The environment as a life support system: The case of Biosphere 2

History and Technology

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 39-58

  Höhler, Sabine ^a  

^a DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biosphere 2; Biosphere sciences; Ecology; Ecosystem; Environmental crisis; Environmental management; Life support system; Twentieth century environmental history

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951035989     PISSN: 07341512     EISSN: 14772620     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07341510903313048     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995.
2. Agamben, Giorgio. State of Exception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
3. Allen, John. Biosphere 2: The Human Experiment. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.
4. Allen, John. Me and the Biospheres: A Memoir by the Inventor of Biosphere 2. Santa Fe, NM: Synergetic Press, 2009.
5. Allen, John, and Mark Nelson. 'Biospherics and Biosphere 2, Mission One (1991-1993).' In Biosphere 2: Research Past and Present, ed. B.D.V. Marino and H.T. Odum, 15-29. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1999.
6. Allen, John, and Mark Nelson. Space Biospheres. Oracle: Synergetic Press, 1989.
7. Allen, John, Mark Nelson, and Abigail Alling. 'The Legacy of Biosphere 2 for the Study of Biospherics and Closed Ecological Systems.' Advances in Space Research: The Official Journal of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) 31, no. 7 (2003): 1629-39.
8. Allen, John, Tango Parrish, and Mark Nelson. 'The Institute of Ecotechnics: An Institute Devoted to Developing the Discipline of Relating Technosphere to Biosphere.' The Environmentalist 4, no. 3 (1984): 205-18.
9. Alling, Abigail, and Mark Nelson. Life Under Glass: The Inside Story of Biosphere 2. Oracle, AZ: The Biosphere Press, 1993.
10. Anker, Peder. 'Buckminster Fuller as Captain of Spaceship Earth.' Minerva 45, no. 4 (2007): 417-34.
11. Anker, Peder. 'The Closed World of Ecological Architecture.' The Journal of Architecture 10, no. 5 (2005): 527-52.
12. Anker, Peder. 'The Ecological Colonization of Space.' Environmental History 10, no. 2 (2005): 239-68.
13. Barthes, Roland. 'The Nautilus and the Drunken Boat.' In Mythologies, by Roland Barthes, 65-7. London: Jonathan Cape, 1972. Originally published as Mythologies, Paris 1957.
14. Baudrillard, Jean. 'Maleficient Ecology.' In The Illusion of the End, by Jean Baudrillard, 78-88. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994.
15. Baudrillard, Jean. 'Überleben und Unsterblichkeit.' In Anthropologie nach dem Tode des Menschen: Vervollkommnung und Unverbesserlichkeit, ed. Dietmar Kamper and Christoph Wulf, 335-54. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1994.
16. Bernal, John Desmond. The World, The Flesh and The Devil: An Inquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul. 1929. London: Jonathan Cape, 1970.
17. Boulding, Kenneth E. 'The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth.' In Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, Essays from the Sixth RFF Forum on Environmental Quality held in Washington, 8 and 9 March 1966, ed. Henry Jarrett, 3-14. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966.
18. Boulding, Kenneth E. 'Spaceship Earth Revisited.' In Economics, Ecology, Ethics: Essays Toward a Steady-State Economy, ed. Herman E. Daly, 264-6. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman, 1980.
19. Bowker, Geof. 'How to be Universal: Some Cybernetic Strategies, 1943-1970.' Social Studies of Science 23, no. 1 (1993): 107-27.
20. Buckminster Fuller, Richard. Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1969.
21. Cronon, William, ed. Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996.
22. Dasmann, R.F. Planet in Peril? Man and the Biosphere Today. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books- UNESCO, 1972.
23. 'Definition of Life Support Systems in the Context of the EOLSS.' Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO. http://www.eolss.net (last accessed 20 February 2010).
24. Die Kolonisierung des Weltraums, by the editors of Time-Life Books. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books, 1991.
25. Edwards, Paul N. 'The World in a Machine: Origins and Impacts of Early Computerized Global Systems Models.' In Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After, ed. Agatha C. Hughes and Thomas P. Hughes, 221-54. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2000.
26. Eigen, Manfred. Stufen zum Leben: Die frühe Evolution im Visier der Molekularbiologie. München: Piper, 1987.
27. Elichirigoity, Fernando. Planet Management: Limits to Growth, Computer Simulation, and the Emergence of Global Spaces. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1999.
28. Foucault, Michel. 'Of Other Spaces.' Diacritics 16, no. 1 (1986): 22-7.
29. Gentry, Linnea, and Karen Liptak. The Glass Ark: The Story of Biosphere 2. New York: Puffin Books, 1991.
30. Grinevald, Jacques. 'Sketch for a History of the Idea of the Biosphere.' In Gaia in Action: Science of the Living Earth, ed. Peter Bunyard, 34-53. Edinburgh: Floris, 1996.
31. Haberl, Helmut, Helga Weisz, and Verena Winiwarter. 'Kontrolle und Kolonisierung in der zweiten Biosphäre.' In Technik Gestalten: Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zu Technikforschung und Technologiepolitik, ed. Christine Wächter, Günter Getzinger, Ines Oehme, Harald Rohracher, Armin Spök, Jürgen Suschek-Berger, Wibke Tritthart, and Peter Wilding, 239-51. München: Profil, 1998.
32. Hagen, Joel B. An Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
33. Haraway, Donna J. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. London: Free Association Books, 1991.
34. Hawking, Stephen. 'How Can the Human Race Survive the Next Hundred Years?' Yahoo! Answers. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/?qid=20060704195516AAnrdOD (last accessed 20 February 2010).
35. Hayles, N. Katherine. 'Simulated Nature and Natural Simulations: Rethinking the Relation Between the Beholder and the World.' In Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, ed. William Cronon, 409-25. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996.
36. Hays, Samuel P. 'From Conservation to Environment: Environmental Politics in the United States since World War Two.' Environmental Review 6, no. 2 (1982): 14-41.
37. Höhler, Sabine, and Fred Luks, eds. 'Beam us up, Boulding! 40 Jahre "Raumschiff Erde.'" Special issue. Vereinigung für Ökologische Ökonomie - Beiträge und Berichte, no. 7 (2006).
38. Hughes, Thomas P. The Human-Built World: How to Think About Technology and Culture, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004.
39. Hutchinson, G. Evelyn. 'The Biosphere.' Scientific American 223, no. 3 (1970): 45-53.
40. Jameson, Fredric R. Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.
41. Jamison, Andrew. The Making of Green Knowledge: Environmental Politics and Cultural Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
42. Kelly, Kevin. 'Biosphere II: An Autonomous World, Ready to Go.' Whole Earth Review no. 67 (1990): 2-13.
43. Kelly, Kevin. 'Biosphere 2 at One.' Whole Earth Review no. 77 (1992): 90-105.
44. Kelly, Kevin. Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems and the Economic World. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994.
45. Kuhns, William. The Post-Industrial Prophets: Interpretations of Technology. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
46. Latour, Bruno. Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.
47. Latour, Bruno. We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
48. Levit, Georgy S. Biogeochemistry, Biosphere, Noosphere: The Growth of the Theoretical System of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945). Berlin: VWB, 2001.
49. Lewin, Roger. 'Living in a Bubble.' New Scientist, 4 April 1992, 12-13.
50. Lewis, Michael. Inventing Global Ecology. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004.
51. Logsdon, John M. The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1970.
52. Lovelock, James E. 'The Gaia Hypothesis'. In Gaia in Action: Science of the Living Earth, ed. Peter Bunyard, 15-33. Edinburgh: Floris, 1996.
53. Luke, Timothy W. 'Biospheres and Technospheres: Moving from Ecology to Hyperecology with the New Class.' In Capitalism, Democracy, and Ecology: Departing from Marx, by Timothy W. Luke, 59-87. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
54. Luke, Timothy W. 'Environmentality as Green Governmentality.' In Discourses of the Environment, ed. Éric Darier, 121-51. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.
55. Luke, Timothy W. 'Environmental Emulations: Terraforming Technologies and the Tourist Trade at Biosphere 2.' In Ecocritique: Contesting the Politics of Nature, Economy, and Culture, by Timothy W. Luke, 95-114. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
56. Marino, Bruno D.V., and H.T. Odum. 'Biosphere 2: Introduction and Research Progress.' In Biosphere 2: Research Past and Present, ed. B.D.V. Marino and H.T. Odum, 3-14. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1999.
57. Matthews, Whitney. 'Miniaturization for Space Travel.' In Miniaturization, ed. Horace D. Gilbert, 257-69. New York: Reinhold, 1961.
58. Merchant, Carolyn. Reinventing Eden: The Fate of Nature in Western Culture. London: Routledge, 2004.
59. Mitsch, William J. 'Preface: Biosphere 2 - The Special Issue.' In Biosphere 2: Research Past and Present, ed. B.D.V. Marino and H.T. Odum, 1-2. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1999.
60. Monod, Jacques. Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology. New York: Vintage Books, 1971.
61. Odum, Eugene P. 'Cost of Living in Domed Cities.' Nature 382, no. 6586 (1996): 18.
62. Osborn, Fairfield. The Limits of the Earth. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1953.
63. Polunin, Nicholas. 'Our Use of "Biosphere," "Ecosystem," and now "Ecobiome."' Environmental Conservation 11, no. 3 (1984): 198.
64. Poynter, Jane. The Human Experiment: Two Years and Twenty Minutes inside Biosphere 2. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2006.
65. Price, Jennifer. Flight Maps: Adventures with Nature in Modern America. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
66. Rifkin, Jeremy. Algeny: A New Word - A New World. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983.
67. Sachs, Wolfgang. 'Natur als System: Vorläufiges zur Kritik der Ökologie.' Scheidewege. Jahresschrift für skeptisches Denken no. 21 (1991/92): 83-97.
68. Sagan, Dorian. Biospheres: Metamorphosis of Planet Earth [Reproducing Planet Earth]. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
69. Sahm, Peter R., Hinrich Rahmann, Hans J. Blome, and Gerhard P. Thiele. Homo spaciens: Der Mensch im Kosmos. Hamburg: Discorsi, 2005.
70. Samson, Paul R., and David Pitt, eds. The Biosphere and the Noosphere Reader: Global Environment, Society and Change. London: Routledge, 1999.
71. Sandvoss, Ernst. Vom homo sapiens zum homo spaciens: Eine Sinnperspektive der Menschheitsentwicklung. Berlin: Logos, 2002.
72. Siebert, Horst. 'Nature as a Life Support System: Renewable Resources and Environmental Disruption.' Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie/Journal of Economics 42, no. 2 (1982): 133-42.
73. Sloterdijk, Peter. Sphären. Vol. 2, Globen (Makrosphärologie). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1999.
74. Smith, Mick. 'Against Ecological Sovereignty: Agamben, Politics and Globalisation.' Environmental Politics 18, no. 1 (2009): 99-116.
75. 'Spaceship Earth: Attraction at Epcot Theme Park.' Walt Disney World. http://disneyworld.disney.go.com/parks/epcot/attractions/spaceship-earth (last accessed 20 February 2010).
76. Sueß, Eduard. Das Antlitz der Erde. Vol. 3. Prag: F. Tempsky, 1909.
77. Sueß, Eduard. Die Entstehung der Alpen. Wien: Braunmüller, 1875.
78. The Biosphere: A Scientific American Book. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman, 1970.
79. Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Frontier in American History. New York: Henry Holt, 1921.
80. Use and Conservation of the Biosphere. Proceedings of the Intergovernmental Conference of Experts on the Scientific Basis for Rational Use and Conservation of the Resources of the Biosphere, Paris, 4-13 September 1968. Liège: Unesco, 1970.
81. Veggeberg, Scott. 'Escape from Biosphere 2.' New Scientist, 25 September 1993, 22-4.
82. Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich. The Biosphere. Revised and annotated translation. New York: Copernicus, 1998. Originally published in Russian, Biosfera. Leningrad: Nauka, 1926.
83. Ward, Barbara. Spaceship Earth. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966.
84. Ward, Barbara, and René Dubos. Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet. An Unofficial Report Commissioned by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Prepared with the Assistance of a 152-Member Committee of Corresponding Consultants in 58 Countries. New York: Norton, 1972.
85. Warshall, Peter. 'Lessons from Biosphere 2: Ecodesign, Surprises, and the Humility of Gaian Thought.' Whole Earth Review no. 89 (1996): 22-7.
86. Zabel, Bernd, Phil Hawes, Hewitt Stuart, and Bruno D.V. Marino. 'Construction and Engineering of a Created Environment: Overview of the Biosphere 2 Closed System.' In Biosphere 2: Research Past and Present, ed. B.D.V. Marino and H.T. Odum, 43-63. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1999.
87. Zubrin, Robert. The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must. New York: The Free Press, 1996.