Children and European slave trading in the Indian Ocean during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries

Children in Slavery Through the Ages

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 35-54

  Allen, Richard B ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 77951475188     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (145)

1. Richard B. Allen, "Licentious and Unbridled Proceedings: The Illegal Slave Trade to Mauritius and the Seychelles during the Early Nineteenth Century", Journal of African History 42, no. 1(2001):91-116.
2. A. Van Der Kraan, "Bali: Slavery and Slave Trade", in Slavery, Bondage, and Dependency in Southeast Asia, ed. Anthony Reid (New York: St. Martin's, 1983), 315-40.
3. Hubert Gerbeau, "Des minorités mal-connues: Esclaves indiens et malais des Mascareignes au XIXe siècle", in Migrations, minorités et échanges en océan indien, XIXe-XXe siècle, IHPOM Études et Documents, no. 11(Aix-en-Provence, 1978):160-64.
4. T 71/1520, case 4000, Declaration by the Malay woman Esther before the Assistant Commissioners of Compensation, 28 June 1836.
5. T 71/566, Registry of Personal Slaves, 1817, pp. 1-647;
6. T 71/571-Registry of Plantation Slaves, 1817, pp. 1-237.
7. Richard B. Allen, "A Traffic Repugnant to Humanity: Children, the Mascarene Slave Trade and British Abolitionism", Slavery and Abolition 27, no. 2(2006):223.
8. R. R. Kuczynski, Demographic Survey of the British Colonial Empire, 3 vols. (London: Oxford University Press, 1948-53), 2:852.
9. Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 65-66.
10. Audra A. Diptee, "African Children in the British Slave Trade during the Late Eighteenth Century", Slavery and Abolition 27, no. 2(2006):183-96;
11. Paul Lovejoy, "The Children of Slavery-the Transatlantic Phase", Slavery and Abolition 27, no. 2(2006):197-217.
12. Shihan de S. Jayasuriya and Richard Pankhurst, eds., The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2003);
13. Gwyn Campbell, ed., The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (London: Frank Cass, 2004);
14. Edward Alpers, Gwyn Campbell, and Michael Salman, eds., Slavery and Resistance in Africa and Asia (London: Routledge, 2005);
15. Gwyn Campbell, ed., Abolition and Its Aftermath in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia (London: Routledge, 2005).
16. Hubert Gerbeau, "The Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean: Problems Facing the Historian and Research to be Undertaken", in The African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century (Paris: UNESCO, 1979), 184-207.
17. Edward A. Alpers, "The African Diaspora in the Northwestern Indian Ocean: Reconsideration of an Old Problem, New Directions for Research", Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 17, no. 2(1997):62-81;
18. Marina Carter, "Slavery and Unfree Labour in the Indian Ocean", History Compass 4, no. 5(2006):800-13;
19. Gwyn Campbell, "Slavery and the Trans-Indian Ocean World Slave Trade: A Historical Outline", in Cross Currents and Community Networks: The History of the Indian Ocean, ed. Himanshu Prabha Ray and Edward A. Alpers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 286-305.
20. Pier Larson, "African Diasporas and the Atlantic", in The Atlantic in Global History, 1500-2000, ed. Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra and Erik R. Seeman (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2007), 129-47.
21. Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990);
22. Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990);
23. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery.
24. S. Arasaratnam, "Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century", in Mariners, Merchants and Oceans: Studies in Maritime History, ed. K. S. Mathews (Delhi: Manohar, 1995), 196-97.
25. Andrew Turton, "Thai Institutions of Slavery", in Asian and African Systems of Slavery, ed. James L. Watson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 251-92;
26. H. S. Morris, "Slaves, Aristocrats and Export of Sago in Sarawak", in Watson, Asian and African Systems, 292-308;
27. James Francis Warren, wThe Sulu Zone, 1768-1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1981);
28. Reid, Slavery, Bondage;
29. Andrew Turton, "Violent Capture of People for Exchange on Karen-Thai Borders in the 1830s", in Campbell, Structure of Slavery, 69-82;
30. Peter Boomgaard, "Human Capital, Slavery and Low Rates of Economic and Population Growth in Indonesia, 1600-1900", in Campbell, Structure of Slavery, 83-96;
31. James Francis Warren, "The Structure of Slavery in the Sulu Zone in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", in Campbell, Structure of Slavery, 111-28;
32. Karine Delaye, "Slavery and Colonial Representations in Indochina from the Second Half of the Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century", in Campbell, Structure of Slavery, 129-42.
33. Rudy Bauss, "The Portuguese Slave Trade from Mozambique to Portuguese India and Macau and Comments on Timor, 1750-1850: New Evidence from the Archives", Camões Center Quarterly 6-7, nos. 1-2(1997):21-26;
34. Pedro Machado, "A Forgotten Corner of the Indian Ocean: Gujarati Merchants, Portuguese India and the Mozambique Slave-Trade, c. 1730-1830", in Campbell, Structure of Slavery, 17-32.
35. Robert Ross, "The Dutch on the Swahili Coast, 1776-1778: Two Slaving Journals, Part I", International Journal of African Historical Studies 19, no. 2(1986):305-60;
36. Arasaratnam, "Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean";
37. Gerrit J. Knapp, "Slavery and the Dutch in Southeast Asia", in Fifty Years Later: Antislavery, Capitalism and Modernity in the Dutch Orbit, ed. Gert Oostindie (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996), 193-206;
38. Markus Vink, "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century", Journal of World History 14, no. 2(2003):131-77.
39. Robert J. Young, "Slaves, Coolies and Bondsmen: A Study of Assisted Migration in Response to Emerging English Shipping Networks in the Indian Ocean, 1685-1765", Indian Ocean Review 2, no. 3(1989):23-26;
40. Richard B. Allen, "Suppressing a Nefarious Traffic: The Mascarenes, Britain and the Abolition of Slave Trading in the Western Indian Ocean, 1770-1835", paper presented to "The bloody Writing is for ever torn", Conference on the Domestic and International Consequences of the First Governmental Efforts to Abolish the Atlantic Slave Trade, Accra and Elmina, Ghana, 8-12 August 2007.
41. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, The French at Kilwa Island (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965);
42. G. A. Akinola, "The French on the Lindi Coast, 1785-1789", Tanzania Notes and Records 70(1970):13-20;
43. Edward A. Alpers, "The French Slave Trade in East Africa (1721-1810)", Cahiers d'études africaines 37(1970):80-124;
44. J.-M. Filliot, La traite des esclaves vers les Mascareignes au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: ORSTROM, 1974);
45. Gerbeau, "Des minorités mal-connues";
46. Hubert Gerbeau, "Les esclaves asiatiques des Mascareignes: Enquêtes et hypothèses", Annuaire des pays de l'océan indien 7(1980):169-97;
47. Marina Carter, "Indian Slaves in Mauritius (1729-1834)", Indian Historical Review 15, no. 1-2(1988):233-47;
48. Teotino R. De Souza, "French Slave-Trading in Portuguese Goa (1773-1791)", in Essays in Goan History, ed. Teotonio R. de Souza (New Delhi: Concept, 1989), 123-26;
49. Sudel Fuma, "La traite des esclaves dans le bassin du sud-ouest de l'océan indien et la France après 1848", in La route des esclaves: Système servile et traite dans l'est malgache (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2000), 247-61;
50. Richard B. Allen, "Carrying Away the Unfortunate: The Exportation of Slaves from India during the Late Eighteenth Century", in Le monde créole: Peuplement, sociétés et condition humaine, XVIIe-XXe siècles, ed. Jacques Weber (Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 2005), 285-98;
51. Marina Carter, "A Servile Minority in a Sugar Island: Malay and Chinese Slaves in Mauritius", in Weber, Monde créole, 257-71.
52. Edward A. Alpers, Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975);
53. Abdul Sheriff, Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770-1873 (London: James Currey, 1987);
54. Pier Larson, History and Memory in the Age of Enslavement: Becoming Merina in Highland Madagascar, 1770-1822 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000);
55. José Capela, O tráfico de escravos nos portos de Moçambique, 1773-1904 (Porto: Edições Afrontamento, 2002);
56. Gwyn Campbell, An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
57. Richard B. Allen, "The Constant Demand of the French: The Mascarene Slave Trade and the Worlds of the Indian Ocean and Atlantic during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", Journal of African History 49, no. 1(2008):43-72.
58. See, for example, C. R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800 (New York: Knopf, 1965);
59. Philippe Haudrère, La compagnie française des Indes au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Librairie de l'Inde, 1989);
60. John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company (London: HarperCollins, 1991);
61. H. V. Bowen, The Business of Empire: The East India Company and Imperial Britain, 1756-1833 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
62. Ashin Das Gupta, Malabar in Asian Trade, 1740-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967);
63. Sinnappah Arasaratnam, Merchants, Companies and Commerce on the Coromandel Coast, 1650-1740 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986);
64. Om Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998);
65. Lakshmi Subramanian, ed., The French East India Company and the Trade of the Indian Ocean: A Collection of Essay by Indrani Ray (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1999);
66. Arvind Sinha, The Politics of Trade: Anglo-French Commerce on the Coromandel Coast, 1763-1793 (New Delhi: Manohar, 2002).
67. Jill Louise Geber, "The East India Company and Southern Africa: A Guide to the Archives of the East India Company and the Board of Control, 1600-1858" (Ph. D. diss., University College London, 1998), 101.
68. Diptee, "African Children", 185.
69. OIOC: F/4/184/3719, p. 24, Cecil Smith and P. Bruce to Chief Secretary to Government, 15 December 1804.
70. Gwyn Campbell, "Children and Slavery in the New World: A Review", Slavery and Abolition 27, no. 2(2006):261-62.
71. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Explorations in Connected History: From the Tagus to the Ganges (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), 217, 222.
72. Vink, "World's Oldest Trade", 154-55.
73. Basanta Kumar Basu, "Notes on Slave Trade and Slavery in India during the Early Days of John Company", Muslim Review (Calcutta) 4, no. 4(1930):22.
74. Jean-Marie Desport, De la servitude à la liberté: Bourbon des origins à 1848 (Réunion: Océan Editions, 1989), 8.
75. OIOC: E/4/996, pp. 646-47, Court of Directors to President and Council of Bombay, 5 July 1758.
76. OIOC: G/35/72, p. 187, Public Consultation, Fort Marlboro', 20 August 1764.
77. OIOC: E/4/997, p. 561, Court of Directors to President and Council of Bombay, 12 December 1764.
78. OIOC: G/32/25, fol. 120v, Public Consultation, St. Helena, 27 May 1765.
79. OIOC: G/35/73, pp. 265, 279, Fort Marlborough Public Consultation, 11 June 1765.
80. Robert Chaudenson, "À propos de la genèse du créole mauricien: Le peuplement de l'Île de France de 1721 à 1735", Etudes créoles 1(1979):44.
81. Doojendraduth Napal, Les indiens à l'Île de France (Port Louis: Editions Nationales, 1965), 9.
82. Carter, "Indian Slaves", 243.
83. MNA: OB 23/102 bis, 18 décembre 71784.
84. MNA: OB 28/456, 3 août 1790.
85. Allen, "Constant Demand of the French", table 4.
86. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery, 65.
87. David Geggus, "The French Slave Trade: An Overview", William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 58, no. 1(2001):135.
88. Based on figures reported in Richard B. Allen, "The Mascarene Slave-Trade and Labour Migration in the Indian Ocean during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries", in Campbell, Structure of Slavery, 33-50.
89. Hubert Gerbeau, "Quelques aspects de la traite illégale des esclaves à l'Ile Bourbon au XIXe siècle", in Mouvements de populations dans l'océan indien (Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1979), 273-308;
90. Gerbeau, "L'océan indien n'est pas l'Atlantique: La traite illégale à Bourbon au XIXe siècle", Revue outre-mers, revue d'histoire 89(2002):79-108;
91. Allen, "Licentious and Unbridled Proceedings"
92. Gerbeau, "Minorités mal-connues"
93. CO 415/7/A.164, Memorandum for Captain Ackland from Mr. Finniss [after 13 September 1826]. Only twenty-four of the boys reached Réunion alive.
94. OIOC: F/4/345/7981, p. 23, Extract of a Letter from Mr. Prince dated 22nd August 1808;
95. F/4/659/18295, pp. 55, 58-59, John Prince and William Jack to Sir T. Stamford Raffles, 31 December 1820.
96. CO 415/1, p. 15, W. M. G. Colebrooke and W. Blair to Earl Bathurst, 25 October 1826.
97. A. Reid, "The French in Sumatra and the Malay World, 1760-1890", Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde 129, parts 2-3(1973), 210, n52.
98. CO 167/43, Returns of Prize Negroes condemned by the Court of Vice Admiralty in the Colony, 1 June 1816 to 28 January 1818;
99. CO 167/71, Detailed Statement of Blacks Seized since the last Return dated 31st December 1820 on board different Vessels or on shore in the Island of Mauritius and Dependencies [dated 1 January 1822].
100. Allen, "Mascarene Slave-Trade"
101. OIOC: P/E/5, p. 399, letter from W. G. Farmer at Calicut, 17 May 1792.
102. [Jonathon Duncan, William Page, Charles Boddam, and Alexander Dow], Reports of a Joint Commission from Bengal and Bombay, Appointed to Inspect into the State and Condition of the Province of Malabar in the Years 1792 and 1793 (Bombay: Courier, 179?), vol. 1, 165.
103. OIOC: P/3/48, pp. 500-501, Police Office, 28 October 1789.
104. OIOC: Mss. Eur. Mack Private 82, p. 84, Some particulars on the Island of Bali [by Mr. Knops, 1812].
105. OIOC: Eur. Mss. E 108, pp. 352-53, Report of a Journey into the Batak Country by Messrs Burton and Ward, 1824.
106. OIOC: P/3/47, pp. 859-62, T. Motts and Edwd Maxwell to [Earl Cornwallis], 14 September 1789.
107. OIOC: P/165/53, pp. 441-43, W. N. W. Hewett to Earl Cornwallis, 14 April 1791.
108. OIOC: P/165/53, pp. 444-51, List of Children Disambarked from the Snow Stisam Low⋯ on the 14th April 91 at 1 p. m.
109. OIOC: P/50/60, M. Day to William Cowper, 2 March 1785
110. following L. R. No. 311, Wm Cowper to John Macpherson, 14 March 1785
111. OIOC: P/241/17, p. 640, [Petition] To the Worshipfull James Taylor Esqre [by] Merchants &c; of foreign Countries of Southward.
112. Allen, "Constant Demand of the French"
113. OIOC: P/241/38, p. 1235, John Chamier and John Snow to Sir Charles Oakeley, 12 March 1793.
114. OIOC: P/241/27, pp. 3009-10, Chas Oakeley to Henry Crawford, 12 November 1791.
115. OIOC: P/241/27, p. 3323-John Chamier and John Snow to Major-General Medows, 29 November 1791.
116. OIOC: F/4/578/14078, pp. 23-24, [Report by W. T. Smith, 2nd Judge of the Court of Circuit of Moorshedabad, 5 July 1815].
117. OIOC: H/628, no. LXVIII, p. 508, Terms of Trade at Madagascar settled by Captain Jenkins in the Harrington in 1736.
118. OIOC: H/628, no. LXVIII, p. 506, [Terms of Trade at Madagascar settled] By Captain Cobham in the Edgebaston in 1740.
119. OIOC: H/628, no. LXVIII, pp. 510-11, [Terms of Trade at Madagascar settled] By Captain Bell in the Company's Ship Swallow in 1750.
120. Shirley Chenny, Pascal St-Amour, and Désiré Vencatachullum, "Slave Prices from Succession and Bankruptcy Sales in Mauritius, 1825-1827", CIRANO Série Scientifique, September 2002, 14.
121. Allen, "Licentious and Unbridled Proceedings"
122. OIOC: F/4/184/3719, pp. 23-26, Cecil Smith and P. Bruce to Chief Secretary to Government, 15 December 1804.
123. Lionel Caplan, "Power and Status in South Asian Slavery", in Watson, Asian and African Systems, 170, 173, 182, 189;
124. A. Reid, "Introduction: Slavery and Bondage in Southeast Asian History", in Reid, Slavery, Bondage and Dependency", 14-17, 24;
125. Gerrit J. Knaap, "Slavery and the Dutch in Southeast Asia", in Oostinde, Fifty Years Later, 197.
126. OIOC: P/1/47, fol. 283 recto, J. Richard Lodge to John Cartier, 10 December 1770;
127. P/1/49, p. 630, George Hadley to John Cartier, 1 November 1771;
128. John Deffell to John Cartier, 1 November 1771;
129. P/2/3, p. 79, Mills [to John Stewart], 25 January 1773.
130. OIOC: P/3/47, pp. 859-60-T. Motts and Edwd Maxwell to [Earl Cornwallis], 14 September 1789.
131. Eugene Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Vintage Books, 1976), 502-03;
132. Wilma King, Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in Nineteenth-Century America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995);
133. Bernard Moitt, Women and Slavery in the French Antilles, 1635-1848 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 42-43;
134. Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619-1877, rev. ed. (New York: Hill and Wang, 2003), 141-42.
135. Suzanne Miers, Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem (Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2003).
136. Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic Slave Trade (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 70-71.
137. Edward A. Alpers, "'Mozambique and 'Mozambiques': Slave Trade and Diaspora on a Global Scale", in Slave Routes and Oral Tradition in Southeastern Africa, ed. Benigna Zimba, Edward Alpers, and Allen Isaacman (Maputo: Filsom Entertainment, 2005), 39-61.
138. Manolo Florentino, "Slave Trade between Mozambique and the Port of Rio de Janeiro, c. 1790-c. 1850, Demographic, Social and Economic Aspects", in Zimba, Alpers, and Isaacman, Slave Routes, 65.
139. Alpers, "African Diaspora", 62.
140. OIOC: P/49/46, p. 1485, [Regulations to control slave trading in Bengal, 17 May 1774].
141. Allen, "Traffic Repugnant";
142. Allen, "Nefarious Traffic"
143. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery, 143;
144. Allen, "Licentious and Unbridled Proceedings", 99-100, 115.
145. h Church to Earl Cornwallis, 30 January 1787.