The intersection of defendants' race, gender, and age in prosecutorial decision making

Journal of Criminal Justice

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 185-192

  Franklin, T W ^a  

^a SAM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951090626     PISSN: 00472352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.12.001     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Adams K., Cutshall C. Refusing to prosecute minor offenses: The relative influence of legal and extralegal factors. Justice Quarterly 1987, 4:595-609.
2. Albonetti C. Criminality, prosecutorial screening, and uncertainty: Toward a theory of discretionary decision making in felony case processing. Criminology 1986, 24:623-644.
3. Albonetti C. Prosecutorial discretion: The effects of uncertainty. Law and Society Review 1987, 21:291-313.
4. Albonetti C. An integration of theories to explain judicial discretion. Social Problems 1991, 38:247-266.
5. Albonetti C. Sentencing under the federal sentencing guidelines: Effects of defendant characteristics, guilty pleas, and departures on sentencing outcomes for drug offenses, 1991-1992. Law and Society Review 1997, 31:789-822.
6. Albonetti C., Hepburn J. Prosecutorial discretion to defer criminalization: The effects of defendant's ascribed and achieved status characteristics. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 1996, 12:63-81.
7. Barnes C., Kingsnorth R. Race, drugs, and criminal sentencing: Hidden effects of the criminal law. Journal of Criminal Justice 1996, 24:39-55.
8. Baumer E., Messner S., Felson R. The role of victim characteristics in the disposition of murder cases. Justice Quarterly 2000, 17:281-307.
9. Beichner D., Spohn C. Prosecutorial charging decisions in sexual assault cases: Examining the impact of a specialized prosecution unit. Criminal Justice Policy Review 2005, 16:461-498.
10. Bernstein I., Kick E., Leung J., Schulz B. Charge reduction: An intermediary stage in the process of labeling criminal defendants. Social Forces 1977, 56:362-384.
11. Blumberg A. The practice of law as a confidence game. Law and Society Review 1967, 1:15-39.
12. Britt C. Social context and racial disparities in punishment decisions. Justice Quarterly 2000, 17:707-730.
13. Chiricos T.G., Bales W.D. Unemployment and punishment: An empirical assessment. Criminology 1991, 29:701-724.
14. Crew K.B. Sex differences in criminal sentencing: Chivalry or patriarchy. Justice Quarterly 1991, 8:59-83.
15. Demuth S. Racial and ethnic differences in pretrial release decisions and outcomes: A comparison of Hispanic, Black, and White felony arrestees. Criminology 2003, 41:873-907.
16. Dixon J. The organizational context of criminal sentencing. American Journal of Sociology 1995, 100:1157-1198.
17. Eisenstein J., Flemming R., Nardulli P. The contours of justice: Communities and their courts 1988, Little, Brown, Boston.
18. Engen R.L., Steen S. The power to punish: Discretion and sentencing reform in the war on drugs. American Journal of Sociology 2000, 105:1357-1395.
19. Free D. Racial bias and the American criminal justice system: Race and presentencing revisited. Critical Criminology 2001, 10:195-223.
20. Free D. Race and presentencing decisions in the United States: A summary and critique of the research. Criminal Justice Review 2002, 27:203-232.
21. Ghali M., Chesney-Lind M. Gender bias and the criminal justice system: An empirical investigation. Social Science Research 1986, 70:164-168.
22. Hagan J. Why is there so little criminal justice theory? Micro-level links between organization and power. Journal of Research in Crime in Delinquency 1989, 26:116-135.
23. Kalven H., Zeisel H. The American jury 1966, Little, Brown, Boston.
24. Kautt P., Spohn C.C. Cracking down on Black drug offenders? Testing for interactions among offenders race, drug type, and sentencing strategy in federal drug sentences. Justice Quarterly 2002, 19:1-35.
25. Kingsnorth R., MacIntosh R., Sutherland S. Criminal charge or probation violation? Prosecutorial discretion and implications for research in criminal court processing. Criminology 2002, 40:553-578.
26. Mann C. Unequal justice 1993, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
27. Miethe T. Charging and plea bargaining under determinant sentencing: An investigation of the hydraulic displacement of discretion. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1987, 78:155-176.
28. Myers M.A. Common law in action: The prosecution of felonies and misdemeanors. Sociological Inquiry 1982, 52:1-15.
29. Myers M.A., Talarico S. Economic inequality and discrimination in sentencing. Social Forces 1987, 65:746-766.
30. Packer H. The limits of the criminal sanction 1968, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
31. Paternoster R. Prosecutorial discretion in requesting the death penalty: A case of victim-based racial discrimination. Law and Society Review 1984, 18:437-478.
32. Peterson R., Hagan J. Changing conceptions of race: Toward an account of anomalous findings in sentencing research. American Sociological Review 1984, 49:56-70.
33. Savelsberg J. Law that does not fit society: Sentencing guidelines as a neoclassical reaction to the dilemmas of substantivized law. American Journal of Sociology 1992, 97:1346-1381.
34. Spears J., Spohn C. The effect of evidence factors and victim characteristics on prosecutors' charging decisions in sexual assault cases. Justice Quarterly 1997, 14:501-524.
35. Spohn C.C. Thirty years of sentencing reform: The quest for a racially neutral sentencing process. Criminal justice 2000: Policies, processes, and decisions of the criminal justice system 2000, Vol. 3:427-501. National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC.
36. Spohn C.C., Beichner D., Davis-Frenzel E. Prosecutorial justifications for sexual assault case rejection: Guarding the "gateway to justice.". Social Problems 2001, 48:206-235.
37. Spohn C.C., Cederblom J. Race and disparities in sentencing: A test of the liberation hypothesis. Justice Quarterly 1991, 8:305-327.
38. Spohn C.C., Gruhl J., Welch S. The impact of the ethnicity and gender of defendants on the decision to reject or dismiss felony charges. Criminology 1987, 25:175-192.
39. Spohn C.C., Holleran D. The imprisonment penalty paid by young, unemployed Black and Hispanic male offenders. Criminology 2000, 38:281-306.
40. Spohn C.C., Holleran D. Prosecuting sexual assault: A comparison of charging decisions in sexual assault cases involving strangers, acquaintances, and intimate partners. Justice Quarterly 2001, 18:651-688.
41. Steffensmeier D. Assessing the impact of the women's movement on sex-based differences on the handling of adult criminal defendants. Criminology 1980, 26:344-357.
42. Steffensmeier D., Demuth S. Ethnicity and judges' sentencing decisions: Hispanic-Black-White comparisons. Criminology 2001, 39:145-178.
43. Steffensmeier D., Ulmer J., Kramer J. The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, Black, and male. Criminology 1998, 36:763-797.
44. Tonry M. Sentencing matters 1996, Oxford University Press, New York.
45. Ulmer J. Social worlds of sentencing: Court communities under sentencing guidelines 1997, State University of New York Press, Albany.
46. Ulmer J., Johnson B. Sentencing in context: A multilevel analysis. Criminology 2004, 42:137-177.
47. Ulmer J., Kurlychek M., Kramer J. Prosecutorial discretion and the imposition of mandatory minimum sentences. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2007, 44:427-458.
48. State court processing statistics, 1998: Felony defendants in large urban counties 2000, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, (2nd ICPSR version) [Data file], Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.
49. Welch S., Gruhl J., Spohn C. Sentencing: The influence of alternative measures of prior record. Criminology 1984, 22:215-227.
50. Wilbanks W. The myth of a racist criminal justice system 1987, Brooks/Cole, Monterey, CA.
51. Wooldredge J., Thistlethwaite A. Bilevel disparities in court dispositions for intimate assault. Criminology 2004, 42:417-456.
52. Worrall J., Ross J., McCord E. Modeling prosecutors charging decisions in domestic violence cases. Crime and Delinquency 2006, 52:472-503.
53. Zatz M.S. The convergence of race, ethnicity, gender, and class on court decision making: Looking toward the 21st century. Criminal justice 2000: Policies, processes, and decisions of the criminal justice system 2000, Vol. 3:503-552. National Institute of Justice, Washington, DC.