Soaring antiretroviral prices, TRIPS and TRIPS flexibilities: A burning issue for antiretroviral treatment scale-up in developing countries

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 237-241

  Orsi, Fabienne ^a   D'Almeida, Cristina ^b  

^a AIX MARSEILLE UNIV   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 13   (France)

Author keywords

Prices of newer antiretroviral; Sustainability of antiretroviral treatment scale up; TRIPS Agreement; TRIPS flexibilities

Indexed keywords

ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT;

COST CONTROL; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DRUG COST; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT; LEGAL ASPECT; LICENSING; MANDATORY PROGRAM; PATENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCALE UP;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DRUGS, GENERIC; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY;

EID: 77951084973     PISSN: 1746630X     EISSN: 17466318     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e32833860ba     Document Type: Review

References (32)

1. United Nations Millenium Development Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. 2001. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/aids.shtml.
2. WHO, UNICEF and UNAIDS, AIDS epidemic update, November 2009. http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2009/2009-epidemic-update-en.pdf.
3. Crowley S, Rollins N, Shaffer N, et al. NewWHOHIV treatment and prevention guidelines. Lancet 2009. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62064-X.
4. World Bank. Averting a human crisis during the global downturn. 2009 http:// www.uniteforchildren.org/files/world-bank.pdf.
5. Mé decins Sans Frontiè res. Punishing success? Early signs of a retreat from commitment to HIV/AIDS care and treatment. 2009. http://www.msf.fr/cms/ filemanager/files/Rapport%20Sida.pdf.
6. WHO. Transactional prices for antiretroviral medicines and HIV diagnostics from 2008 to October 2009. http://www.who.int/hiv/amds/ GPRMsummaryReportNov2009. pdf
7. Chauveau J, Meiners C, Luchini S, Moatti JP. Evolution of prices and quantities for ARV drugs in African countries: from emerging to strategic markets. The Political Economy of HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries - TRIPS, Public Health Systems and Free Access. In: Coriat B, editor. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2008, pp. 78-103.
8. Veronika J, Wirtz S, Forsythe M, et al. The cost of ARV: maximizing values for money. Aids2031 2009; Working Paper n828. http://www.aids2031.org/ pdfs/the%20cost%20of%20antiretrovirals-28.pdf.
9. Medecins Sans Frontiè res. Untangling the Web of antiretroviral price reductions: upcoming 12th edition prepublication price analysis July 2009. http:// www.msfaccess.org/fileadmin/user-upload/diseases/hiv-aids/09-28-UTW PricingGuide-IAS-LowRes-FINAL.pdf
10. WHO. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach. 2006. http://www.who.int/ hiv/pub/arv/adult/en/index.html.
11. Flynn S, Hollis A, Palmedo M. An economic justification for open access to essential medicine patents in developing countries. J Law Med Ethics 2009; 37:184-209.
12. Orsi F, D'Almeida C, Hasenclever L, et al. TRIPS post2005 and access to new antiretroviral treatments in southern countries: issues and challenges. AIDS 2007; 21:1997-2003.
13. Smith RD, Correa C, Oh C. Trade, TRIPS, and pharmaceuticals. Lancet 2009; 373:684-691.
14. Halliburton M. Drug resistance, patent resistance: Indian pharmaceuticals and the impact of a new patent regime. Glob Public Health 2009; 4:515-527.
15. Reichman JH. Comment: compulsory licensing of patented pharmaceutical inventions - evaluating the options. J Law Med Ethics 2009; 37:247-263.
16. Addressing legal and political barriers to global pharmaceutical access: options for remedying the impact of the Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) and the imposition of TRIPS-plus standards. Indian J Med Res 2008; 128:84-86. http://www.icmr.nic.in/ ijmr/2008/july/0716. pdf.
17. Cohen-Kohler JC, Esmail LC, Cosio AP. Canada's implementation of the Paragraph 6 Decision: is it sustainable public policy? Global Health 2007; 3:12.
18. Lybecker K, Fowler E. Compulsory licensing in Canada and Thailand: comparing regimes to ensure legitimate use of the WTO rules. J Law Med Ethics 2009; 37:222-239.
19. Ford N, Wilson D, Chaves GC, et al. Sustaining access to antiretroviral therapy in the less-developed world: lessons from Brazil and Thailand. AIDS 2007; 21(Suppl 4):S1-S9.
20. Chaves GC, Vieira MF, Reis R. Access to medicines and intellectual property in Brazil: reflections and strategies of civil society. SUR- Intellectual Journal on Human Rights 2008; 5:163-189, www.surjournal.org.
21. Krikorian G. New trends in IP protection and health issues in FTA negotiations. The political economy of HIV/AIDS in developing countries - TRIPS, Public Health Systems and Free Access.In: Coriat B, editor. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2008, pp. 52-77.
22. d'Almeida C, Hasenclever L, KrikorianG, et al.Newantiretroviral treatments and post-2005 TRIPSconstraints: firstmoves towards IP flexibilization in developing countries. The political economy of HIV/AIDS in developing countries - TRIPS, Public Health Systems and Free Access. In: Coriat B, editor. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing; 2008, pp. 25-49.
23. Songkhla MN. Health Before Profits? Learning from Thailand's Experience. Lancet 2009; 373:441-442.
24. Lee K, Sridhar D, Patel M. Bridging the divide: global governance of trade and health. Lancet 2009; 373:416-422.
25. Akaleephan C, Wibulpolprasert S, Sakulbumrungsil R, et al. Extension of market exclusivity and its impact on the accessibility to essential medicines, and drug expense in Thailand: analysis of the effect of TRIPS-plus proposal. Health Policy 2009; 91:174-182.
26. UNITAID, Proposals for new and innovative sources of funding medicines Patent Pool. 2009, www.who.int/phi/UNITAID.pdf.
27. Lampe R, Moser P. Do patent pools encourage innovation? Evidence from the 19th-Century Sewing machine industry. SSRN 2009. http://ssrn.com/ abstract=1308997.
28. Morris K. HIV drug patents in the spotlight. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9:660-661.
29. Baker B. Policy Forum: patents, pricing and access to essential medicines in developing countries. AMA J Ethics 2009; 11:527-532.
30. UNITAID. UNITAID Executive Board approves Patent Pool, 2009. http:// www.unitaid.eu/en/20091215237/News/UNITAID-APPROVES-PATENTPOOL. html (accessed on 14 December 2009).
31. Sukkar E. Patent pools: an idea whose time has come. BMJ 2009; 338:974-975.
32. National Working Group on Patent Laws (NWGPL), Centre for Trade and Development (Centad), LOCOST, Baroda, All India Peoples Science Network, Drug Action Forum - Karnataka, All Indian Drug Action Network (AIDAN) and Initiative for Health, Equity and Society (IHES). Indian Civil Society Letter on UNITAID Patent Pool Implementation Plan, posted on 14 December 2009 at E-DRUG list http://www.essentialdrugs.org/edrug/archive/200912/ msg00033.php.