Acute pancreatitis

Journal of Hospital Medicine

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 241-250

  Munsell, Melissa A ^a   Buscaglia, Jonathan M ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute abdominal emergencies; Nutrition; Sepsis; Shock

Indexed keywords

IMIPENEM; MEROPENEM; METRONIDAZOLE; QUINOLONE;

ACUTE PANCREATITIS; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; APACHE; ATLANTA CRITERIA; BALTHAZAR SCORE; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GALLSTONE; HUMAN; IMRIE SCORING SYSTEM; KLEBSIELLA; LUNG EDEMA; MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PANCREAS NECROSIS; PANCREAS PSEUDOCYST; PANCREAS RESECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RANSON CRITERIA; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SEPSIS; SEPTIC SHOCK; SERODIAGNOSIS; SURGICAL DRAINAGE; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION;

ACUTE DISEASE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PANCREATITIS; PROGNOSIS; SHOCK, SEPTIC;

EID: 77950931646     PISSN: 15535592     EISSN: 15535606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jhm.574     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. DeFrances CJ, Hall MJ. 2005 National hospital discharge survey. Adv Data. 2007;385:1-19.
2. Sanders G, Kingsnorth AN. Gallstones. BMJ. 2007;335:295-299.
3. Steinberg W, Tenner S. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1198-1210.
4. Pandol SJ, Raraty M. Pathobiology of alcoholic pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2007;7:105-114.
5. Toskes PP. Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1990;19:783-791.
6. Mithofer K, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Frick TW, Lewandrowski KB, Rattner DW, Warshaw AL. Acute hypercalcemia causes acute pancreatitis and ectopic trypsinogen activation in the rat. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:239-246.
7. Wilcox CM, Varadarajulu S, Eloubeidi M. Role of endoscopic evaluation in idiopathic pancreatitis: a systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:1037-1045. (Pubitemid 43776177)
8. Zandieh I, Byrne MF. Autoimmune pancreatitis: a review. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:6327-6332.
9. Clavien PA, Robert J, Meyer P, et al. Acute pancreatitis and normoamylasemia. not an uncommon combination. Ann Surg. 1989;210:614-620. (Pubitemid 19271938)
10. Orebaugh SL. Normal amylase levels in the presentation of acute pancreatitis. Am J Emerg Med. 1994;12:21-24. (Pubitemid 24055918)
11. Ranson JH. Diagnostic standards for acute pancreatitis. World J Surg. 1997;21:136-142.
12. Tietz NW. Support of the diagnosis of pancreatitis by enzyme tests - old problems, new techniques. Clinica Chimica Acta. 1997;257:85-98.
13. Sternby B, O'Brien JF, Zinsmeister AR, DiMagno EP. What is the best biochemical test to diagnose acute pancreatitis? A prospective clinical study. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:1138-1144. (Pubitemid 126765468)
14. Lott JA. The value of clinical laboratory studies in acute pancreatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1991;115:325-326.
15. Rinderknecht H, Geokas MC. Anionic and cationic trypsinogens (trypsins) in mammalian pancreas. Enzyme. 1972/1973;14:116-130.
16. Itkonen O, Koivunen E, Hurme M, Alfthan H, Schroder T, Stenman UH. Time-resolved immunofluorometric assays for trypsinogen-1 and 2 in serum reveal preferential elevation of trypsinogen-2 in pancreatitis. J Lab Clin Med. 1990;115:712-718. (Pubitemid 20213162)
17. Kemppainen EA, Hedstrom JI, Puolakkainen PA, et al. Rapid measurement of urinary trypsinogen-2 as a screening test for acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1788-1793. (Pubitemid 27262175)
18. Chen YT, Chen CC, Wang SS, Chang FY, Lee SD. Rapid urinary trypsinogen-2 test strip in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2005;30:243-247. (Pubitemid 40397376)
19. Saez J, Martinez J, Trigo C, et al. Clinical value of rapid urine trypsinogen-2 test strip, urinary trypsinogen activation peptide, and serum and urinary activation peptide of carboxypeptidase B in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:7261-7265. (Pubitemid 43137673)
20. Sankaralingam S, Wesen C, Barawi M, Galera R, Lloyd L. Use of the urinary trypsinogen-2 dip stick test in early diagnosis of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:1312-1315. (Pubitemid 47125036)
21. Neoptolemos J, Kemppainen E, Mayer J, et al. Early prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis by urinary trypsinogen activation peptide: a multicentre study. Lancet. 2000;355:1955-1960. (Pubitemid 30326100)
22. Sarti D, King W. The ultrasonic findings in inflammatory pancreatic disease. Semin Ultrasound. 1980;1:178. (Pubitemid 11219208)
23. Neoptolemos JP, Hall AW, Finlay DF, Berry JM, Carr-Locke DL, Fossard DP. The urgent diagnosis of gallstones in acute pancreatitis: a prospective study of three methods. Br J Surg. 1984;71:230-233.
24. Chwistek M, Roberts I, Amoateng-Adjepong Y. Gallstone pancreatitis: a community teaching hospital experience. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;33:41-44. (Pubitemid 32613577)
25. Silverstein W, Isikoff M, Hill M, Barkin J. Diagnostic imaging of acute pancreatitis: prospective study using CT and sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137:497-502. (Pubitemid 11040150)
26. Clavien P, Hauser H, Meyer P, Rohner A. Value of contrast-enhanced computerized tomography in the early diagnosis and prognosis of acute pancreatitis: a prospective study of 202 patients. Am J Surg. 1988;155:457-466. (Pubitemid 18086981)
27. Arvanitakis M, Delhaye M, De Maertelaere V, et al. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:715-723. (Pubitemid 38298319)
28. Makary MA, Duncan MD, Harmon JW, et al. The role of magnetic resonance cholangiography in the management of patients with gallstone pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 2005;241:119-124. (Pubitemid 40041000)
29. Gosset J, Deviere J, Matos C. Magnetic resonance imaging of acute pancreatitis: the pancreatogram. JOP. 2004;5:48-50. (Pubitemid 38963768)
30. Barish MA, Yucel EK, Ferrucci JT. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(4):258-264.
31. Shankar S, vanSonnenberg E, Silverman SG, Tuncali K, Banks PA. Imaging and percutaneous management of acute complicated pancreatitis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2004;27:567-580.
32. Mortele KJ, Banks PA, Silverman SG. State-of-the-art imaging of acute pancreatitis. JBR-BTR. 2003;86:193-208.
33. Segal D, Mortele KJ, Banks PA, Silverman SG. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: Role of CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage. Abdom Imaging. 2007;32:351-361. (Pubitemid 47077104)
34. Whitcomb DC. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2142-2150.
35. Liu C, Lo C, Chan JK, et al. Detection of choledocholithiasis by EUS in acute pancreatitis: a prospective evaluation in 100 consecutive patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54:325-330. (Pubitemid 33665511)
36. Norton SA, Alderson D. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of idiopathic acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2000;87:1650-1655.
37. Romagnuolo J, Currie G; the Calgary Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy Center (ATEC) Study Group. Noninvasive vs. selective invasive biliary imaging for acute biliary pancreatitis: an economic evaluation by using decision tree analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61:86-97.
38. Triester SL, Kowdley KV. Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;34:167-176.
39. Beger HG, Rau BM. Severe acute pancreatitis: clinical course and management. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:5043-5051. (Pubitemid 47527339)
40. Ranson JH. Etiological and prognostic factors in human acute pancreatitis: a review. Am J Gastroenterol. 1982;77:633-638.
41. Blamey SL, Imrie CW, O'Neill J, Gilmour WH, Carter DC. Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis. Gut. 1984;25:1340-1346.
42. Knaus WA, Zimmerman JE, Wagner DP, Draper EA, Lawrence DE. APACHE-acute physiology and chronic health evaluation: a physiologically based classification system. Crit Care Med. 1981;9:591-597.
43. Balthazar E, Robinson D, Megibow A, Ranson J. Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology. 1990;174:331-336. (Pubitemid 20038583)
44. Bradley EL 3rd. A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. summary of the international symposium on acute pancreatitis, Atlanta, GA, September 11 through 13, 1992. Arch Surg. 1993;128:586-590.
45. Dervenis C, Johnson CD, Bassi C, et al. Diagnosis, objective assessment of severity, and management of acute pancreatitis. Santorini Consensus Conference. Int J Pancreatol. 1999;25:195-210. (Pubitemid 29379961)
46. Rau BM, Bothe A, Kron M, Beger HG. Role of early multisystem organ failure as major risk factor for pancreatic infections and death in severe acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1053-1061. (Pubitemid 44118851)
47. Buggy BP, Nostrant TT. Lethal pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1983;78:810-814.
48. Pederzoli P, Bassi C, Vesentini S, Campedelli A. A randomized multicenter clinical trial of antibiotic prophylaxis of septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis with imipenem. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;176:480-483. (Pubitemid 23138141)
49. Ranson JH, Spencer FC. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic abscess. Surgery. 1977;82:99-106. (Pubitemid 8127010)
50. Renner IG, Savage WT 3rd, Pantoja JL, Renner VJ. Death due to acute pancreatitis. a retrospective analysis of 405 autopsy cases. Dig Dis Sci. 1985;30:1005-1018.
51. Baron TH. Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic fluid collections and pancreatic necrosis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 2003;13:743-764. (Pubitemid 37444942)
52. Robert JH, Frossard JL, Mermillod B, et al. Early prediction of acute pancreatitis: prospective study comparing computed tomography scans, Ranson, Glascow, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, and various serum markers. World J Surg. 2002;26:612-619. (Pubitemid 36920377)
53. Jacobson BC, Baron TH, Adler DG, et al. ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and the management of cystic lesions and inflammatory fluid collections of the pancreas. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61:363-370.
54. Kozarek RA. Endoscopic therapy of complete and partial pancreatic duct disruptions. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1998;8:39-53. (Pubitemid 28056963)
55. Baron TH. Treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts, pancreatic necrosis, and pancreatic duct leaks. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 2007;17:559-579. (Pubitemid 47058281)
56. Kloppel G. Pathology of severe acute pancreatitis. In: Bradley EL III, ed. Acute Pancreatitis: Diagnosis and Therapy. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1994:35-46.
57. Block S, Maier W, Bittner R, Buchler M, Malfertheiner P, Beger HG. Identification of pancreas necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis: imaging procedures versus clinical staging. Gut. 1986;27:1035-1042. (Pubitemid 16053534)
58. Beger HG, Krautzberger W, Bittner R, Block S, Buchler. Results of surgical treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis. World J Surg. 1985;9:972-979. (Pubitemid 16255065)
59. Rau B, Pralle U, Uhl W, Schoenberg MH, Beger HG. Management of sterile necrosis in instances of severe acute pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;181:279-288.
60. Karimgani I, Porter KA, Langevin RE, Banks PA. Prognostic factors in sterile pancreatic necrosis. Gastroenterology. 1992;103:1636-1640.
61. Beger HG, Bittner R, Block S, Buchler M. Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis. A prospective clinical study. Gastroenterology. 1986;91:433-438.
62. Rau B, Bothe A, Beger HG. Surgical treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis by necrosectomy and closed lavage: changing patient characteristics and outcome in a 19-year, single-center series. Surgery. 2005;138:28-39. (Pubitemid 40933769)
63. Isenmann R, Schwarz M, Rau B, Trautmann M, Schober W, Beger HG. Characteristics of infection with Candida species in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. World J Surg. 2002;26:372-376. (Pubitemid 36920418)
64. Banks PA, Gerzof SG, Langevin RE, Silverman SG, Sica GT, Hughes MD. CT-guided aspiration of suspected pancreatic infection: bacteriology and clinical outcome. Int J Pancreatol. 1995;18:265-270.
65. Tenner S. Initial management of acute pancreatitis: critical issues during the first 72 hours. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:2489-2494. (Pubitemid 40039382)
66. Gardner TB, Vege SS, Pearson RK, Chari ST. Fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:1070-1076.
67. Meier R, Beglinger C, Layer P, et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in acute pancreatitis. Clin Nutr. 2002;21:173-183. (Pubitemid 34846352)
68. Jacobson BC, Vander Vliet MB, Hughes MD, Maurer R, McManus K, Banks PA. A prospective, randomized trial of clear liquids versus low-fat solid diet as the initial meal in mild acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:946-951. (Pubitemid 47127026)
69. Kalfarentzos FE, Karavias DD, Karatzas TM, Alevizatos BA, Androulakis JA. Total parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis. J Am Coll Nutr. 1991;10:156-162.
70. Al-Omran M, Groof A, Wilke D. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1):CD002837.
71. Marik PE, Zaloga GP. Meta-analysis of parenteral nutrition versus enteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. BMJ. 2004;328:1407.
72. Mayerle J, Hlouschek V, Lerch MM. Current management of acute pancreatitis. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;2:473-483.
73. Windsor ACJ, Kanwar S, Li AGK, et al. Compared with parenteral nutrition, enteral feeding attenuates the acute phase response and improves disease severity in acute pancreatitis. Gut. 1998;42:431-435. (Pubitemid 28197037)
74. Kalfarentzos F, Kehagias J, Mead N, Kokkinis K, Gogos CA. Enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis: Results of a randomized prospective trial. Br J Surg. 1997;84:1665-1669. (Pubitemid 27519591)
75. Dejong CH, Greve JW, Soeters PB. Nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2001;7:251-256.
76. Jiang K, Chen XZ, Xia Q, Tang WF, Wang L. Early nasogastric enteral nutrition for severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:5253-5260. (Pubitemid 47527743)
77. Kumar A, Singh N, Prakash S, Saraya A, Joshi YK. Early enteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing nasojejunal and nasogastric routes. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40:431-434. (Pubitemid 44318164)
78. Eatock FC, Chong P, Menezes N, et al. A randomized study of early nasogastric versus nasojejunal feeding in severe acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:432-439. (Pubitemid 40314531)
79. McClave SA, Chang W, Dhaliwal R, Heyland DK. Nutrition support in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review of the literature. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30:143-156. (Pubitemid 44314788)
80. McClave SA, Dryden GW. Issues of nutritional support for the patient with acute pancreatitis. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 2002;13:154-160. (Pubitemid 34988546)
81. Vison N, Hecketsweiler P, Butel J, Bernier JJ. Effect of continuous jejunal perfusion of elemental and complex nutritional solutions on pancreatic enzyme secretion in human subjects. Gut. 1978;19:194-198. (Pubitemid 8318431)
82. Ziegler F, Ollivier JM, Cynober L, et al. Efficiency of enteral nitrogen support in surgical patients: small peptides v non-degraded proteins. Gut. 1990;31:1277-1283.
83. Tiengou LE, Gloro R, Pouzoulet J, et al. Semi-elemental formula or polymeric formula: Is there a better choice for enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis? randomized comparative study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006;30:1-5. (Pubitemid 43092967)
84. Uhl W, Warshaw A, Imrie C, et al. IAP guidelines for the surgical management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2002;2:565-573. (Pubitemid 35365347)
85. de Vries AC, Besselink MG, Buskens E, et al. Randomized controlled trials of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis: relationship between methodological quality and outcome. Pancreatology. 2007;7:531-538. (Pubitemid 47587633)
86. Bai Y, Gao J, Zou DW, Li ZS. Prophylactic antibiotics cannot reduce infected pancreatic necrosis and mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:104-110.
87. Sharma VK, Howden CW. Prophylactic antibiotic administration reduces sepsis and mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Pancreas. 2001;22:28-31.
88. Banks PA, Freeman ML, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2379-2400.
89. Curran FT, Neoptolemos JP. Acute biliary pancreatitis. Ann Ital Chir. 1995;66:197-202.
90. Ranson JH. The timing of biliary surgery in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 1979;189:654-663. (Pubitemid 9187517)
91. DeIorio AV Jr, Vitale GC, Reynolds M, Larson GM. Acute biliary pancreatitis. The roles of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Surg Endosc. 1995;9:392-396.
92. Sharma VK, Howden CW. Metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:3211-3214.
93. Tarnasky PR, Linder JD. Endoscopic management of acute pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2007;17:307-322.
94. Lee JK, Enns R. Review of idiopathic pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:6296-6313.
95. Fogel EL, Toth TG, Lehman GA, DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. Does endoscopic therapy favorably affect the outcome of patients who have recurrent acute pancreatitis and pancreas divisum? Pancreas. 2007;34:21-45.
96. Elfstrom J. The timing of cholecystectomy in patients with gallstone pancreatitis. A retrospective analysis of 89 patients. Acta Chir Scand. 1978;144:487-490.
97. Hernandez V, Pascual I, Almela P, et al. Recurrence of acute gallstone pancreatitis and relationship with cholecystectomy or endoscopic sphincterotomy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:2417-2423. (Pubitemid 40039373)
98. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute on "Management of Acute Pancreatitis" Clinical Practice and Economics Committee, AGA Institute Governing Board. AGA institute medical position statement on acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2019-2021.
99. Forsmark CE, Baillie J; AGA Institute Clinical Practice and Economics Committee, AGA Institute Governing Board. AGA institute technical review on acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2022-2044.
100. Kozarek RA. Endoscopic management of pancreatic necrosis: not for the uncommitted. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:101-104. (Pubitemid 40922447)
101. Chase CW, Barker DE, Russell WL, Burns RP. Serum amylase and lipase in the evaluation of acute abdominal pain. Am Surg. 1996;62:1028-1033. (Pubitemid 26394266)