Expert review of the evidence base for arthropod bite avoidance

Journal of Travel Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 182-192

  Goodyer, Larry I ^a   Croft, Ashley M ^b   Frances, Steve P ^c   Hill, Nigel ^d   Moore, Sarah J ^d,e   Onyango, Sangoro P ^d,e   Debboun, Mustapha ^f  

^a DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Surgeon General's Department   (United Kingdom)

^c AUSTRALIAN ARMY MALARIA INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^d LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^e IFAKARA HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Tanzania)

^f Army Medical Department Center and School   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 METHANE 3,8 DIOL; BATH OIL; BAYREPEL; CHEMICAL BASE OIL; CITRONELLA; DIETHYLTOLUAMIDE; ESSENTIAL OIL; ETHYL BUTYLACETYLAMINOPROPIONATE; ICARIDIN; INSECT REPELLENT; INSECTICIDE; IR 3535; LEMON EUCALYPTUS EXTRACT; NEEM OIL; PERMETHRIN; PYRETHROID; SOYBEAN OIL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN B GROUP;

ARTHROPOD; ARTHROPOD BITE; ARTHROPOD BORNE DISEASE; AZADIRACHTA INDICA; BED NET; BLANKET; CHADDAR; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CLOTHING; CURTAINS; CYMBOPOGON; ELECTRIC INSECTICIDE VAPORIZER; ESSENTAIL OIL CANDLE; EUCALYPTUS; GARLIC; HUMAN; INFECTION; INSECT BITE; LEMON EUCALYPTUS; MALARIA; NONHUMAN; PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; REVIEW; SAFETY; SKIN PROTECTION; TICK; TOP SHEET; TRAVEL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; INSECT BITES AND STINGS; INSECT CONTROL; PROCEDURES;

EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; INSECT BITES AND STINGS; INSECT CONTROL; INSECT REPELLENTS; PROTECTIVE DEVICES; TRAVEL;

EID: 77951217239     PISSN: 11951982     EISSN: 17088305     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00402.x     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Curtis CF, Lines JD, Baolin L, Renz A. Natural and synthetic repellents. In: Curtis CF, ed. Appropriate technology in vector control.
2. Brown H, Hebert AA. Insect repellents: An overview. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997 36 : 243 249.
3. Fradin MS. Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician's guide. Ann Intern Med 1998 128 : 931 940.
4. Fradin MS, Day JF. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. N Engl J Med 2002 347 : 13 18. (Pubitemid 34728952)
5. Frances SP. Efficacy and safety of repellents containing deet. In: Debboun M, Frances SP, Strickman D, eds. Insect repellents: principles, methods & uses. 1st Ed.
6. Gupta RK, Rutledge LC. Role of repellents in vector control and disease prevention. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994 50 : 82 86. (Pubitemid 24225778)
7. Gilbert IH, Gouck HK, Smith CN. New mosquito repellents. J Econ Entomol 1955 48 : 741 743.
8. Altman RM. Repellent tests against Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann in the Panama Canal Zone. Mosq News 1969 29 : 110 112.
9. Walker T, Robert LL, Copeland A, et al. Field evaluation of arthropod repellents, deet and a piperidine compound, AI3-37220, against Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in Western Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1996 12 : 172 176. (Pubitemid 126604499)
10. Constantini C, Badolo A, Ilboudo-Sanogo E. Field evaluation of the efficacy and persistence of insect repellents deet, IR3535 and KBR 3023 against Anopheles gambiae complex and other Afrotropical vector mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004 98 : 644 652. (Pubitemid 40029116)
11. Frances SP, Cooper RD, Sweeney AW. Laboratory and field evaluation of the repellents deet, CIC-4, and AI3-37220 against Anopheles farauti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Australia. J Med Entomol 1998 35 : 690 693.
12. Frances SP, Waterson DGE, Beebe NW, Cooper RD. Field evaluation of repellent formulations containing deet and picaridin against mosquitoes in Northern Territory, Australia. J Med Entomol 2004 41 : 414 417.
13. Frances SP, Cooper RD, Popat S, Sweeney AW. Field evaluation of the repellents, deet, CIC-4 and AI3-37220, against Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Lae, Papua New Guinea. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1999 14 : 339 341. (Pubitemid 129581762)
14. Frances SP, Cooper RD, Popat S, Beebe NW. Field evaluation of the repellents containing deet and AI3-37220, against Anopheles koliensis in Papua New Guinea. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2001 17 : 42 44. (Pubitemid 33641442)
15. Yap HH, Jahinger K, Zairi J. Field efficacy of four insect repellent products against vector mosquitoes in a tropical environment. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2000 16 : 241 244.
16. Frances SP, Klein TA, Hildebrandt DW, et al. Laboratory and field evaluation of the repellents, deet, CIC-4 and AI3-37220, against Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. J Med Entomol 1996 33 : 511 515.
17. Rutledge LC, Moussa MA, Lowe CA, Sofield RK. Comparative sensitivity of mosquito species and strains to the repellent diethyl toluamide. J Med Entomol 1978 14 : 536 541.
18. Schreck CE, Fish D, McGovern TP. Activity of repellents applied to skin for protection against Amblyomma americanum and Ixodes scapularis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1995 11 : 136 140.
19. Salafsky B, He Y-X, Li J, et al. Short report: study on the efficacy of a new long-acting formulation of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) for the prevention of tick attachment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000 62 : 169 172. (Pubitemid 30257573)
20. Jensenius M, Pretorius A-M, Clarke F, Myrvang B. Repellent efficacy of four commercial deet lotions against Amblyomma herbraeum (Acari: Ixodidae), the principal vector of Rickettsia africae in southern Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005 99 : 708 711.
21. Solberg VB, Klein TA, McPherson KR, et al. Field evaluation of deet and a piperidine repellent (AI3-37220) against Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 1995 32 : 870 875.
22. Carroll JF, Benante JP, Klun JA, et al. Twelve-hour duration testing of cream formulations of three repellents against Amblyomma americanum. Med Vet Entomol 2008 22 : 144 151.
23. Grothaus RH, Haskins JR, Schreck CE, Gouck HK. Wide mesh netting, and improved method of protection against blood-feeding Diptera. Mosq News 1976 36 : 11 18.
24. Grothaus RH, Reed JT, Passingham LH. Field evaluation of arthropod repellent netting as a ground cloth against ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976 25 : 747 750.
25. Goodyer L, Behrens RH. Short report: the safety and toxicity of insect repellents. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 59 : 323 324. (Pubitemid 28418997)
26. Sudakin DL, Wade R, Trevathan BS. Deet: a review and update of safety and risk in the general population. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003 41 : 831 839.
27. McGready R, Hamilton KA, Simpson JA, et al. Safety of the insect repellent N,N-Diethyl-M-Toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med 2001 65 : 285 289. (Pubitemid 33022012)
28. Schoenig GP, Neeper-Bradley TL, Fisher LC, Hartnagel RE Jr. Teratological evaluations of DEET in rats and rabbits. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1994 23 : 63 9.
29. Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada. Re-evaluation Decision Document RRD2002-01. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pmra-arla/english/pdf/ rrd/rrd2002-01-e.pdf. (Accessed 2002 Apr 26).
30. Chiodini P, Hill D, Lalloo D, et al. Guidelines for malaria prevention in travellers from the United Kingdom.
31. Koren G, Matsui D, Bailey B. DEET-based insect repellents: safety implications for children and pregnant and lactating women. CMAJ 2003 169 : 209 212. (Pubitemid 37011565)
32. Yap HH, Jahangir K, Chong SC, et al. Field efficacy of a new repellent, KBR 3023, against Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) in a tropical environment. J Vec Ecol 1998 23 : 62 68. (Pubitemid 128533167)
33. Yap HH, Jahangir K, Zairi J. Field efficacy of four insect repellent products against vector mosquitoes in a tropical environment. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2000 16 : 241 244.
34. Barnard DR, Bernier UR, Posey KH, Xue R-D. Repellency of IR3535, KBR3023, para-menthane-3,8-diol, and deet to black salt marsh mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Everglades National Park. J Med Entomol 2002 39 : 895 899.
35. Frances SP, Dung NV, Beebe NW, Debboun M. Field evaluation of repellent formulations against daytime and nighttime biting mosquitoes in a tropical rainforest in northern Australia. J Med Entomol 2002 39 : 541 544. (Pubitemid 135700291)
36. Frances SP, Waterson DGE, Beebe NW, Cooper RD. Field evaluation of commercial repellent formulations against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Territory, Australia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2005 21 : 480 482.
37. Xue R-D, Ali A, Day JF. Commercially available insect repellents and criteria for their use. In: Debboun M, Frances SP, Strickman D, eds. Insect repellents: principles, methods & uses. 1st Ed.
38. Pretorius A-M, Jensenius M, Clarke F, Ringertz SH. Repellent efficacy of deet and KBR 3023 against Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 2003 40 : 245 248. (Pubitemid 37399451)
39. Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Chompoosri J, et al. Laboratory and field evaluations of the insect repellent 3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminoproprionate) and deet against mosquito vectors in Thailand. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2001 17 : 190 195. (Pubitemid 33639931)
40. Naucke TJ, Kröpke R, Benner G, et al. Field evaluation of the efficacy of proprietary repellent formulations with IR3535 and picaridin against Aedes aegypti. Parasitol Res 2007 101 : 169 177. (Pubitemid 46669269)
41. Carroll SP. Prolonged efficacy of IR3535 repellents against mosquitoes and blacklegged ticks in North America. J Med Entomol 2008 45 : 706 714.
42. Naucke TJ, Lorentz S, Grünewald HW. Laboratory testing of the insect repellents IR3535 and deet against Phlebotomus mascittii and P. duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae). Int J Med Microbiol 2006 296 (Suppl 40 230 232. (Pubitemid 43668617)
43. Schreck CE, Leonhardt BA. Efficacy assessment of Quwenling, a mosquito repellent from China. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1991 7 : 433 436.
44. Hill N, Lenglet A, Arnez AM, Cainero I. Randomised, double-blind control trial of p-menthane diol repellent against malaria in Bolivia. BMJ 2007 335 : 1023.
45. Carroll SP, Loye J. PMD, a registered botanical mosquito repellent with deet-like efficacy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2006 22 : 507 514. (Pubitemid 44638426)
46. Moore SJ, Lenglet A, Hill N. Field evaluation of three plant-based insect repellents against malaria vectors in Vaca Diez Province, the Bolivian Amazon. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2002 18 : 107 110. (Pubitemid 41322725)
47. Trigg JK. Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Anopheles spp. in Tanzania. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1996 12 : 243 246. (Pubitemid 126604509)
48. Govere J, Durrheim DN, Baker L, et al. Efficacy of three insect repellents against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. Med Vet Entomol 2009 14 : 441 444.
49. Barnard DR, Xue RD. Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 2004 41 : 726 730.
50. Trigg JK, Hill N. Laboratory evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against four biting arthropods. Phytother Res 1996 10 : 313 316. (Pubitemid 26195880)
51. Rowton ED, Grieco JP, Coleman RE. High throughput testing for toxic and behaviour modifying chemicals against Phlebotomine sand flies, DoD Tri-Service Pest Management Workshop; Jacksonville, FL. 2007.
52. Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N, Apiwathnasorn C. Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. Phytother Res 2005 19 : 303 309. (Pubitemid 41098124)
53. Tawatsin A, Wratten SD, Scott RR, et al. Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. J Vect Ecol 2001 26 : 76 82. (Pubitemid 33633237)
54. Singh N, Mishra AK, Saxena A. Use of Neem cream as a mosquito repellent in tribal areas of central India. Indian J Malariol 1996 33 : 99 102. (Pubitemid 126614400)
55. Sharma SK, Dua VK, Sharma VP. Field studies on the mosquito repellent action of Neem oil. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1995 26 : 180 182.
56. ®. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2000 16 : 45 46.
57. Hadis M, Lulu M, Mekonnen Y, Asfaw T. Field trials on the repellent activity of four plant products against mainly Mansonia population in western Ethiopia. Phytother Res 2003 17 : 202 205. (Pubitemid 36406747)
58. Reutemann P, Ehrlich A. Neem oil: an herbal therapy for alopecia causes dermatitis. Dermatitis 2008 19 : E12 E15.
59. Boeke SJ, Boersma MG, Alink GM, et al. Safety evaluation of Neem (Azadirachta indica) derived pesticides. J Ethnopharmacol 2004 94 : 25 41.
60. Barnard DR. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 1999 36 : 625 629.
61. Rutledge LC, Gupta RK. Reanalysis of the C G Macnay mosquito repellent data. J Vect Ecol 1995 21 : 132 135.
62. Kiken DA, Cohen DE. Contact dermatitis to botanical extracts. Am J Contact Dermat 2002 13 : 148 152.
63. Buescher MD, Rutledge LC, Wirtz RA, Nelson JH. The dose-response of deet against Aedes aegypti. Mosq News 1983 42 : 364 366.
64. Gupta RK, Sweeney AW, Rutledge LC, et al. Effectiveness of controlled-release personal-use arthropod repellents and permethrin-impregnated clothing in the field. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1987 3 : 556 560.
65. Thrower Y, Goodyer LI. Application of insect repellents by travellers to malaria endemic areas. J Travel Med 2006 13 : 198 202. (Pubitemid 44060772)
66. WHO. Instructions for treatment and use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets.
67. Rozendaal JA. Impregnated mosquito nets and curtains for self-protection and malaria control. Trop Dis Bull 1998 86 : R1 R41.
68. Schreck CE, Posey K, Smith D. Durability of permethrin as a potential clothing treatment to protect against blood-feeding arthropods. J Econ Entomol 1978 71 : 397 400.
69. Lindsay IS, McAndless JM. Permethrin-treated jackets versus repellent-treated jackets and hoods for personal protection against black flies and mosquitoes. Mosq News 1978 38 : 350 356.
70. Schreck CE, Smith N, Weidhaas D, et al. Repellents vs. toxicants as clothing treatments for protection from mosquitoes and other biting flies. J Econ Entomol 1978 71 : 919 922.
71. Gupta RK, Rutledge LC, Reifenrath WG, et al. Effects of weathering on fabrics treated with permethrin for protection against mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1989 5 : 176 179.
72. Sholdt LL, Shcreck CE, Qureshi A, et al. Field bioassays of permethrin-treated uniforms and a new extended duration repellent against mosquitoes in Pakistan. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1988 4 : 233 236.
73. Harback RE, Tang DB, Wirtz RA, Gingrich JB. Relative repellency of two formulations of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and permethrin-treated clothing against Culex sitiens and Aedes vigilax in Thailand. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1990 6 : 641 644.
74. Eamsila C, Frances SP, Strickman D. Evaluation of permethrin-treated military uniforms for personal protection against malaria in northeastern Thailand. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1994 10 : 515 521.
75. Deparis X, Frere B, Lamizana M, et al. Efficacy of permethrin-treated uniforms in combination with deet topical repellent for protection of French military troops in Cote D'Ivoire. J Med Entomol 2004 41 : 914 921. (Pubitemid 39403937)
76. Miller RJ, Wing J, Cope SE, et al. Repellency of permethrin-treated battle-dress uniforms during Operation Tandem Thrust 2001. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2004 20 : 462 464. (Pubitemid 41322541)
77. Khoobdel M, Shayeghi M, Vatandoost H, et al. Field evaluation of permethrin-treated uniforms against Anopheles stephensi and 4 species of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran. J Entomol 2006 3 : 108 118. (Pubitemid 44075928)
78. Schreck CE, Snoddy EL, Mount GA. Permethrin and repellents as clothing impregnants for protection from the Lone Star tick. J Econ Entomol 1980 73 : 436 439.
79. Schreck CE, Mount GA, Carlson DA. Wear and wash persistence of permethrin used as clothing treatment for personal protection against the lone star tick (Acari:Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 1982 19 : 143 146.
80. Mount GA, Snoddy EL. Pressurized sprays of permethrin and deet on clothing for personal protection against the Lone Star tick and the American dog tick (Acari:Ixodidae). J Econ Entomol 1983 76 : 529 531.
81. Evans SR, Korch GW Jr, Lawson MA. Comparative field evaluation of permethrin and deet-treated military uniforms for personal protection against ticks (Acari). J Med Entomol 1990 27 : 829 839.
82. Rey JL. Moyens actuels de protection controle les maladies transmises par les tiques. Med Mal Infect 1998 28 : 393 395. (Pubitemid 28264466)
83. Ho-Pun-Cheung T, Lamarque D, Josse R, et al. Effet protecteur de vetements impregnes de permethrine vis- à-vis de D. reticulates et D. marginatus dans un biotope ouvert du centre-ouest de la France. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1999 92 : 337 340.
84. Faulde M, Scharninghausen J, Tisch M. Preventive effect of permethrin-impregnated clothing to Ixodes ricinus ticks and associated Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in Germany. Int J Med Micro 2008 298 (Suppl 1 321 324
85. Breeden GC, Schreck CE, Sorensen AL. Permethrin as a clothing treatment for personal protection against chigger mites (Acarina:Trombiculidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1982 31 : 589 592.
86. Frances SP, Yeo AET, Burke EW, Sweeney AW. Clothing impregnations of dibutylphthalate and permethrin as protectants against a chigger mite, Eutrombicula histi (Acari:Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol 1992 29 : 907 910.
87. Mehr ZA, Rutledge LC, Inase JL. Evaluation of commercial and experimental repellents against Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae). J Med Entomol 1984 21 : 665 669.
88. Nassif M, Brooke JP, Hutchison DBA, et al. Studies with permethrin against body lice in Egypt. Pestic Sci 1980 11 : 679 684.
89. Sholdt LL, Rogers EJ Jr, Gerberg EJ, Schreck CE. Effectiveness of permethrin-treated military uniforms fabric against human body lice. Mil Med 1989 154 : 90 93.
90. Wirtz RA, Rowton ED, Hallam JA, et al. Laboratory testing of repellents against the sand fly Phlebotomus papataci (Diptera:Psychodidae). J Med Entomol 1986 23 : 64 67. (Pubitemid 16129257)
91. Asilian A, Sadeghinia A, Sharati F, et al. Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated uniforms in the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iranian soldiers. J Clin Phar Ther 2003 28 : 175 178. (Pubitemid 36783093)
92. Buescher MD, Rutledge LC, Wirtz RA, Nelson JH. Laboratory repellent tests against Rodnius prolixus (Heteroptera:Reduviidae). J Med Entomol 1985 22 : 49 53.
93. Kroeger A, Ordonez-Gonzalez J, Behrend M, Alvarez G. Bed net impregnation for Chagas disease control: a new perspective. Trop Med Int Health 1999 4 : 194 198. (Pubitemid 29187430)
94. Sholdt LL, Schreck CE, Mwangelwa MI, et al. Evaluation of permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of deet against tsetse flies in Zambia. Med Vet Entomol 1989 3 : 153 158.
95. Debboun M, Strickman DA, Klun JA. Repellents and the military: our first line of defense. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2005 21 (Suppl 4. (Pubitemid 43195860)
96. Lengeler C, Snow R. From efficacy to effectiveness: insecticide treated bednets in Africa. Bull WHO 1996 74 : 325 332. (Pubitemid 26409848)
97. Lengeler C. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, 2. Art. No.: CD000363. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000363.pub2
98. Kroeger A, Gonzalez M, Ordonnez-Gonzalez J. Insecticide-treated materials for malaria control in Latin America: to use or not use? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999 3 : 565 570. (Pubitemid 30015772)
99. Kroeger A, Avinna A, Ordonnez-Gonzalez J, Escandon C. Community cooperatives and insecticide treated materials for malaria control: a new experience in Latin America. Malar J 2002 1 : 15. (Pubitemid 38957427)
100. Rowland M, Durrani N, Hewitt S, et al. Permethrin treated chadders and top-sheets: appropriate technology for protection against malaria in Afghanistan and other complex emergencies. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999 93 : 465 472. (Pubitemid 29495826)
101. Pennetier C, Corbel V, Hougard JM. Combination of a non-pyrethroid insecticide and a repellent: a new approach for controlling knockdown-resistant mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005 72 : 739 744. (Pubitemid 41278793)
102. Pennetier C, Corbel V, Boko P, et al. Synergy between repellents and non-pyrethroid insecticides strongly extends the efficacy of treated nets against Anopheles gambiae. Malar J 2007 6 : 38. (Pubitemid 46573917)
103. N'Guessan R, Darriet F, Doannio JMC, et al. Olyset Net efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles and Culex after 3 years' field use in Cote d'Ivoire. Med Vet Entomol 2001 15 : 97 104.
104. Kroeger A, Skovmand O, Phan QC, Boewono DT. Combined field and laboratory evaluation of a long-term impregnated bednet, PermaNet. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004 98 : 152 155. (Pubitemid 38949894)
105. Lindblade KA, Dotson E, Hawley WA, et al. Evaluation of long-lasting insecticidal nets after 2 years of household use. Trop Med Int Health 2005 10 : 1141 1150. (Pubitemid 41641192)
106. Graham K, Kayedi MH, Maxwell C, et al. Multi-country field trials comparing wash-resistance of PermaNet and conventional insecticide-treated nets against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. Med Vet Entomol 2005 19 : 72 83. (Pubitemid 40398702)
107. Kilian A, Byamukama W, Pigeon O, et al. Long-term field performance of a polyester-based long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net in rural Uganda. Malar J 2008 7 : 49. (Pubitemid 351590236)
108. Heal JD, Surgeoner GA, Lindasy LR. Permethrin as a tent treatment for protection against field populations of Aedes mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1995 11 : 99 102.
109. Chouaibou M, Simard F, Chandre F, et al. Efficacy of bifenthrin impregnated bednets against Anopheles funestus and pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae in North Cameroon. Malar J 2006 5 : 77. (Pubitemid 44496277)
110. McGinn D, Frances SP, Sweeney AW, et al. Evaluation of Bistar 80SC (bifenthrin) as a tent treatment for protection against mosquitoes in Northern Territory, Australia. J Med Entomol 2008 45 : 1087 1091.
111. Boulware DR, Beisang AA III. Passive prophylaxis with permethrin-treated tents reduces mosquito bites among North American summer campers. Wild Environ Med 2005 16 : 9 15.
112. Behrens RH, Steffen R. Travel health. In: Cook GC, Zumla AI, eds. Manson's tropical diseases. 22nd Ed.
113. Hewitt SE, Farhan M, Urhaman N, et al. Self-protection from malaria vectors in Pakistan: an evaluation of popular existing methods and appropriate new techniques in Afghan refugee communities. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1996 90 : 337 344. (Pubitemid 26197029)
114. Hewing AN, Sullivan WN, Schechter MS. Effectiveness of several pyrethroid vapors against Aedes aegypti (L) and Musca domestica L. Mosq News 1974 34 : 54 57.
115. Chadwick PR, Lord CJ. Tests of pyrethroid vaporising mats against Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 1977 67 : 667 674.
116. Warui CM. A laboratory evaluation of vaporising mats based on pyrethrins and bioallethrin for mosquito repellency. Pyrethrum Post 1992 18 : 131 138.
117. Amalraj DD, Kalyanasundaram M, Das PK. Evaluation of EMD vaporizers and bioallethrin vaporizing mats against mosquito vectors. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1992 23 : 474 478.
118. Manga L, Robert V, Carnevale P. Efficacité des serpentins et des diffuseurs en plaquettes dans la protection contre les vecteurs du paludisme au Cameroun. Cahiers Santé 1995 5 : 85 88.
119. Schoepke A, Steffen R, Gratz N. Effectiveness of personal protection measures against mosquito bites for malaria prophylaxis in travellers. J Travel Med 1998 5 : 188 192. (Pubitemid 28562327)
120. Srinivas G, Amalraj RE, Dhanraj B. The use of personal protection measures against malaria in an urban population. Public Health 2005 19 : 415 417. (Pubitemid 40361554)
121. Sharma VP, Nagpal BN, Srivastava A. Effectiveness of neem oil mats in repelling mosquitoes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene 1993 87 : 626. (Pubitemid 23350094)
122. Matsika-Claquin MD, Ménard D, Fontanet AL, et al. Efficacy of chloroquine-proguanil malaria prophylaxis in a non-immune population in Bangui, Central African Republic: a case-control study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006 100 : 381 386. (Pubitemid 43174840)
123. Liu WK, Wong MH, Miu YL. Toxic effects of mosquito coil (a mosquito repellent) smoke on rats I. Properties of the mosquito coil and its smoke. Toxicol Lett 1987 39 : 223 230. (Pubitemid 17167869)
124. Chen SC, Wong RH, Shiu LJ, et al. Exposure to mosquito coil smoke may be a risk factor for lung cancer in Taiwan. J Epidemiol 2008 18 : 19 25.
125. Liu W, Zhang J, Hashim JH, et al. Mosquito coil emissions and health implications. Environ Health Perspect 2003 111 : 1454 1460. (Pubitemid 37120822)
126. Heymann DL. Control of communicable diseases manual. 19th Ed.
127. Stürchler MP. The vector and measures against mosquito bites. In: Schlagenhauf-Lawlor P, ed. Travelers' malaria. 2nd Ed.
128. World Health Organization. International travel and health.
129. Chiodini P, Hill D, Lalloo D, et al. Guidelines for malaria prevention in travellers from the United Kingdom.
130. Hill DR. Pretravel advice and immunization. In: Cohen J, Powderly WG, eds. Infectious diseases. 2nd Ed.
131. Lawrance CE, Croft AM. Do mosquito coils prevent malaria? A systematic review of trials. J Travel Med 2004 11 : 92 96.
132. Moore DAJ, Grant AD, Armstrong M, et al. Risk factors for malaria in UK travellers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004 98 : 55 63. (Pubitemid 37536757)
133. th International Congress of Entomology 2008 July 6-12; Durban, South Africa.
134. Lindsay LR, Surgeoner GA, Heal JD, Gallivan GJ. Evaluation of the efficacy of 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella incense for protection against field populations of Aedes mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1996 12 : 293 294. (Pubitemid 126604516)
135. Müller GC, Junnila A, Kravchenko VD, et al. Indoor protection against mosquito and sand fly bites: a comparison between citronella, linalool and geraniol candles. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2008 24 : 150 153.
136. Müller GC, Junnila A, Kravchenko V, et al. Ability of essential oil candles to repel biting insects in high and low biting pressure environments. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2008 24 : 154 160.
137. Coosemans M, Guillet P. La protection du voyageur contre les piqûres des moustiques. Méd Mal Infect 1999 29 (Suppl 3 390 396. (Pubitemid 30038415)
138. Croft AM. Extracts from "Clinical Evidence". Malaria: prevention in travellers. BMJ 2000 321 : 154 160. (Pubitemid 30447010)
139. Mafong EA, Kaplan LA. Insect repellents. What really works? Postgrad Med 1997 102 : 63 74. (Pubitemid 27353749)
140. ® against biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Honduras. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1991 7 : 80 82.
141. Sjogren RD. An effective repellent for Leptoconops kerteszi Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Mosq News 1971 31 : 115 116.
142. Asilian A, Sadeghinia A, Shariati F, et al. Efficacy of permethrin-impregnated uniforms in the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iranian soldiers. J Clin Pharm Ther 2003 28 : 175 178. (Pubitemid 36783093)
143. Lindsay LR, Heal JD, Surgeoner GA. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of Bite Blocker, OFF! Skintastic, and Avon Skin-So-Soft to protect against Aedes species mosquitoes in Ontario: final report. August 1996. Unpublished, 5 pp. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada/Chemfree Environment Inc., Quebec, Canada.
144. Proposed Regulatory Decision Document PRDD-99-02 Version, P. D. F., Statement on Personal Protective Measures to Prevent Arthropod Bites.
145. Rajan TV, Hein M, Porte P, Wikel S. A double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of garlic as a mosquito repellent: a preliminary study. Med Vet Entomol 2005 19 : 84 89. (Pubitemid 40398703)
146. Ives AR, Paskewitz SM. Testing vitamin B as a home remedy against mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2005 21 : 213 217.
147. Hudson JE, Esozed S. The effects of smoke from mosquito coils on Anopheles gambiae and Mansonia uniformis in verandah-trap huts at Magugu, Tanzania. Bull Entomol Res 1971 61 : 247 265.
148. Ansari MA, Razdan RK. Relative efficacy of various oils in repelling mosquitoes. Indian J Malariol 1995 32 : 104 111.