2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease: Executive summary: A report of the american college of cardiology foundation/american heart association task force on practice guidelines, american association for thoracic surgery, american college of radiology, american stroke association

Circulation

Volumn 121, Issue 13, 2010, Pages 1544-1579

  Hiratzka, Loren F ^a   Bakris, George L ^b   Beckman, Joshua A ^c   Bersin, Robert M ^d   Carr, Vincent F ^e   Casey, Donald E ^f   Eagle, Kim A ^a,g   Hermann, Luke K ^h   Isselbacher, Eric M ^a   Kazerooni, Ella A ⁱ   Kouchoukos, Nicholas T ^j   Lytle, Bruce W ^a   Milewicz, Dianna M ^o   Reich, David L ^k   Sen, Souvik ^l   Shinn, Julie A ^a   Svensson, Lars G ^m   Williams, David M ^g,n   Jacobs, Alice K ^o   Smith, Sidney C ^o   Anderson, Jeffery L ^o   Adams, Cynthia D ^o   Buller, Christopher E ^o   Creager, Mark A ^o   Ettinger, Steven M ^o   Guyton, Robert A ^o   Halperin, Jonathan L ^o   Hunt, Sharon A ^o   Krumholz, Harlan M ^o   Kushner, Frederick G ^o   Nishimura, Rick ^o   Page, Richard L ^o   Riegel, Barbara ⁿ   Stevenson, William G ^o   Tarkington, Lynn G ^o   Yancy, Clyde W ^o   more..

^a AHA Task Force Liaison   (United States)

^b AHA Representative   (United States)

^c SVM Representative   (United States)

^d SCAI Representative   (United States)

^e ACCF Board of Governors Representative   (United States)

^f AMERICAN COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS   (United States)

^g Recommendations for Descending Thoracic Aorta   (United States)

^h American College of Emergency Physicians Representative   (United States)

ⁱ ACR Representative   (United States)

^j STS Representative   (United States)

^k SCA Representative   (United States)

^l ASA Representative   (United States)

^m AATS Representative   (United States)

ⁿ SIR Representative   (United States)

^o SIR Representative ^*

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO; PROPRANOLOL; VALSARTAN;

ANAMNESIS; AORTA ANEURYSM; AORTA ARCH; AORTA ARCH SYNDROME; AORTA DISEASE; AORTA DISSECTION; AORTA ROOT; ATHEROMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BRAIN PROTECTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EMPLOYMENT; FOLLOW UP; GENETIC DISORDER; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; HEMATOMA; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; RENAL PROTECTION; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING CESSATION; THORACIC AORTA; THORACIC AORTA ANEURYSM; THORACIC AORTA DISEASE; THORACIC AORTA SURGERY; THORACIC AORTA TUMOR; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; VASCULAR TUMOR;

EID: 77950959728     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181d47d48     Document Type: Review

References (225)

1. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Manual for ACCF/AHA Guideline Writing Committees: ethodologies and Policies from the ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Available at http://www.acc.org/qualityandscience/clinical/ manual/pdfs/methodology.pdf and http://circ.ahajournals.org/manual/. Accessed January 7, 2010.
2. Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/ SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aoratic disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Assso-ciation Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interven-tional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. Circulation. 2010;121:e266-e369.
3. Svensson LG, Rodriguez ER. Aortic organ disease epidemic, and why do balloons pop? Circulation. 2005;112:1082-1084
4. Svensson LG, Crawford ES. Cardiovascular and Vascular Disease of the Aorta. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1997:184.
5. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. Circulation. 2006;114:e84-231.
6. Habashi JP, Judge DP, Holm TM, et al. Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. Science. 2006;312:117-121
7. Pannu H, Tran-Fadulu V, Papke CL, et al. MYH11 mutations result in a distinct vascular pathology driven by insulin-like growth factor 1 and angiotensin II. Hum Mol Genet. 2007;16:2453-2462 (Pubitemid 47500631)
8. Kumar SR. Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2005.
9. Collins JS, Evangelista A, Nienaber CA, et al. Differences in clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of acute type A aortic dissection in patients with and without previous cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2004; 110:II237-II242. (Pubitemid 39263729)
10. Razzouk A, Gundry S, Wang N, et al. Pseudoaneurysms of the aorta after cardiac surgery or chest trauma. Am Surg. 1993;59:818-823 (Pubitemid 24005729)
11. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE, et al. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, Am Heart Association. Circulation. 1995; 92:1355-1374
12. He R, Guo DC, Estrera AL, et al. Characterization of the inflammatory and apoptotic cells in the aortas of patients with ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131: 671-678 (Pubitemid 43312897)
13. Tang PC, Coady MA, Lovoulos C, et al. Hyperplastic cellular remodeling of the media in ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms. Circulation. 2005;112: 1098-1105 (Pubitemid 41216115)
14. Pannu H, Fadulu VT, Chang J, et al. Mutations in transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Circulation. 2005;112:513-520 (Pubitemid 41060791)
15. Guo D, Pannu H, Tran-Fadula V, et al. Mutations in smooth muscle alpha-actin (ACTA2). Nat Genet. 2007;39:1488-1493
16. Segura AM, Luna RE, Horiba K, et al. Immunohistochemistry of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic valves of patients with Marfan's syndrome. Circulation. 1998;98: II331-II337. (Pubitemid 28512208)
17. Fedak PW, de Sa MP, Verma S, et al. Vascular matrix remodeling in patients with bicuspid aortic valve malformations: implications for aortic dilatation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126:797-806. (Pubitemid 37151966)
18. Lemaire SA, Wang X, Wilks JA, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases in ascending aortic aneurysms: bicuspid versus trileaflet aortic valves. J Surg Res. 2005;123:40-48 (Pubitemid 40094643)
19. Lemaire SA, Pannu H, Tran-Fadulu V, et al. Severe aortic and arterial aneurysms associated with a TGFBR2 mutation. Nat Clin Pract Car-diovasc Med. 2007;4:167-171 (Pubitemid 46358844)
20. Ikonomidis JS, Jones JA, Barbour JR, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and endogenous inhibitors within ascending aortic aneurysms of patients with bicuspid or tricuspid aortic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:1028-1036 (Pubitemid 46435954)
21. Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Medium-and large-vessel vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:160-169
22. Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O'Fallon WM, et al. The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Olmstead County, Minnesota: apparent fluctuations in a cyclic pattern. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:192-194
23. Amis ES Jr, Butler PF, Applegate KE, et al. Am College of Radiology white paper on radiation dose in medicine. J Am Coll Radiol. 2007;4: 272-284
24. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography: an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2277-2284 (Pubitemid 350190758)
25. Shellock FG, Spinazzi A. MRI safety update 2008: part 1, MRI contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008; 191:1129-1139
26. Cascade PN, Leibel SA. Decision-making in radiotherapy for the cancer patient: the Am College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria Project. CA Cancer J Clin. 1998;48:146-150
27. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP. 1977;1.
28. McCollough CH, Bruesewitz MR, Kofler JM Jr. CT dose reduction and dose management tools: overview of available options. Radiographics. 2006;26:503-512
29. Parker MS, Matheson TL, Rao AV, et al. Making the transition: the role of helical CT in the evaluation of potentially acute thoracic aortic injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176:1267-1272 (Pubitemid 32323273)
30. Johnston KW, Rutherford RB, Tilson MD, et al. Suggested standards for reporting on arterial aneurysms. Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Arterial Aneurysms, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery and North Am Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1991;13:452-458
31. Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kramer-Fox R, et al. Two-dimensional echo-cardiographic aortic root dimensions in normal children and adults. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64:507-512 (Pubitemid 19214582)
32. Yoshida S, Akiba H, Tamakawa M, et al. Thoracic involvement of type A aortic dissection and intramural hematoma: diagnostic accuracy: comparison of emergency helical CT and surgical findings. Radiology. 2003;228:430-435 (Pubitemid 36910083)
33. Sommer T, Fehske W, Holzknecht N, et al. Aortic dissection: a comparative study of diagnosis with spiral CT, multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography, and MR imaging. Radiology. 1996;199:347-352 (Pubitemid 26121978)
34. Zeman RK, Berman PM, Silverman PM, et al. Diagnosis of aortic dissection: value of helical CT with multiplanar reformation and three-dimensional rendering. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;164:1375-1380
35. Shiga T, Wajima Z, Apfel CC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of transesoph-ageal echocardiography, helical computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for suspected thoracic aortic dissection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1350-1356 (Pubitemid 44036346)
36. Am College of Radiology. ACR CT Accreditation Clinical Image Quality Guide. Available at http://www.acr.org/accreditation/computed/qc-forms/image- guide.aspx. Accessed January 7, 2010.
37. Practice Guideline for the Performance and Interpretation of Computed Tomography Angiography. Available at http://www.acr.org/ SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality-safety/guidelines/dx/cardio/ct-angiography. aspx. Accessed January 7, 2010.
38. Prince MR, Narasimham DL, Jacoby WT, et al. Three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of the thoracic aorta. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;166:1387-1397 (Pubitemid 26160595)
39. Bogaert J, Meyns B, Rademakers FE, et al. Follow-up of aortic dissection: contribution of MR angiography for evaluation of the abdominal aorta and its branches. Eur Radiol. 1997;7:695-702. (Pubitemid 127723239)
40. Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y, Nicolas V, et al. The diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection by noninvasive imaging procedures. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1-9. (Pubitemid 23011464)
41. Pereles FS, McCarthy RM, Baskaran V, et al. Thoracic aortic dissection and aneurysm: evaluation with nonenhanced true FISP MR angiography in less than 4 minutes. Radiology. 2002;223:270-274 (Pubitemid 34262677)
42. Fischer U, Vosshenrich R, Kopka L, et al. Dissection of the thoracic aorta: pre-and postoperative findings on turbo-FLASH MR images obtained in the plane of the aortic arch. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994; 163:1069-1072 (Pubitemid 24355693)
43. Pearson GD, Devereux R, Loeys B, et al. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Marfan Foundation Working Group on research in Marfan syndrome and related disorders. Circulation. 2008; 118:785-791
44. Svensson LG, Crawford ES, Coselli JS, et al. Impact of cardiovascular operation on survival in the Marfan patient. Circulation. 1989;80: I233-I242. (Pubitemid 19229192)
45. Svensson LG, Blackstone EH, Feng J, et al. Are Marfan syndrome and marfanoid patients distinguishable on long-term follow-up? Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1067-1074 (Pubitemid 46328832)
46. Zhu L, Vranckx R, Khau Van Kien P, et al. Mutations in myosin heavy chain 11 cause a syndrome associating thoracic aortic aneurysm/aortic dissection and patent ductus arteriosus. Nat Genet. 2006;38:343-349 (Pubitemid 43315758)
47. Loeys BL, Schwarze U, Holm T, et al. Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:788-798 (Pubitemid 44285584)
48. Williams JA, Loeys BL, Nwakanma LU, et al. Early surgical experience with Loeys-Dietz: a new syndrome of aggressive thoracic aortic aneu-rysm disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:S757-S763.
49. Bondy CA. Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: a guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 92:10-25.
50. Gott VL, Greene PS, Alejo DE, et al. Replacement of the aortic root in patients with Marfan's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1307-1313 (Pubitemid 29196592)
51. Svensson LG, Khitin L. Aortic cross-sectional area/height ratio timing of aortic surgery in asymptomatic patients with Marfan syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123:360-361 (Pubitemid 34127130)
52. Wenstrup RJ, Meyer RA, Lyle JS, et al. Prevalence of aortic root dilation in the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Genet Med. 2002;4:112-117
53. Gupta PA, Putnam EA, Carmical SG, et al. Ten novel FBN2 mutations in congenital contractural arachnodactyly: delineation of the molecular pathogenesis and clinical phenotype. Hum Mutat. 2002;19:39-48.
54. Gupta PA, Wallis DD, Chin TO, et al. FBN2 mutation associated with manifestations of Marfan syndrome and congenital contractural arach-nodactyly. J Med Genet. 2004;41:e56.
55. Adeola T, Adeleye O, Potts JL, et al. Thoracic aortic dissection in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Natl Med Assoc. 2001;93:282-287 (Pubitemid 33613253)
56. Lee CC, Chang WT, Fang CC, et al. Sudden death caused by dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysm in a patient with autosomal dominant poly-cystic kidney disease. Resuscitation. 2004;63:93-96
57. Purnell R, Williams I, Von Oppell U, et al. Giant aneurysms of the sinuses of Valsalva and aortic regurgitation in a patient with Noonan's syndrome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;28:346-348
58. Morgan JM, Coupe MO, Honey M, et al. Aneurysms of the sinuses of Valsalva in Noonan's syndrome. Eur Heart J. 1989;10:190-193
59. Shachter N, Perloff JK, Mulder DG. Aortic dissection in Noonan's syndrome (46 XY turner). Am J Cardiol. 1984;54:464-465
60. McElhinney DB, Krantz ID, Bason L, et al. Analysis of cardiovascular phenotype and genotype-phenotype correlation in individuals with a JAG1 mutation and/or Alagille syndrome. Circulation. 2002;106: 2567-2574
61. Albornoz G, Coady MA, Roberts M, et al. Familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections: incidence, modes of inheritance, and phe-notypic patterns. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:1400-1405
62. Coady MA, Davies RR, Roberts M, et al. Familial patterns of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Arch Surg. 1999;134:361-367
63. Stheneur C, Collod-Beroud G, Faivre L, et al. Identification of 23 TGFBR2 and 6 TGFBR1 gene mutations and genotype-phenotype investigations in 457 patients with Marfan syndrome type I and II, Loeys-Dietz syndrome and related disorders Hum Mutat. 2008;29: E284-95.
64. Guo DC, Papke CL, Tran-Fadulu V, et al. Mutations in smooth muscle alpha-actin (ACTA2) cause coronary artery disease, stroke, and moya-moya disease, along with thoracic aortic disease. Am J Hum Genet. 2009;84:617-627
65. Braverman AC, Guven H, Beardslee MA, et al. The bicuspid aortic valve. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2005;30:470-522.
66. Borger MA, David TE. Management of the valve and ascending aorta in adults with bicuspid aortic valve disease. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;17:143-147
67. Svensson LG, Blackstone EH, Cosgrove DM III. Surgical options in young adults with aortic valve disease. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2003;28: 417-480
68. Svensson LG. Aortic valve stenosis and regurgitation: an overview of management. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2008;49:297-303.
69. Kerr GS, Hallahan CW, Giordano J, et al. Takayasu arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:919-929
70. Mazlumzadeh M, Hunder GG, Easley KA, et al. Treatment of giant cell arteritis using induction therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized prospective clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3310-3318
71. Ishikawa K, Maetani S. Long-term outcome for 120 Japanese patients with Takayasu's disease. Clinical and statistical analyses of related prognostic factors Circulation. 1994;90:1855-1860
72. Kyle V, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein in the assessment of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis on presentation and during follow up. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989;48:667-671
73. Fields CE, Bower TC, Cooper LT, et al. Takayasu's arteritis: operative results and influence of disease activity. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43:64-71.
74. Arend WP, Michel BA, Bloch DA, et al. The Am College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1129-1134
75. Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA, et al. The Am College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1122-1128
76. Evaluation of diagnostic ('classification') criteria in Behcet's disease: towards internationally agreed criteria. The International Study Group for Behcet's disease. Br J Rheumatol. 1992;31:299-308.
77. Goie The HS, Steven MM, van der Linden SM, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis: a comparison of the Rome, New York and modified New York criteria in patients with a positive clinical history screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol. 1985;24:242-249
78. Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, et al. The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease. JAMA. 2000;283:897-903.
79. Januzzi JL, Isselbacher EM, Fattori R, et al. Characterizing the young patient with aortic dissection: results from the International Registry of Aortic Dissection (IRAD). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:665-669
80. Von Kodolitsch Y, Schwartz AG, Nienaber CA. Clinical prediction of acute aortic dissection. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2977-2982
81. Meszaros I, Morocz J, Szlavi J, et al. Epidemiology and clinicopa-thology of aortic dissection. Chest. 2000;117:1271-1278
82. Spittell PC, Spittell JA Jr, Joyce JW, et al. Clinical features and differential diagnosis of aortic dissection: experience with 236 cases (1980 through 1990). Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;68:642-651
83. Mehta RH, O'Gara PT, Bossone E, et al. Acute type A aortic dissection in the elderly: clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes in the current era. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:685-692
84. Klompas M. Does this patient have an acute thoracic aortic dissection? JAMA. 2002;287:2262-2272
85. Armstrong WF, Bach DS, Carey LM, et al. Clinical and echocardio-graphic findings in patients with suspected acute aortic dissection. Am Heart J. 1998;136:1051-1060
86. Gaul C, Dietrich W, Friedrich I, et al. Neurological symptoms in type A aortic dissections. Stroke. 2007;38:292-297
87. Roberts WC, Ko JM, Moore TR, et al. Causes of pure aortic regurgita-tion in patients having isolated aortic valve replacement at a single US tertiary hospital (1993 to 2005). Circulation. 2006;114:422-429
88. Svensson LG, Labib SB, Eisenhauer AC, et al. Intimal tear without hematoma: an important variant of aortic dissection that can elude current imaging techniques. Circulation. 1999;99:1331-1336
89. Chirillo F, Salvador L, Bacchion F, et al. Clinical and anatomical characteristics of subtle-discrete dissection of the ascending aorta. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:1314-1319
90. Murray CA, Edwards JE. Spontaneous laceration of ascending aorta. Circulation. 1973;47:848-858
91. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:671-719.
92. Erbel R, Engberding R, Daniel W, et al. Echocardiography in diagnosis of aortic dissection. Lancet. 1989;1:457-461
93. Borner N, Erbel R, Braun B, et al. Diagnosis of aortic dissection by transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54:1157-1158
94. Suzuki T, Mehta RH, Ince H, et al. Clinical profiles and outcomes of acute type B aortic dissection in the current era: lessons from the International Registry of Aortic Dissection (IRAD). Circulation. 2003; 108(suppl 1):II312-II317.
95. Estrera AL, Miller CC III, Safi HJ, et al. Outcomes of medical management of acute type B aortic dissection. Circulation. 2006;114: I384-I389.
96. Umana JP, Lai DT, Mitchell RS, et al. Is medical therapy still the optimal treatment strategy for patients with acute type B aortic dissections? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;124:896-910.
97. Mehta RH, Suzuki T, Hagan PG, et al. Predicting death in patients with acute type A aortic dissection. Circulation. 2002;105:200-206
98. Chiappini B, Schepens M, Tan E, et al. Early and late outcomes of acute type A aortic dissection: analysis of risk factors in 487 consecutive patients. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:180-186
99. Patel MR, Dehmer GJ, Hirshfeld JW, et al. ACCF/SCAI/STS/AATS/AHA/ASNC 2009 Appropriateness Criteria for Coronary Revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:530-553
100. Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, et al. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008.
101. Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, et al. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia: 2007.
102. Isselbacher E. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008.
103. Genoni M, Paul M, Jenni R, et al. Chronic beta-blocker therapy improves outcome and reduces treatment costs in chronic type B aortic dissection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;19:606-610
104. Shores J, Berger KR, Murphy EA, et al. Progression of aortic dilatation and the benefit of long-term beta-adrenergic blockade in Marfan's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1335-1341
105. Ladouceur M, Fermanian C, Lupoglazoff JM, et al. Effect of beta-blockade on ascending aortic dilatation in children with the Marfan syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:406-409
106. Ahimastos AA, Aggarwal A, D'Orsa KM, et al. Effect of perindopril on large artery stiffness and aortic root diameter in patients with Marfan syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298:1539-1547
107. Mochizuki S, Dahlof B, Shimizu M, et al. Valsartan in a Japanese population with hypertension and other cardiovascular disease (Jikei Heart Study): a randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint morbidity-mortality study. Lancet. 2007;369:1431-1439
108. Brooke BS, Habashi JP, Judge DP, et al. Angiotensin II blockade and aortic-root dilation in Marfan's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2008;358: 2787-2795
109. Diehm N, Becker G, Katzen B, et al. Statins are associated with decreased mortality in abdominal, but not in thoracic aortic aneurysm patients undergoing endovascular repair: propensity score-adjusted analysis. Vasa. 2008;37:241-249
110. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to an-giotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288:2981-2997
111. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:2101-2113
112. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360: 1903-1913
113. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of pro-spectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration Lancet. 2000;356: 1955-1964
114. Ogden LG, He J, Lydick E, et al. Long-term absolute benefit of lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients according to the JNC VI risk stratification. Hypertension. 2000;35:539-543
115. Lacro RV, Dietz HC, Wruck LM, et al. Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial of beta-blocker therapy (atenolol) versus an-giotensin II receptor blocker therapy (losartan) in individuals with Marfan syndrome. Am Heart J. 2007;154:624-631
116. Evans J, Powell JT, Schwalbe E, et al. Simvastatin attenuates the activity of matrix metalloprotease-9 in aneurysmal aortic tissue. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;34:302-303
117. Leurs LJ, Visser P, Laheij RJ, et al. Statin use is associated with reduced all-cause mortality after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Vascular. 2006;14:1-8.
118. Kurzencwyg D, Filion KB, Pilote L, et al. Cardiac medical therapy among patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ann Vasc Surg. 2006;20:569-576
119. Yilmaz MB, Biyikoglu SF, Guray Y, et al. Level of awareness of on-treatment patients about prescribed statins. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2004;18:399-404.
120. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e1-e157.
121. Ockene IS, Miller NH. Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Am Heart Association. Am Heart Association Task Force on Risk Reduction. Circulation. 1997;96:3243-3247
122. Daly LE, Mulcahy R, Graham IM, Hickay N. Long term effect on mortality of stopping smoking after unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983;287:324-326
123. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Agency. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Number 18: Smoking Cessation 1996; AHCPR Publication 96-0692.
124. Svensson LG, Kouchoukos NT, Miller DC, et al. Expert consensus document on the treatment of descending thoracic aortic disease using endovascular stent-grafts. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:S1-41.
125. Kouchoukos NT, Dougenis D. Surgery of the thoracic aorta. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1876-1888
126. Elefteriades JA. Natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysms: indications for surgery, and surgical versus nonsurgical risks. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:S1877-S1880.
127. Boissonnas CC, Davy C, Bornes M, et al. Careful cardiovascular screening and follow-up of women with Turner syndrome before and during pregnancy is necessary to prevent maternal mortality. Fertil Steril. 2009;91:929-937
128. Svensson LG, Kim KH, Lytle BW, et al. Relationship of aortic cross-sectional area to height ratio and the risk of aortic dissection in patients with bicuspid aortic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126:892-893
129. Tzemos N, Therrien J, Yip J, et al. Outcomes in adults with bicuspid aortic valves. JAMA. 2008;300:1317-1325
130. Vallely MP, Semsarian C, Bannon PG. Management of the ascending aorta in patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease. Heart Lung Circ. 2008;17:357-363
131. Vaughan CJ, Casey M, He J, et al. Identification of a chromosome 11q23.2-q24 locus for familial aortic aneurysm disease, a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Circulation. 2001;103:2469-2475
132. Abedin M, Tintut Y, Demer LL. Vascular calcification: mechanisms and clinical ramifications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24: 1161-1170
133. Iribarren C, Sidney S, Sternfeld B, et al. Calcification of the aortic arch: risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. JAMA. 2000;283:2810-2815
134. Chiu KM, Lin TY, Chen JS, et al. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Left ventricle apical conduit to bilateral subclavian artery in a patient with porcelain aorta and aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2006;113: e388-e389.
135. Svensson LG, Blackstone EH, Rajeswaran J, et al. Does the arterial cannulation site for circulatory arrest influence stroke risk? Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1274-1284
136. Crawford ES, Kirklin JW, Naftel DC, et al. Surgery for acute dissection of ascending aorta. Should the arch be included? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;104:46-59.
137. Svensson LG, Crawford ES, Hess KR, et al. Dissection of the aorta and dissecting aortic aneurysms. Improving early and long-term surgical results. Circulation. 1990;82:IV24-IV38.
138. Greenberg RK, Haddad F, Svensson L, et al. Hybrid approaches to thoracic aortic aneurysms: the role of endovascular elephant trunk completion. Circulation. 2005;112:2619-2626
139. Svensson LG. The elephant trunk procedure: uses in complex aortic diseases. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2005;20:491-495
140. Svensson LG, Kim KH, Blackstone EH, et al. Elephant trunk procedure: newer indications and uses. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:109-116
141. Coady MA, Rizzo JA, Hammond GL, et al. What is the appropriate size criterion for resection of thoracic aortic aneurysms? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113:476-491
142. Estrera AL, Rubenstein FS, Miller CC III, et al. Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm: surgical approach and treatment using the adjuncts cerebrospinal fluid drainage and distal aortic perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:481-486
143. Svensson LG, Crawford ES, Hess KR, et al. Variables predictive of outcome in 832 patients undergoing repairs of the descending thoracic aorta. Chest. 1993;104:1248-1253
144. Matsumura JS, Cambria RP, Dake MD, et al. International controlled clinical trial of thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair with the Zenith TX2 endovascular graft: 1-year results. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47:247-257
145. Svensson LG, Crawford ES, Hess KR, et al. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms associated with celiac, superior mesenteric, and renal artery occlusive disease: methods and analysis of results in 271 patients. J Vasc Surg. 1992;16:378-389
146. Milewicz DM, Dietz HC, Miller DC. Treatment of aortic disease in patients with Marfan syndrome. Circulation. 2005;111:e150-7.
147. Immer FF, Bansi AG, Immer-Bansi AS, et al. Aortic dissection in pregnancy: analysis of risk factors and outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:309-314
148. Tunick PA, Nayar AC, Goodkin GM, et al. Effect of treatment on the incidence of stroke and other emboli in 519 patients with severe thoracic aortic plaque. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:1320-1325
149. Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356: 1503-1516
150. McFalls EO, Ward HB, Moritz TE, et al. Coronary-artery revascular-ization before elective major vascular surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351: 2795-2804
151. Poldermans D, Schouten O, Vidakovic R, et al. A clinical randomized trial to evaluate the safety of a noninvasive approach in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery: the DECREASE-V Pilot Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1763-1769
152. Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. A report by the Am Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echo-cardiography. Anesthesiology. 1996;84:986-1006.
153. Fattori R, Caldarera I, Rapezzi C, et al. Primary endoleakage in endo-vascular treatment of the thoracic aorta: importance of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000; 120:490-495
154. Abe S, Ono S, Murata K, et al. Usefulness of transesophageal echocar-diographic monitoring in transluminal endovascular stent-graft repair for thoracic aortic aneurysm. Jpn Circ J. 2000;64:960-964
155. Dong CC, MacDonald DB, Janusz MT. Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring during descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysm surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:S1873-S1876.
156. Meylaerts SA, Jacobs MJ, van Iterson V, et al. Comparison of transcra-nial motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ann Surg. 1999;230: 742-749
157. Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Benzon H, et al. Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient: defining the risks (the second ASRA Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:172-197
158. Ferraris VA, Ferraris SP, Saha SP, et al. Perioperative blood transfusion and blood conservation in cardiac surgery: the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists clinical practice guideline. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:S27-S86.
159. Akashi H, Tayama K, Fujino T, et al. Cerebral protection selection in aortic arch surgery for patients with preoperative complications of cere-brovascular disease. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;48:782-788
160. Ehrlich MP, Fang WC, Grabenwoger M, et al. Impact of retrograde cerebral perfusion on aortic arch aneurysm repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;118:1026-1032
161. Di Eusanio M, Wesselink RM, Morshuis WJ, et al. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade selective cerebral perfusion during ascending aorta-hemiarch replacement: a retrospective comparative study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:849-854
162. Hagl C, Ergin MA, Galla JD, et al. Neurologic outcome after ascending aorta-aortic arch operations: effect of brain protection technique in high-risk patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121:1107-1121
163. Reich DL, Uysal S, Sliwinski M, et al. Neuropsychologic outcome after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in adults. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:156-163
164. Reich DL, Uysal S, Ergin MA, et al. Retrograde cerebral perfusion during thoracic aortic surgery and late neuropsychological dysfunction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;19:594-600. (Pubitemid 32416610)
165. Usui A, Yasuura K, Watanabe T, et al. Comparative clinical study between retrograde cerebral perfusion and selective cerebral perfusion in surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999;15:571-578
166. Kunihara T, Grun T, Aicher D, et al. Hypothermic circulatory arrest is not a risk factor for neurologic morbidity in aortic surgery: a propensity score analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:712-718
167. Schepens MA, Dossche KM, Morshuis WJ, et al. The elephant trunk technique: operative results in 100 consecutive patients. Eur J Cardio-thorac Surg. 2002;21:276-281
168. Deeb GM, Williams DM, Quint LE, et al. Risk analysis for aortic surgery using hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:1883-1886
169. Ehrlich MP, Schillinger M, Grabenwoger M, et al. Predictors of adverse outcome and transient neurological dysfunction following surgical treatment of acute type A dissections. Circulation. 2003;108(suppl 1): II318-II323.
170. Fleck TM, Czerny M, Hutschala D, et al. The incidence of transient neurologic dysfunction after ascending aortic replacement with circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:1198-1202
171. Moshkovitz Y, David TE, Caleb M, et al. Circulatory arrest under moderate systemic hypothermia and cold retrograde cerebral perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:1179-1184
172. Okita Y, Takamoto S, Ando M, et al. Mortality and cerebral outcome in patients who underwent aortic arch operations using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion: no relation of early death, stroke, and delirium to the duration of circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;115:129-138
173. Ueda Y, Okita Y, Aomi S, et al. Retrograde cerebral perfusion for aortic arch surgery: analysis of risk factors. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67: 1879-1882 (Pubitemid 29301370)
174. Wong CH, Bonser RS. Does retrograde cerebral perfusion affect risk factors for stroke and mortality after hypothermic circulatory arrest? Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:1900-1903
175. Di Eusanio M, Schepens MA, Morshuis WJ, et al. Brain protection using antegrade selective cerebral perfusion: a multicenter study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:1181-1188
176. Di Eusanio M, Schepens MA, Morshuis WJ, et al. Antegrade selective cerebral perfusion during operations on the thoracic aorta: factors influencing survival and neurologic outcome in 413 patients. J Thorac Car-diovasc Surg. 2002;124:1080-1086
177. Di Eusanio M, Tan ME, Schepens MA, et al. Surgery for acute type A dissection using antegrade selective cerebral perfusion: experience with 122 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:514-519
178. Kazui T, Yamashita K, Washiyama N, et al. Impact of an aggressive surgical approach on surgical outcome in type A aortic dissection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:S1844-S1847. (Pubitemid 35222715)
179. Kazui T, Yamashita K, Washiyama N, et al. Aortic arch replacement using selective cerebral perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83: S796-S798.
180. Numata S, Ogino H, Sasaki H, et al. Total arch replacement using antegrade selective cerebral perfusion with right axillary artery per-fusion. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23:771-775
181. Sasaki H, Ogino H, Matsuda H, et al. Integrated total arch replacement using selective cerebral perfusion: a 6-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:S805-S810.
182. Strauch JT, Spielvogel D, Lauten A, et al. Axillary artery cannulation: routine use in ascending aorta and aortic arch replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:103-108
183. Kamiya H, Hagl C, Kropivnitskaya I, et al. Quick proximal arch replacement with moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1055-1058
184. Matalanis G, Hata M, Buxton BF. A retrospective comparative study of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, retrograde, and antegrade cerebral perfusion in aortic arch surgery. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;9: 174-179
185. Okita Y, Minatoya K, Tagusari O, et al. Prospective comparative study of brain protection in total aortic arch replacement: deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion or selective antegrade cerebral perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:72-79
186. Zierer A, Aybek T, Risteski P, et al. Moderate hypothermia (30 degrees C) for surgery of acute type A aortic dissection. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;53:74-79
187. Svensson LG, Nadolny EM, Kimmel WA. Multimodal protocol influence on stroke and neurocognitive deficit prevention after ascending/arch aortic operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:2040-2046
188. Okita Y, Ando M, Minatoya K, et al. Predictive factors for mortality and cerebral complications in arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the aortic arch. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:72-78
189. Svensson LG, Crawford ES, Hess KR, et al. Deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest. Determinants of stroke and early mortality in 656 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;106:19-28.
190. Grigore AM, Grocott HP, Mathew JP, et al. The rewarming rate and increased peak temperature alter neurocognitive outcome after cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:4-10, table.
191. Grocott HP, Mackensen GB, Grigore AM, et al. Postoperative hyper-thermia is associated with cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Stroke. 2002;33:537-541
192. Bar-Yosef S, Mathew JP, Newman MF, et al. Prevention of cerebral hyperthermia during cardiac surgery by limiting on-bypass rewarming in combination with post-bypass body surface warming: a feasibility study. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:641-646
193. Coselli JS, Lemaire SA, Koksoy C, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage reduces paraplegia after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35:631-639
194. Khan SN, Stansby G. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage for thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;CD003635.
195. Safi HJ, Miller CC III, Huynh TT, et al. Distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage for thoracoabdominal and descending thoracic aortic repair: ten years of organ protection. Ann Surg. 2003; 238:372-380
196. Estrera AL, Miller CC III, Chen EP, et al. Descending thoracic aortic aneurysm repair: 12-year experience using distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1290-1296
197. Safi HJ, Hess KR, Randel M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and distal aortic perfusion: reducing neurologic complications in repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm types I and II. J Vasc Surg. 1996; 23:223-228
198. Hollier LH, Money SR, Naslund TC, et al. Risk of spinal cord dysfunction in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic replacement. Am J Surg. 1992;164:210-213
199. Svensson LG, Khitin L, Nadolny EM, et al. Systemic temperature and paralysis after thoracoabdominal and descending aortic operations. Arch Surg. 2003;138:175-179
200. Cambria RP, Davison JK, Carter C, et al. Epidural cooling for spinal cord protection during thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair: a five-year experience. J Vasc Surg. 2000;31:1093-1102
201. Cambria RP, Davison JK, Zannetti S, et al. Clinical experience with epidural cooling for spinal cord protection during thoracic and thoraco-abdominal aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg. 1997;25:234-241
202. Woloszyn TT, Marini CP, Coons MS, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and steroids provide better spinal cord protection during aortic cross-clamping than does either treatment alone. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;49: 78-82.
203. Schurink GW, Nijenhuis RJ, Backes WH, et al. Assessment of spinal cord circulation and function in endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:S877-81.
204. Ogino H, Sasaki H, Minatoya K, et al. Combined use of adamkiewicz artery demonstration and motor-evoked potentials in descending and thoracoabdominal repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:592-596
205. Guerit JM, Witdoeckt C, Verhelst R, et al. Sensitivity, specificity, and surgical impact of somatosensory evoked potentials in descending aorta surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:1943-1946
206. Jacobs MJ, de Mol BA, Legemate DA, et al. Retrograde aortic and selective organ perfusion during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1997;14:360-366
207. Koksoy C, Lemaire SA, Curling PE, et al. Renal perfusion during thoracoabdominal aortic operations: cold crystalloid is superior to nor-mothermic blood. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:730-738
208. Svensson LG, Coselli JS, Safi HJ, et al. Appraisal of adjuncts to prevent acute renal failure after surgery on the thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta. J Vasc Surg. 1989;10:230-239
209. Perdue PW, Balser JR, Lipsett PA, et al. "Renal dose" dopamine in surgical patients: dogma or science? Ann Surg. 1998;227:470-473
210. Hager B, Betschart M, Krapf R. Effect of postoperative intravenous loop diuretic on renal function after major surgery. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1996;126:666-673
211. Davies RR, Goldstein LJ, Coady MA, et al. Yearly rupture or dissection rates for thoracic aortic aneurysms: simple prediction based on size. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:17-27.
212. Davies RR, Kaple RK, Mandapati D, et al. Natural history of ascending aortic aneurysms in the setting of an unreplaced bicuspid aortic valve. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1338-1344
213. Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, et al. Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1642-1681
214. Williams MA, Haskell WL, Ades PA, et al. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the Am Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2007;116:572-584
215. Palatini P, Mos L, Munari L, et al. Blood pressure changes during heavy-resistance exercise. J Hypertens Suppl. 1989;7:S72-3.
216. Hatzaras I, Tranquilli M, Coady M, et al. Weight lifting and aortic dissection: more evidence for a connection. Cardiology. 2007;107: 103-106
217. Deslauriers J, Gregoire J. Clinical and surgical staging of non-small cell lung cancer. Chest. 2000;117:96S-103S. (Pubitemid 30225147)
218. Kameda K, Adachi S, Kono M. Detection of T-factor in lung cancer using magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging. 1988;3:73-80.
219. Ohtsuka T, Minami M, Nakajima J, et al. Cine computed tomography for evaluation of tumors invasive to the thoracic aorta: seven clinical experiences. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;112:190-192
220. Schroder C, Schonhofer B, Vogel B. Transesophageal echographic determination of aortic invasion by lung cancer. Chest. 2005;127: 438-442
221. Oldenburg WA. Primary Tumors of Major Blood Vessels. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2005:1665.
222. Chen WJ, Chen CL, Liau CS, et al. Primary malignant fibrous histio-cytoma of the aorta associated with aortic dissection. Chest. 1991;99: 1049-1050
223. Utsunomiya D, Ikeda O, Ideta I, et al. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma arising from the aortic wall mimicking a pseudoaneurysm with ulceration. Circ J. 2007;71:1659-1661
224. Guttentag A, Lazar HL, Franklin P, et al. Malignant fibrous histio-cytoma obstructing the thoracic aorta. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989;47:775-777
225. Kouchoukos NT, Masetti P. Primary sarcoma of the thoracic aorta. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:e1.