007) Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army, New York, NY, Nation Books.
76. Schaller, C. (2007) 'Private Security and Military Companies under the International Law of Armed Conflict'. In Jäger, T. and Kummel, G. (eds) Private Military and Security Companies Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects, Wiesbaden, VS Verlag, pp. 345-360.
77. Scharpf, F. (1999) Governing in Europe, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
78. Scharpf, F. (2009) 'Legitimacy in the Multilevel European Polity', MPIfG Working Paper 09/1, Cologne, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
79. Schwartz, M. (2009) 'Department of Defense Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Background and Analysis', Congressional Research Service 7-5700, www.crs.gov, R40764, accessed at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R40764.pdf on September 12, 2009.
80. Singer, P. W. (2003a) Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press.
81. Singer, P.W. (2003b) 'Peacekeepers Inc.', Policy Review, June, 59-61.
82. Terry, F. (2002) Condemned to Repeat: the Paradox of Humanitarian Intervention, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press.
83. Thompson, J. (1994) Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-Building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
84. US Congress (2007) House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Memorandum, October 1, 2007, accessed at www.oversight.house.gov.
85. Van Waarden, F. (2007) 'Where to Find a " Demos" for Controlling Global Risk Regulators? From Private to Public Regulation and Back'. In Graz and Nölke (eds) Transnational Private Governance and Its Limits, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 84-97.
86. Williams, J. W. (2006) 'Private Legal Orders: Professional Markets and the Commodification of Financial Governance', Social Legal Studies, 15, 209-235.
87. White, N. and MacLeod, S. (2008) 'EU Operations and Private Military Contractors: Issues of Corporate and Institutional Responsibility', European Journal of International Law, 19, 965-988.
88. Wolf, K. (2006) 'Private Actors and the Legitimacy of Governance Beyond the State: Conceptual Outlines and Empirical Explorations'. In Benz, A. and Papadopoulos, Y. (eds) Governance and Democracy, London and New York, Routledge, pp. 200-227.
89. Wolf, K. (2008) 'Conceptualizing Business Corporations as Norm-Entrepreneurs', draft on file with author.
90. Wolf, K., Deitelhoff, N. and Engert, S. (2007) 'Corporate Security Responsibility: Towards a Conceptual Framework for a Comparative Research Agenda', Cooperation and Conflict, 42, 294-319.