The closed world of ecological architecture

Journal of Architecture

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 527-552

  Anker, Peder ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34250776793     PISSN: 13602365     EISSN: 14664410     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13602360500463230     Document Type: Review

References (195)

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2. Dean Hawkes, The Environmental Tradition: Studies in the Architecture of Environment (London, Spon Press, 1996)
3. Colin Porteous, The New Eco-Architecture: Alternatives from the Modern Movement (London, Spon Press, 2002)
4. Christine Macy and Sarah Bonnemaison, Architecture and Nature (New York, Routledge, 2003)
5. Bruno Latour, The Politics of Nature (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 31
6. Peder Anker, 'The philosopher's cabin and the household of nature', Ethics, Place and Environment, 6 (2003), pp. 131-141
7. Parcival Goodman, The Double E (Garden City, New York, Anchor Books, 1977)
8. Peder Anker, 'The Ecological Colonization of Space', Environmental History, 10 (2005), pp. 239-268
9. Joel B. Hagen, An Entangled Bank (New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1992), pp. 189-197
10. Donald A. Beattie, Taking Science to the Moon (Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press, 2001)
11. Walter A. McDougall, The Havens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York, Basic Books, 1986)
12. James E. Oberg and Alcestis R. Oberg, Pioneering Space (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1986), pp. 103-117
13. Iosef I. Gitelson, G. M. Lisovsky and Robert D. MacElroy, Manmade Closed Ecological Systems (London, Taylor & Francis, 2003), pp. 33-52
14. Robert J. Beyers and Howard T. Odum, Ecological Microcosms (New York, Springer Verlag, 1993), pp. 178-187
15. Serge Chermayeff and Christopher Alexander, Community and Privacy (New York, Doubleday, 1963), pp. 46-47
16. On the importance of suburban sprawl to environmental debate see Adam Rome, The Bulldozer in the Countryside (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001)
17. Anonymous, 'Ecological Architecture: Planning the Organic Environment', Progressive Architecture, 47 (May, 1966), pp. 120-134, quotation p. 121
18. Robert Sommer, 'The Ecology of Privacy', Library Quarterly, 36 (1966), pp. 234-248
19. Peder Anker, 'Buckminster Fuller as Captain of Spaceship Earth', forthcoming
20. Richard Buckminster Fuller, Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (Edwardsville, 1969), p. 46, Fuller's emphasis
21. Richard Buckminster Fuller, 'City of the Future', Playboy (January, 1968), pp. 166-168
22. Ulrich Frenzen and Paul Rudolph, The Evolving City (New York, Whitney Library of Design for American Federation of Arts, 1974), p. 13
23. Paul R. Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (New York, Ballantine Books, 1968)
24. Donella H. Meadows, et al., The Limits to Growth (New York, Universe Books, 1972)
25. Mark Kurlansky, 1968: The Year that Rocked the World (New York, Ballantine Books, 2004), p. 382
26. Andrew Kirk, 'Appropriating Technology: The Whole Earth Catalog and Counterculture Environmental Polities', Environmental History, 6 (2001), pp. 374-394
27. 'Machines of Loving Gardens', in Peter Braunstein and Michael W. Doyle, eds, Imagine Nation (New York, Routledge, 2002). pp. 353-378
28. Robert S. De Ropp, Eco-Tech: The Whole-Earther's Guide to the Alternate Society (New York, Delacorte Press, 1975)
29. Out of 214 replies to a survey of readers of the journal Co-Evolution Quarterly edited by Stewart Brand, 139 (65%) thought colonisation of space was a 'good idea', 49 (23%) thought it was a 'bad idea', and 26 (12%) were 'not sure'. Stewart Brand, 'The sky starts at your feet' and 'Comment', in Stewart Brand, ed., Space Colonies (San Francisco, California, Whole Earth Catalog, 1977), pp. 5-7, 33
30. Paolo Soleri, The Omega Seed (Garden City, New York, Anchor Press, 1981), pp. 147-161
31. Kenneth E. Boulding, 'The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth', in Henry Jarrett, ed., Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy (Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press, 1966), pp. 3-14
32. Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth (New York, Columbia University Press, 1966)
33. Barbara Ward and René Dubos, Only one Earth (New York, Norton, 1972)
34. Secretary General U Thant, 'Statement at Dinner Inaugurating Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of United Nations Day Programme', American Journal of International Law, 65 (1971), pp. 447-452, quotation on p. 450
35. Philippe de Seynes, 'Prospect for a Future Whole World' [May, 1971], International Organization, 26 (1972), pp. 1-17
36. William T. R. Fox, 'Science, Technology and International Politics', International Studies Quarterly, 12 (1968), pp. 1-15
37. Luther J. Carter, 'Earth Day: A Fresh Way of Perceiving the Environment', Science, 168 (May, 1970), pp. 558-559
38. Isaac Asimov, Earth: Our Crowded Spaceship (London, Abelard-Schuman, 1974)
39. Rodney F. Allen, Carmelo P. Foti, Daniel M. Ulrich and Steven H. Woolard, Deciding How to Live on Spaceship Earth (Evanston, Illinois, McDougal, Littell & Comp., 1975)
40. The Diagram Group, Spaceship Earth: Its Voyage through Time (New York, Hearst Books, 1980)
41. Nigel Calder, Spaceship Earth (London, Penguin, 1991)
42. Siegfried Fred Singer, 'Spaceship Earth - A Global view of Ecology', in W. B. Cassidy, ed., Bioengineering and Cabin Ecology (Tarzana, Arizona, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1969), pp. 1-7
43. Howard T. Odum, Environment, Power, and Society (New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1971), p. 125
44. See also Howard T. Odum and Elisabeth C. Odum, Energy Basis for Man and Nature (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1976), pp. 115-116
45. same authors, A Prosperous Way Down (Boulder, University Press of Colorado, 2001)
46. Eugene P. Odum, Ecology and Our Endangered Life-Support Systems, 2nd ed. (Massachusetts, Sinauer, 1992), pp. 1-6
47. Dennis Cooke, 'Ecology of Space Travel', in Fundamentals of Ecology, Eugene P. Odum, ed., 3rd edition (Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Comp., 1971), pp. 498-509
48. Doris Howes Calloway, ed., Human Ecology in Space Flight, 3 volumes (New York, New York Academy of Sciences, 1966-1968)
49. Ramón Margalef, Perspectives in Ecological Theory (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1968)
50. Philip Steadman, Energy, Environment and Building (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 4
51. For a full review see Clark, Energy for Survival: The Alternative to Extinction (Garden City, New York, Anchor Press, 1974)
52. Ralph L. Knowles, Energy and Form: An Ecological Approach to Urban Growth (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1974)
53. Ken Butti and John Perlin, A Golden Thread: 2500 Years of Solar Architecture and Technology (New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980)
54. Anonymous [Colin Moorcroft], 'Military', Architectural Design, 42 (1972), p. 438
55. Tim lngold, 'Globes and Spheres: The Topology of Environmentalism', in Key Milton, ed., Environmentalism: The View from Anthropology (London, Routledge, 1993), pp. 31-42
56. Richard Grove, Green Imperialism (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 100-101
57. Peder Anker, Imperial Ecology (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 82-86
58. Phillip Tabb, Solar Energy Planning: A Guide to Residential Settlement (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1984), p. xiii
59. Denis Cosgrove, 'Contested Global Visions', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84(1994), pp. 270-294
60. Constantinos A. Doxiades, Ecumenopolis (Athens, Doxiades Assoc., 1963), p. 1
61. The Two Headed Eagle: From the Past to the Future of Human Settlements (Athens, Lycabettus Press, 1972)
62. Building Entopia (New York, Norton, 1975)
63. Ecology and Ekistics (Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1977)
64. Walter Gropius, Rebuilding our Communities (Chicago, Paul Theobald, 1945), pp. 20, 15
65. Peder Anker, 'The Bauhaus of Nature', Modernism/Modernity, 12 (2005), pp. 229-251
66. Ian L. McHarg, A Quest for Life: An Autobiography (New York, John Wiley, 1996), p. 79
67. E. Lynn Miller and Sidónio Pardal, The Classic McHarg: An Interview (Lisbon, CESUR, Technical University of Lisbon, 1992), pp. 23-25
68. See also McHarg, 'Regional Landscape Planning', in Resources, the Metropolis, and the Land-Grant University, Conference on Natural Resources January-May, 1963 (New York, Conservation Foundation, 1963), pp. 31-37
69. McHarg, 'The Place of Nature in the City of Man', The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 352 (March, 1964), pp. 1-12, quotation on p. 1
70. See also McHarg and David W. Wallace, 'Plan for the Valleys vs. Spectre of Uncontrolled Growth', Landscape Architecture, 55 (April, 1965), pp. 179-181
71. Jan Christian Smuts, Holism and Evolution (London, Macmillian, 1926)
72. John Phillips, 'The Biotic Community', Journal of Ecology, 19 (1931), pp. 1-24
73. Peder Anker, 'The Politics of Ecology in South Africa on the Radical Left', Journal of the History of Biology, 37 (2004), pp. 303-331
74. John Phillips, 'Ecology and the Ecological Approach', Via, 1 (1968), pp. 17-18
75. Jack McCormick, 'Succession', Via, 1 (1968), pp. 22-35
76. Louis Kahn, 'Silence', Via, 1 (1968), pp. 88-89
77. Aldo van Eyck, 'Design only Grace', Via, 1 (1968), pp. 102-115
78. Fritz Morgenthaler, 'The Dogon People', Via, 1 (1968), pp. 116-123
79. Nicholas Muhlenberg, 'Ecology, Economics, and Planning', Via, 1 (1968), pp. 19-21
80. Ian L. McHarg, 'Ecology, for the Evolution of Planning and Design', Via, 1 (1968), pp. 44-67, quotation on p. 66
81. McHarg, Design with Nature (Garden City, New York, Doubleday, 1969), p. iv
82. McHarg, A Quest for Life, 1996, op. cit., pp. 331-332
83. McHarg, Design with Nature, 1969, op. cit., pp. 2, 28-29
84. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York. Pantheon Books, 1978)
85. McHarg, Design with Nature, 1969, op. cit., p. 95
86. McHarg, 'Values, Process and Form', in The Fitness of Man's Environment (Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968), pp. 207-227, quotation on p: 209
87. 'An Ecological Method for Landscape Architecture', Landscape Architecture, 57 (February, 1967), pp. 105-107
88. 'Ecological determinism', in F. Fraser Darling and John P. Milton, eds, Future Environments of North America (Garden City, New York, Natural History Press, 1966), pp. 526-538
89. McHarg, A Quest for Life, 1996, op. cit., pp. 203, 206
90. See, for example, Diane L. Ringger and Forest Stearns, 'Nature's Landscape Architect', Ecology, 51 (November, 1970), pp. 1109-1110
91. McHarg, 'Architecture in an Ecological View of the World', AIA Journal, 54 (November, 1970), pp. 47-51, quotation on p. 48
92. See also McHarg, 'Open Space from Natural Processes', in David A. Wallace, ed., Metropolitan Open Space and Natural Process (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, 1970), pp. 10-52
93. McHarg, 'The Environmental Crisis', Architecture in Australia, Special issue: The Consequences of Today, 59 (August, 1971), pp. 638-646, quotation p. 638
94. McHarg and Jonathan Sutton, 'Ecological Plumbing for the Texas Coastal Plain', Landscape Architecture, 65 (January, 1975), pp. 78-89
95. McHarg, 'Must we Sacrifice the West?', in Terrell J. Minger and Sherry D. Oaks, eds, Growth Alternatives for the Rocky Mountain West (Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1976), pp. 203-211
96. McHarg, 'Biological Alternatives to Water Pollution', in Joachim Tourbier and Robert W. Person, eds, Biological Control of Water Pollution (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976), pp. 7-12
97. Arthur H. Johnson, Jonathan Berger, and McHarg, 'A Case Study in Ecological Planning: The Woodlands, Texas', in Marvin T. Beatty, Gary W. Petersen and Lester D. Swindale, eds, Planning the Uses of Management of Land (Madison, American Society of Agronomy, 1978), pp. 935-956
98. John McHale and Magda Cordell McHale, Basic Human Needs: A Framework for Action (New Brunswick, New Jersey, Transaction Books, 1978)
99. John Todd, 'Comments', in Brand, ed., Space Colonies, 1977, op. cit., pp. 48-49
100. Tom A. Heppenheimer, Colonies in Space (New York, Warner Books, 1977), pp. 170, 180
101. Antonio Ballester, Daniel B. Botkin, James Lovelock, Ramon Margalef, Lynn Margulis, Juan Oro, Rusty Schweikert, David Smith, T. Swain, John Todd, Nancy Todd and George M. Woodwell, 'Ecological Considerations for Space Colonies', Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 57 (1976), pp. 2-4, quotation p. 3
102. Co-Evolution Quarterly 12 (1976), pp. 96-97
103. John Todd and Nancy Todd, Tomorrow is our Permanent Address: The Search for an Ecological Science of Design as Embodied in the Bioshelter (New York, Harper & Row, 1980), p. 33
104. Nigel Calder, Spaceships of the Mind (New York, Viking Press, 1978), pp. 61-63
105. Pierre Elliot Trudeau, 'From Urgencies to Essentials', Co-Evolution Quarterly, 12 (1976/1977), pp. 102-103
106. J. Baldwin, 'The New Alchemists are neither Magicians nor Geniuses. They are Hard Workers', Co-Evolution Quarterly 12 (1976/1977), pp. 104-111
107. John L. Hess, 'Farm-Grown Fish', New York Times (September 6th, 1973), p. 32
108. John Todd, 'Pioneering for the 21st Century: A New Alchemist's Perspective', The Ecologist, 6 (1976), pp. 252-257
109. Betty Roszak, 'Forward', in Nancy Todd and John Todd, eds, The Book of the New Alchemist (New York, E. P. Dutton, 1977), p. vii
110. Similarly in John Todd, 'The Ark: A Solar-Heated, Wind-Powered Greenhouse and Fish Pond Complex', The Futurist, 8 (1974), pp. 296-298
111. Nicholas Wade, 'New Alchemy Institute: Search for an Alternative Agriculture', Science, 187 (February 28th, 1975), pp. 727-729, quotation on p. 727
112. 'Limits to Growth: Texas Conference Finds None, but Didn't Look too Hard', Science, 190 (November 7th, 1975), pp. 540-541
113. Wade Green, 'The New Alchemy', New York Times (August 8th, 1976), p. 152
114. John Todd, 'A Modest Proposal: Science for the People', in Richard Merrill, ed., Radical Agriculture (New York, New York University Press, 1976), pp. 259-283, quotation on p. 270
115. Allan L. Hammon, 'Individual Self-Sufficiency in Energy', Science, 184 (April, 1974), pp. 278-282
116. Nicholas Wade, 'Windmills: The Resurrection of an Ancient Energy Technology', Science, 184 (June 7th, 1974), pp. 1055-1058
117. The New Alchemy Institute West, 'Methane Gas Digesters for Fuel and Fertilizer', in Carol Hupping Stoner, ed., Producing Your Own Power (Emmaus, Pennsylvania, Rodale Press, 1974), pp. 137-176
118. Daniel Shreeve, 'Producing your Own Power', The Quarterly Review of Biology, 51 (1976), pp. 355-356
119. James K. Page, jr, and Wilson Clark, 'The New Alchemy: How to Survive in Your Space Time', Smithsonian, 5 (February, 1975), pp. 82-89, quotation on p. 84
120. The fee was $3 by 1982, Susan Daar, '"Ark" on the Cape', New York Times (August 15th, 1982), p. 1
121. Wade Green, 'The New Alchemy', New York Times, op. cit., p. 152
122. William O. McLarney, 'Aquaculture: Toward an Ecological Approach', in Richard Merrill, ed., Radical Agriculture (New York, New York University Press, 1976), pp. 328-339
123. Dean E. Abrahamson, 'The Energy Crisis', Science, 174 (November 19th, 1971), pp. 857-858
124. Nancy Todd and John Todd, From Eco-Cities to Living Machines: Principles of Ecological Design (Berkeley, North Atlantic Books. 1994). pp. 167-169
125. 'Lessons from the Biosphere'. Design Aid (September/October, 1987), pp. 56-59
126. John Todd, 'Ocean Arks', Co-evolution Quarterly, 23 (1979), pp. 46-55, quotation on p. 46
127. J. Baldwin, 'Trials of an Ocean Ark Model', Co-evolution Quarterly, 24 (1979/1980), pp. 56-57
128. John Todd. 'Ocean Ark Corp.', Co-evolution Quarterly, 24 (1979/1980), pp. 57-59
129. Nancy Todd and John Todd, Bioshelters, Ocean Arks, City Farming: Ecology as the Basis of Design (San Francisco, Sierra Club Books, 1984), pp. 34-35
130. Carl H. Hertel, 'Bioshelters, Ocean Arks, City Farming', (review), The Quarterly Review of Biology, 60 (1985), pp. 556-557
131. Anonymous, 'Grumman's Integrated Household System', Architectural Design, 42 (July, 1972), p. 423
132. Richard Thruelsen, The Grumman Story (New York, Praeger Pub., 1976), pp. 292, 325
133. Jack A. Kraft, 'Industry's Utilization of Human Factors' and Bioengineering', in W. B. Cassidy, ed., Bioengineering and Cabin Ecology (1969), pp. 19-22, quotation on p. 22
134. Helga Olkowski, et al., The Integral Urban House (San Francisco, Sierra Club Books, 1979), p. ix
135. See also The Berkeley Tribe, 'Blueprint for a Communal Environment', Theodore Roszak, ed., Sources (New York, Harper & Row, 1972), pp. 392-413
136. Sean Wellesley-Miller and Day Chahroudi, 'Bio Shelter', Architecture Plus, 2 (1974), pp. 90-95. quotations on p. 92
137. Sean Wellesley-Miller and Day Chahroudi, 'Buildings as Organisms', Architectural Design, 45 (1975), pp. 157-162, quotation on p. 157
138. Nancy Todd, 'Bioshelters and their Implications for Lifestyle', Habitat International, 2 (1977), pp. 87-100
139. Alexander Pike, 'Cambridge Studies', Architectural Design, 42 (July, 1972), pp. 441-445, quotation on p. 441, image on p. 442 (Every effort has been made to seek permission from the copyright holders of the 'Basis diagram for a hypothetical autonomous servicing unit' on p. 442 before this article went to press. If any proper acknowledgement has not been made we would invite the copyright holders to contact Routledge.)
140. Brenda and Robert Vale, The New Autonomous House (London, Thames and Hudson, 2000), p. 8
141. Janine and Robin Clarke, 'The Philosophy and Aims of the Proposed Community', Undercurrents (January, 1972)
142. reprinted in Robert Vale, Services for an Autonomous Research Community in Wales (Cambridge, University of Cambridge Department of Architecture, 1974), p. 37
143. Robert Vale, Analysis of Forms for an Autonomous House (Cambridge, University of Cambridge Department of Architecture, 1973)
144. and Services for an Autonomous Research Community in Wales (Cambridge, University of Cambridge Department of Architecture, 1974)
145. Brenda Vale and Robert Vale, The Autonomous House: Design and Planning for Self-Sufficiency (London, Thames and Hudson, 1975), pp. 8, 184
146. Brenda Vale and Robert Vale, Towards a Green Architecture (London, RIBA Pub., 1991)
147. Green Architecture (London, Thames and Hudson, 1991)
148. The New Autonomous House (London, Thames and Hudson, 2000)
149. See also Kenneth Yeang, Rethinking the Environmental Filter (Singapore, Landmark Books, 1989)
150. and The Architecture of Malaysia (Amsterdam, The Pepin Press, 1992), p. 19
151. Kenneth Yeang, 'Bionics: The Use of Biological Analogies for Design', Architectural Association Quarterly 6 (1974), pp. 48-57, quotation on p. 48
152. His chief source of inspiration was Henrich Hertel, Structure - Form - Movement (New York, Reinhold Pub., 1963)
153. Similarly in John Frazer, An Evolutionary Architecture (London, Architectural Association, 1995)
154. Kenneth Yeang, 'Bases for ecosystem design', Architectural Design, 42 (1972), pp. 434-436, quotations on pp. 435, 436
155. Kenneth Yeang, 'Energetics of the built environment'. Architectural Design, 4 (1974), pp. 446-451
156. Kenneth Yeang, Tropical Urban Regionalism (Singapore, Concept Media, 1987), p. 41
157. Kenneth Yeang, The Tropical Verandah City (Ehsan, Malaysia, Longman, 1987)
158. Kenneth Yeang, Malaysia: Bioclimatic Skyscrapers (Berlin, Aedes, 1994)
159. Kenneth Yeang, Bioclimatic Skyscrapers (London, Artemis, 1994)
160. His chief references were to Howard T. Odum, 'Limits of remote ecosystems containing man', American Biology Teacher, 25 (1963), pp. 429-443
161. and Environment, Power, and Society (New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1971)
162. Kenneth Yeang, Designing with Nature, op. cit., p. 61
163. Kenneth Yeang, The Skyscraper Bioclimatically Considered (London, Academy Editions. 1996)
164. The Green Skyscraper (Munich, Prestel, 1999)
165. 'Bruno Stagno', in Alexander Tzonis, Liane Lefaivre and Kenneth Yeang, eds, Bruno Stagno: An Architect in the Tropics (Ehsan, Malaysia, Asia Design Forum, 1999), pp. 30-31
166. Kenneth Yeang, Service Cores (Chichester, UK, John Wiley, 2000)
167. Leon van Schaik, Ecocells (Chichester, England, Wiley, 2003)
168. Kenneth Yeang, Reinventing the Skyscraper: Vertical Theory of Urban Design (Chichester, England, John Wiley, 2002)
169. Anonymous [Colin Moorcroft], 'Experiments with Power/Food/Water Systems', Architectural Design, 42(1972), pp. 424-425
170. Mark Nelson, Matt Finn, Cherie Wilson, Bernd Zabel, Mark van Thillo, Philip Hawes, and Rodrigo Fernandez, 'Bioregenerative Recycling of Wastewater in Biosphere 2 Using a Constructed Wetland: 2Year Results', Ecological Engineering, 13 (1999), pp. 189-197
171. Anonymous (interview), 'Bass on Biosphere 2', New York Times (September 24th, 1991), p. C6
172. Stewart Brand, The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT (New York, Viking, 1987)
173. J. Baldwin and Stewart Brand, eds, Soft-Tech (New York, Penguin, 1978)
174. Thomas O. Paine, 'Biospheres and Solar System Exploration', in Mark Nelson and Gerald Soffen, eds, Biological Life Support Technologies (Washington, D.C., NASA Conference Publication 3094, 1990), pp. 1-11, quotation on p. 1
175. Dorion Sagan and Lynn Margulis, Biospheres: From Earth to Space (Hillside, New Jersey, Enslow Pub., 1989), pp. 11, 12, 38, 42-43, 61, 70, 85
176. See also Lynn Margulis and Oona West, 'Gaia and the Colonization of Mars', [1993], in Lynn Margulis and Dorion Sagan, Slanted Truths (New York, Springer Verlag, 1997), pp. 221-234
177. John Allen and Mark Nelson, Space Biospheres (Oracle, AZ, Synergetic Press, 1986)
178. 'Biospherics and Biosphere 2, Mission One (1991-1993)', Ecological Engineering, 13 (1999), pp. 15-29
179. John P. Allen, 'Historical Overview of the Biosphere 2 Project', in Mark Nelson and Gerald Soffen, eds, Biological Life Support Technologies, op. cit., pp. 12-22
180. Linnea Gentry and Karen Liptak, The Glass Ark: The Story of Biosphere 2 (New York, Puffin Books, 1991)
181. Carlyle C. Douglas, 'A Voyage of Discovery that Doesn't Move', New York Times (September 29th, 1991), E7
182. William J. Broad, 'Recycling Claim by Biosphere 2 Experiment is Questioned', New York Times (November 12th, 1991), p. C4
183. Abigail Alling and Mark Nelson, Life Under Glass: The Inside Story of Biosphere 2 (Oracle, Arizona, The Biosphere Press, 1993)
184. Traci Watson, 'Can Basic Research Ever Find a Good Home in Biosphere 2?', Science, 259 (March, 1993), pp. 1688-1689
185. Tim Appenzeller, 'Biosphere 2 Makes a New Bid for Scientific Credibility', Science, 263 (March, 1994), pp. 1368-1369
186. Kevin Kelly, Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-Biological Civilization (New York, William Patrick, 1994), p. 39
187. John Allen, 'The Cosmic Drama' and John Todd, 'The New Alchemists', in Chris Zelov and Phil Cousineau, eds, Design Outlaws on the Ecological Frontier (Easton, Pennsylvania, Knossus Pub., 1997), pp. 162-165, 172-183
188. Sam Love, 'The Overconnected Society', The Futurist, 8 (1976), pp. 293-295, quotation on p. 294
189. William McDonough and Michael Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way we Make Things (New York, North Point Press, 2002), p. 65
190. Richard Neutra, World and Dwelling (New York, Universe Books, 1962), p. 26
191. Moshe Safdie, Beyond Habitat (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1970)
192. Judith Wolin, ed., For Everyone a Garden (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1974)
193. Malcolm B. Wells, 'An Ecologically Sound Architecture is Possible', Architectural Design, 42 (1972), pp. 433-434
194. Underground Designs (Brewster, Mass., published by the author, 1977)
195. Gentile Architecture (New York, McGraw-Hill Book Comp., 1981)