How does it feel to be outperformed by a "good winner"? prize sharing and self-deprecating as appeasement strategies

Basic and Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 69-85

  Zell, Anne L ^a   Exline, Julie Juola ^b  

^a AUGUSTANA COLLEGE   (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951046343     PISSN: 01973533     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01973530903540125     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Alicke, M. D., LoSchiavo, F. M., Zerbst, J., & Zhang, S. (1997). The person who outperforms me is a genius: Maintaining perceived competence in upward social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 781-789.
2. Anderson, B. J., & Coyne, J. C. (1991). "Miscarried helping" in the families of children and adolescents with chronic diseases. In J. H. Johnson & S. B. Johnson (Eds.), Advances in child health psychology (pp. 167-177)., Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press.
3. Baron, R. A. (1984). Reducing organizational conflict: An incompatible response approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 272-279.
4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5. Bar-Tal, D., Bar-Zohar, Y., Greenberg, M. S., & Hermon, M. (1977). Reciprocity behavior in the relationship between donor and recipient and between harm-doer and victim. Sociometry, 40, 293-298.
6. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
7. Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 243-267.
8. Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1990). Anxiety and social exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 165-195.
9. Beach, S. R. H., & Tesser, A. (1995). Self-esteem and the extended self-evaluation maintenance model: The self in social context. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self esteem (pp. 145-170). New York: Plenum.
10. Berg, J. H., Stephan, W. G., & Dodson, M. (1981). Attributional modesty in women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 711-727.
11. Brigham, N. L. (1996). The effects of invidious comparisons on modest self-presentations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky.
12. Brigham, N. L., Kelso, K. A., Jackson, M. A., & Smith, R. H. (1997). The roles of invidious comparisons and deservingness in sympathy and schadenfreude. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19, 363-379.
13. Buckingham, J. T., & Alicke, M. D. (2002). The influence of individual versus aggregate social comparison and the presence of others on self-evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1117-1130.
14. Buunk, B. P., & Ybema, J. F. (1995). Selective evaluation and coping with stress: Making one's situation cognitively more livable. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1499-1517.
15. Buunk, B. P., Ybema, J. F., Gibbons, F. X., & Ipenburg, M. (2001). The affective consequences of social comparison as related to professional burnout and social comparison orientation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 337-351.
16. Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366-375.
17. Cialdini, R. B., & Richardson, K. D. (1980). Two indirect tactics of impression management: Basking and blasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 406-415.
18. Clark, M. S., Mills, J., & Corcoran, D. M. (1989). Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 333-338.
19. Coleman, L. J., & Cross, T. L. (1988). Is being gifted a social handicap? Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 11(4), 41-56.
20. Collins, R. L. (1996). For better or worse: The impact of upward social comparisons on self-evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 51-69.
21. Coyne, J. C., Wortman, C. B., & Lehman, D. R. (1988). The other side of support: Emotional overinvolvement and miscarried helping. In H. B. Gottlieb (Ed.), Marshaling social support: Formats, processes, and effects (pp. 305-330). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
22. Cross, T. L., Coleman, L. J., & Terhaar-Yonkers, M. (1991). The social cognition of gifted adolescents in schools: Managing the stigma of giftedness. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 15, 44-45.
23. Dias, L., & Lobel, M. (1997). Social comparison in medically high-risk pregnant women. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1629-1649.
24. Duck, S., & Lea, M. (1983). Breakdown of personal relationships and the threat to personal identity. In G. Breakwell (Ed.), Threatened identities (pp. 53-73). New York: Wiley.
25. Exline, J. J., & Fisher, M. L. (2005, January). Sentimental journeys and balanced accounts: Emotion, social exchange, and decisions to "pass on" acts of kindness. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
26. Exline, J. J., & Lobel, M. (1997, May). Outperforming someone you know: Predictors of personal and relationship strain. Poster presented at a meeting of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.
27. Exline, J. J., & Lobel, M. (1999). The perils of outperformance: Sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward comparison. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 307-337.
28. Exline, J. J., & Lobel, M. (2001). Private gain, social strain: Do relationship factors shape responses to outperformance? European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 593-607.
29. Exline, J. J., & Lobel, M. (2009). The dark side of outshining another: Social comparison concerns, appeasement, and individual differences. Manuscript in preparation.
30. Exline, J. J., Single, P. B., Lobel, M., & Geyer, A. (2004). Glowing praise and the envious gaze: Social dilemmas surrounding the public recognition of achievement. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26,119-130.
31. Feather, N. T. (1994). Attitudes toward high achievers and reactions to their fall: Theory and research concerning tall poppies. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 1-73.
32. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
33. Flynn, F. J., Reagans, R. E., Amanatullah, E. T., & Ames, D. R. (2006). Helping one's way to the top: Self-monitors achieve status by helping other and knowing who helps whom. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1123-1137.
34. Gardner, W. L., Gabriel, S., & Hoschild, L. (2002). When you and I are "we," you are not threatening The role of self-expansion in social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 239-251.
35. Geyer, A. L., & Exline, J. J. (2003, February). Being a good winner: Appeasement, sociotropy, and discomfort about competitive success. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Los Angeles.
36. Geyer, A. L., & Exline, J. J. (2005, January). Is it always good to be a "good winner"? Effectiveness of appeasing behaviors may depend upon outperformed persons' level of competitiveness. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans.
37. Godfrey, D. K., Jones, E. E., & Lord, C. G. (1986). Self-promotion is not ingratiating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50,106-113.
38. Goffman, E. (1955). On facework: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 18, 213-231.
39. Gordon, R. A. (1996). Impact of ingratiation on judgments and evaluations: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 54-70.
40. Gove, W. R., Hughes, M., & Geerken, M. R. (1980). Playing dumb: A form of impression management with undesirable side effects. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 89-102.
41. Gregg, A. P., Hart, C. M., Sekikides, C., & Kumashiro, M. (2008). Everyday conceptions of modesty: A prototype analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 978-992.
42. Haidt, J. (2003). Elevation and the positive psychology of morality. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 275-289). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
43. Heatherington, L., Burns, A. B., & Gustafson, T. B. (1998). When another stumbles: Gender and self-presentation to vulnerable others. Sex Roles, 38, 889-913.
44. Heatherington, L., Crown, J., Wagner, H., & Rigby, S. (1989). Toward an understanding of social consequences of "feminine immodesty" about personal achievements. Sex Roles, 20, 371-380.
45. Hegtvedt, K. A. (1990). The effects of relationship structure on emotional responses to inequity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 214-228.1
46. Juola-Exline, J. A. (1996). When success means surpassing others: Sensitivity toward being a target of upward comparison. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
47. Keltner, D., Young, R. C., & Buswell, B. N. (1997). Appeasement in human emotion, social practice, and personality. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 359-374.
48. Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 221-229.
49. Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 518-530.
50. Mahler, M. (1968). On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuation. New York: International Universities Press.
51. McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249-266.
52. Menon, T., & Thompson, L. (2007). Don't hate me because I'm beautiful: Self-enhancing biases in threat appraisal. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104, 45-60.
53. Morgan, K., Webster, J. M., Smith, R., & Wright, B. (2000, February). A downside of being the target of an invidious comparison: Concern over the evil eye. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Nashville, TN.
54. Morse, S., & Gergen, K. J. (1970). Social comparison, self-consistency, and the concept of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 148-156.
55. Powers, T. A., & Zuroff, D. C. (1988). Interpersonal consequences of overt self-criticism: A comparison with neutral and self-enhancing presentations of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,1054-1062.
56. Richins, M. L. (1991). Social comparison and the idealized images of advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 71-83.
57. Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1984). Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 780-792.
58. Santor, D. A., & Zuroff, D. C. (1998). Controlling shared resources: Effects of dependency, self-criticism, and social rank. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 237-252.
59. Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
60. Schaubroeck, J., & Lam, S. S. K. (2004). Comparing lots before and after: Promotion rejectees' invidious reactions to promotees. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94, 33-47.
61. Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Audiences' reactions to self-enhancing, self-denigrating, and accurate self-presentations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 89-104.
62. Schoeck, H. (1969). Envy: A theory of social behavior (M. Glenny & B. Ross, Trans.). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. (Original work published 1966)
63. Schuetz, A. (1997). Self-presentational tactics of talk-show guests: A comparison of politicians, experts, and entertainers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1941-1952.
64. Shepperd, J. A., & Arkin, R. M. (1991). Behavioral other-enhancement: Strategically obscuring the link between performance and evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 79-88.
65. Smith, R. H., Turner, T. J., Garoznik, R., Leach, C. W., Druskat, V. U., & Weston, C. M. (1996). Envy and schadenfreude. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 158-168.
66. Sommer, K. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997, May). Rejection priming and persistence: The moderating role of self-esteem. Paper presented at a meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.
67. Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
68. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-48). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
69. Tal-Or, N. (2008). Communicative behaviors of outperformers and their perception by the outperformed people. Human Communications Research, 34, 234-262.
70. Tesser, A., & Campbell, J. (1982). Self-evaluation maintenance and the perception of friends and strangers. Journal of Personality, 50, 261-279.
71. Tetlock, P. E. (1980). Explaining teacher explanations of pupil performance: A self-presentation interpretation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 283-290.
72. Tice, D. M., Butler, J. L., Muraven, M. B., & Stillwell, A. M. (1995). When modesty prevails: Differential favorability of self-presentation to friends and strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1120-1138.
73. Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Social exclusion and the deconstructed state: Time perception, meaninglessness, lethargy, lack of emotion, and self-awareness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 409-423.
74. Van der Zee, K. I., Bakker, A. B., & Buunk, B. P. (2001). Burnout and reactions to social comparison information among volunteer caregivers. Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An International Journal, 14,391-430.
75. Van der Zee, K., Buunk, B., & Sanderman, R. (1998). Neuroticism and reactions to social comparison information among cancer patients. Journal of Personality, 66, 175-194.
76. Vangelisti, A. L., Knapp, M. L., & Daly, J. A. (1990). Conversational narcissism. Communication Monographs, 57, 251-274.
77. Wheeler, L., & Miyake, K. (1992). Social comparison in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 760-773.
78. White, P. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Croyle, R. T., & Smittipatana, S. (2002). Test of socially motivated underachievement: "Letting up" for others. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 162-169.
79. Williams, K. D., & Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 693-706.
80. Wood, J. V., Taylor, S. E., & Lichtman, R. R. (1985). Social comparison in adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1169-1183.
81. Wosinska, W., Dabul, A. J., Whetstone-Dion, R., & Cialdini, R. B. (1996). Self-presentational responses to success in the organization: The costs and benefits of modesty. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 229-242.
82. Yarhouse, M. (2000). The vice of envy: Insights from the history of pastoral care. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 19, 25-37.
83. Ybema, J. F., & Buunk, B. P. (1995). Affective responses to social comparison: A study among disabled individuals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 279-292.