Searches for the role of spin and polarization in gravity

Reports on Progress in Physics

Volumn 73, Issue 5, 2010, Pages

  Ni, Wei Tou ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL TSING HUA UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950810551     PISSN: 00344885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/73/5/056901     Document Type: Article

References (248)

1. Ansel'm A A 1982a Possible new long-range interaction and methods for detecting it pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 36 46
2. Ansel'm A A 1982b JETP Lett. 36 55-9 (English translation)
3. Ansel'm A A and Ural'tsev N G 1982 Pseudo-goldstone bosons of technolor Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 82 1725-37
4. Ansel'm A A and Ural'tsev N G 1982 Sov. Phys.-JETP 55 997
5. Ansimov A, Banks T, Dine M and Graesser M 2002 Remarks on noncommutative phenomenology Phys. Rev. D 65 085032
6. Appourchaux T, et al. 2009 Astrodynamical Space Test of Relativity using Optical Devices I (ASTROD I)-a class-M fundamental physics mission proposal for Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 Exp. Astron. 23 491-527
7. Arkani-Hamed N, Cheng H-C, Luty M A and Mukohyama S 2004 Ghost condensation and a consistent infrared modification of gravity J. High Energy Phys. JHEP0405(2004)074 (arXiv:hep-th/0312099) (Pubitemid 41072098)
8. Ashtekar A 1986 New variables for classical and quantum gravity Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 2244-7
9. Ashtekar A 1987 New Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity Phys. Rev. D 36 1587-602
10. Ashtekar A 1991 Lectures on Non-Perturbative Canonical Gravity (Singapore: World Scientific)
11. Avenel O, Mukharsky Yu and Varoquaux E 2004 Superfluid gyrometers J. Low Temp. Phys. 135 745-72 and references therein (Pubitemid 38773975)
12. Balakin A B and Ni W-T 2010 Non-minimal coupling of photons and axions Class. Quantum Grav. 27 055003 (arXiv:0911.2946)
13. Beltran-Lopez V, Robinson H G and Hughes V W 1961 Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 6 424
14. Bennett C L, et al. 2003 Ghost condensation and a consistent infrared modification of gravity Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148 1-27 and references therein
15. Berglund C J, Hunter L R, Krause D Jr, Prigge E O and Ronfeldt M S 1995 New limits on local Lorentz invariance from Hg and Cs magnetometers Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 1879-82
16. Berman P R (ed) 1997 Atom Interferometry (New York: Academic) and references therein
17. Bluhm R and Kostelecky V A 2000 Lorentz and CPT tests with spin-polarized solids Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 1381-4
18. Bock J, et al. 2008 The Experimental Probe of Inflationary Cosmology (EPIC): a mission concept study for NASA's Einstein inflation probe, arXiv:0805.4207v1 [astro-ph]
19. Braginsky V B and Panov V I 1971 Verification of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 61 873-9
20. Braginsky V B and Panov V I 1972 Sov. Phys.-JETP 34 463-6 (English translation)
21. Cabella P, Natoli P and Silk J 2007 Constraints on CPT violation from Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe three year polarization data: a wavelet analysis Phys. Rev. D 76 123014
22. Cartan 1922 Sur une Généralisation de la notion de courbure de Riemann et les espaces torsion C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 174 593
23. Cartan 1923 Sur les variétés connexion affine et la théorie de la relativitée généralisée I Ann. Ec. Norm. Sup. 40 325
24. Cartan 1924 Sur les variétés connexion affine et la théorie de la relativitée généralisée I (suite) Ann. Ec. Norm. Sup. 41 1
25. Cartan 1925 Sur les variétés connexion affine et la théorie de la relativitée généralisée II Ann. Ec. Norm. Sup. 42 17
26. Carroll S M 1998 Quintessence and the rest of the world: suppressing long-range interactions Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 3067-70
27. Carroll S M and Field G B 1991 Einstein equivalence principle and the polarization of radio galaxies Phys. Rev. D 43 3789-93
28. Carroll S M and Field G B 1997 Is there evidence for cosmic anisotropy in the polarization of distant radio sources? Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 2394-7
29. Carroll S M, Field G B and Jackiw R 1990 Limits on a Lorentz- and parity-violating modification of electrodynamics Phys. Rev. D 41 1231-40
30. Chang F-L, Yeh H-C, Ni W-T and Pan S-s 1995 Improved experimental limit on the cosmological spatial anisotropy for polarized electrons Int. Workshop on Gravitation and Cosmology (Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC) pp 21-9
31. Chen S-C, et al. 1992 Test of spatial isotropy using polarized-bodies Proc. 6th Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity and Gravitation (Kyoto, Japan) ed H Sato and T Nakamura (Singapore: World Scientific) p 1625
32. Chen S-C, Mei H-H and Ni W-T 2007 Q & A experiment to search for vacuum dichroism, pseudoscalar-photon interaction and millicharged fermions Mod. Phys. Lett. A 22 2815 (arXiv:hep-ex/0611050v1)
33. Cheng H-C, Luty M A, Mukohyama and Thaler J 2006 Spontaneous Lorentz breaking at high energies J. High Energy Phys. JHEP0605(2006)076 (Pubitemid 44256811)
34. Cheng K-S and Ni W-T 1980 Conditions for the local existence of metric in a generic affine manifold Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 87 527
35. Cheng S-L, Geng C-Q and Ni W-T 1995 Axion-photon couplings in invisible axion models Phys. Rev. D 52 3132-5 and references therein
36. Chern S-S and Simons J 1974 Characteristic forms and geometric invariants Ann. Math. (2nd Ser.) 99 48
37. Cho Y M and Kim J H 2009 Dilatonic dark matter and its experimental detection Phys. Rev. D 79 023504
38. 23 Mod. Phys. Lett. A 5 2297-303 and references therein
39. Chui T and Penanen K 2005 Frequency-dependent hydrodynamic inductance and the determination of the thermal and quantum noise of a superfluid gyroscope Phys. Rev. B 71 132509 and references therein
40. Chui T C P and Ni W-T 1993 Experimental search for an anomalous spin-spin interaction between electrons Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 3247-50
41. 21Ne Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 1541-5
42. Cimatti A, di Serego Alighieri S, Field G B and Fosbury R A E 1994 Stellar and scattered light in a radio galaxy at z = 2.63 Astrophys. J. 422 562 (Pubitemid 24767144)
43. Cohen A G and Glashow S L 2006 Very special relativity Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 021601 and references therein
44. Cornish N J, Moffat J W and Tatarshi D C 1995 Gravitational waves from an axi-symmetric source in the nonsymmetric gravitational theory Gen. Rel. Grav. 27 933-46
45. Daniels J M and Ni W-T 1991 Nuclear-polarization and the equivalence principle Mod. Phys. Lett. A 6 659-68
46. Daniels J M and Ni W-T 1994 A torsion balance search for long-range spin-dependent forces using polarized nuclei Physica B 194-196 149-50
47. de Bernardis P, et al. 2009 B-Pol: detecting primordial gravitational waves generated during inflation Exp. Astron. 23 5-16
48. Dereli T and Tucker R W 1982 Weyl scalings and spinor matter interactions in scalar-tensor theories of gravitation Phys. Lett. B 110 206-10
49. Dereli T and Tucker R W 2002 On the detection of scalar field induced space-time torsion Mod. Phys. Lett. A 17 421-8
50. Dereli T, nder M, Schray J, Tucker R W and Wang C 1996 Non-Riemannian gravity and the Einstein-Proca system Class. Quantum Grav. 13 L103-9
51. de Sabbata V and Sivaram C 1994 Spin and Torsion in Gravitation (Singapore: World Scientific)
52. di Serego Alighieri S 2006 Scattered and stellar light in very distant radio galaxies and updates on a test of the Einstein equivalence principle Presented at AGN7 (Montagnana, Italy, 24 May 2006)
53. di Serego Alighieri S, Field G B and Cimatti A 1995 The physics of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium ASP Conf. Ser. 80 276
54. di Serego Alighieri S, Finelli F and Galaverni M 2009 Limits on cosmological birefringence from the uv polarization of distant radio galaxies Astrophys. J. submitted
55. Dimopoulos S, Graham P W, Hogan J M and Kasevich M A 2008 General relativistic effects in atom interferometry Phys. Rev. D 78 042003
56. Dine M, Fischler and Srednicki M 1981 A simple solution to the strong cp problem with a harmless axion Phys. Lett. B 104 199-202
57. Drever R W P 1961 A search for anisotropy of inertial mass using a free precession technique Phil. Mag. 6 683-7
58. Eddington A S 1921 A generalization of Weyl's theory of the electromagnetic and gravitational fields Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 99 104
59. Einstein A 1907 ber das relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen folgerungen Jahrb. Radioakt. Elektronik 4 411-62
60. Corrections by Einstein 1908 in Jahrb. Radioakt. Elektronik 5 98
61. See also: Schwartz H M 1977a Einstein's comprehensive 1907 essay on relativity 1 Am. J. Phys. 45 512-17 (English translation)
62. See also: Schwartz H M 1977b Einstein's comprehensive 1907 essay on relativity 2 Am. J. Phys. 45 811-17 (English translation)
63. See also: Schwartz H M 1977c Einstein's comprehensive 1907 essay on relativity 3 Am. J. Phys. 45 899-902 (English translation)
64. Eisenstein D J and Bunn E F 1997 Invariant theoretical interpretation of interaction Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 1957-607
65. Ellena J F, Ni W-T and Ueng T-S 1987 Precision nmr measurement of li-7 and limits on spatial anisotropy IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IM-36 175-80
66. Eötvös R V 1890 ber die Anziehung der Erde auf verschiedene Substanzer Math. Naturwiss. Ber. Ungarn (Budapest) 8 65-8
67. Eötvös R V, Pekar D and Fekete E 1922 Articles on the laws of proportionality of inertia and gravity Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 68 11-66
68. Everitt C W F, et al. 2008 Gravity Probe B data analysis-status and potential for improved accuracy of scientific results The Gravity Probe B Experiment Science Results: NASA Final Report pp 5-19
69. Faller J E, Hollander W J, Nelson P G and McHugh M P 1990 Gyroscope-weighing experiment with a null result Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 825-6
70. Flanagan E E and Rosenthal E 2007 Can Gravity Probe B usefully constrain torsion gravity theories? Phys. Rev. D 75 124016
71. Feng B, Li M, Xia J-Q, Chen X and Zhang X 2006 Searching for CPT violation with cosmic microwave background data from WMAP and BOOMERANG Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 221302
72. Friedrich B and Herschbach D 2003 Stern and Gerlach: how a bad cigar helped reorient atomic physics Phys. Today 56 (12) 53
73. Galilei G 1683 Discorsi e dimostriazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze (Leiden: Elsevir) English translation by H Crew and A de Salvio 1914 Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences (New York: Macmillan) (reprinted by Dover, New York, 1954)
74. Geng C Q, Ho S H and Ng J N 2007 Neutrino number asymmetry and cosmological birefringence J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP0709(2007)010
75. Gies H, Mota D F and Shaw D J 2008 Hidden in the light: magnetically induced afterglow from trapped chameleon fields Phys. Rev. D 77 025016
76. Gillies G T 1987 The Newtonian gravitational constant-an index of measurements Metrologia 24 1-56
77. Gillies G T 1991 Resource letter Mng-1-measurements of Newtonian gravitation Am. J. Phys. 58 525-34
78. Gillies G T 1997 The Newtonian gravitational constant-recent measurements and related studies Rep. Prog. Phys. 60 151-225
79. Gillies G T and Ritter R C 1993 Torsion balances, torsion pendulums, and related devices Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65 283-309
80. Gravity Probe B 2007 Gravity Probe B Quick Facts Gravity Probe B-Post Flight Analysis Final Report
81. Graham D 1987 Search for anomalous long-range spin-spin interactions PhD Dissertation University of California, Irvine
82. Graham D and Newman R 1983 Experimental test of the role of intrinsic spin in gravitation Contributed Papers of the 11th Int. Conf. on General Relativity and Gravitation (Stockholm, Sweden) ed B Bertotti, et al. (Roma: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) pp 981-3
83. Graham D and Newman R 1986 Experimental test of the role of intrinsic spin in gravitation Abstracts of Contributed Papers of the 11th Int. Conf. on General Relativity and Gravitation (Rome, Italy) ed M A H MacCallum p 614
84. Gronwald F 1997 Metric-affine gauge theory of gravity: I. Foundations Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 6 263
85. Guo H-Y, Huang C-G and Wu H-T 2008 Yang's model as triply special relativity and the Snyder's model-de Sitter special relativity duality Phys. Lett. B 663 270-4
86. Guo H-Y, Wu H-T and Zhou B 2009 The principle of relativity and the special relativity triple Phys. Lett. B 670 437-41
87. Hammond G D, Speake C C, Trenkel C and Patón A P 2007 New constraints on short-range forces coupling mass to intrinsic spin Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 081101
88. Hammond G D, Patón A P, Speake C C and Trenkel C 2008 New spin source to search for scalar-pseudoscalar couplings at short range Phys. Rev. D 77 036005
89. Hammond R T 2002 Torsion gravity Rep. Prog. Phys. 65 599-649
90. Harwit M, Lovelace R V E, Dennison B and Jauncey D L 1974 Gravitational deflection of polarized radiation Nature 249 230-3
91. Haugan M P and Kauffmann T F 1995 New test of the Einstein equivalence principle and the isotropy of space Phys. Rev. D 52 3168-75
92. Hayasaka H and Takeuchi S 1989 Anomalous weight reduction on a gyroscope's right rotation around the vertical axis on the earth Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 2701-4
93. Hayashi K and Shirafuji T 1979 New general relativity Phys. Rev. D 19 3524-53
94. Hayashi K and Shirafuji T 1980a Gravity from poincaré gauge-theory of the fundamental particles 1 Prog. Theor. Phys. 64 866-82
95. Hayashi K and Shirafuji T 1980b Gravity from poincaré gauge-theory of the fundamental particles 2 Prog. Theor. Phys. 64 883-96
96. Hayashi K and Shirafuji T 1980c Gravity from poincaré gauge-theory of the fundamental particles 3 Prog. Theor. Phys. 64 1435-52
97. Hayashi K and Shirafuji T 1980d Gravity from poincaré gauge-theory of the fundamental particles 4 Prog. Theor. Phys. 64 2222-41
98. Hayashi K and Shirafuji T 1990 Frame-dragging precession of orbiting gyroscopes in new general-relativity and possible violation of equivalence principle Prog. Theor. Phys. 84 1074-84
99. Heckel B R, Cramer C E, Cook T S, Adelberger E G, Schlamminger S and Schmidt U 2006 New CP-violation and preferred-frame tests with polarized electrons Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 021603
100. Heckel B R, Adelberger E G, Cramer C E, Cook T S, Schlamminger S and Schmidt U 2008 Preferred-frame and CP-violation tests with polarized electrons Phys. Rev. D 78 092006 (Pubitemid 44464322)
101. Hehl F W 1980 Four lectures on Poincaré gauge field theory Proc. 6th Course of the Int. School of Cosmology and Gravitation on Spin Torsion and Supergravity ed P G Bergmann and V de Sabatta (New York: Plenum) p 5
102. Hehl F W and Macias A 1999 Metric-affine gauge theory of gravity: II. Exact solutions Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 8 399
103. Hehl F W and Ni W-T 1990 Inertial effects of a Dirac particle Phys. Rev. D 42 2045-8 and references therein
104. Hehl F W and Obukhov Yu N 2008 Equivalence principle and electromagnetic field: no birefringence, no dilaton, and no axion Gen. Rel. Grav. 40 1239-48
105. Hehl F W, Kerlick G D and von der Heyde P 1976 New metric affine theory of gravitation Phys. Lett. B 63 446
106. Hehl F W, von der Heyde P, Kerlick G D and Nester J M 1976 General relativity with spin and torsion: foundations and prospects Rev. Mod. Phys. 48 393-416
107. Hehl F W, McCrea J D, Mielke E W and Ne'eman Y 1995 Metric-affine gauge-theory of gravity-field-equations, Noether identities, world spinors, and breaking of dilaton invariance Phys. Rep. 258 1-171
108. Heifetz M, et al. 2008 The Gravity Probe B data analysis filtering approach The Gravity Probe B Experiment Science Results: NASA Final Report pp 53-66
109. Hinchliffe I, Kersting N and Ma Y L 2004 Review of the phenomenology of noncommutative geometry Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 19 179-204
110. Hou L-S and Ni W-T 1998 Test of spatial anisotropy for polarized electrons using a rotatable torsion balance Proc. Int. Workshop on Gravitation and Astrophysics (Tokyo, Japan, 17-19 November 1997) CD-ROM
111. 3 Mod. Phys. Lett. A 16 763
112. Hou L-S, Ni W-T and Li Y C M 2000 Test of cosmic spatial isotropy for polarized electrons using a rotatable torsion balance, arXiv:physics/0009012
113. Hou L-S, Ni W-T and Li Y C M 2003 Test of cosmic spatial isotropy for polarized electrons using a rotatable torsion balance Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 201101
114. Hsieh C-H, Jen P-Y, Ko K-L, Li K-Y, Ni W-T, Pan S-s, Shi Y-H and Tyan R-J 1989 The equivalence principle experiment for spin-polarized bodies Mod. Phys. Lett. A 4 1597
115. Huang C-G, Zhang H-Q and Guo H-Y 2008 Cosmological solutions with torsion in a model of the de Sitter gauge theory of gravity J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP10(2008)010
116. Huang H-W 2002 Pulsar timing and equivalence principle tests Master Thesis National Tsing Hua University
117. Hughes V W, Robinson H G and Beltran-Lopez V 1960 Upper limit for the anisotropy of inertial mass from nuclear resonance experiments Phys. Rev. Lett. 4 342-4
118. Imanishi A, Maruyama K, Midorikawa S and Morimoto T 1991 Observation against the weight reduction of spinning gyro J. Phys. Soc. Japan 60 1150-2
119. Jackiw R 2007 Lorentz violation in a diffeomorphism-invariant theory, arXiv:0709.2348
120. Jen T-H, et al. 1992 Torsion balance experiment searching for finite-range mass-spin interactions Proc. 6th Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity (Kyoto, Japan) ed H Sato and T Nakamura (Singapore: World Scientific) pp 489-94
121. Jen T-H 1993 Search for intermediate-range mass-spin interactions using Cavendish-type torsion balance Master Thesis National Tsing Hua University
122. (see also Pan S-S, Jen T-H and Ni W-T 2006 Search for intermediate-range mass-spin interactions using Cavendish-type torsion balance Report based on the data of Jen's Master thesis)
123. Kahniashvili T, Durrer R and Maravin Y 2008 Testing Lorentz invariance violation withWilkinson microwave anisotropy probe five year data Phys. Rev. D 78 123009
124. Keiser G M, et al. 2008 Misalignment and resonance torques and their treatment in the GP-B data analysis The Gravity Probe B Experiment Science Results: NASA Final Report pp 39-50
125. KEK 2008 Lite (light) Satellite for the Studies of B-mode Polarization and Inflation from Cosmic Background Radiation Detection
126. Kibble T W B 1961 Lorentz invariance and the gravitational field J. Math. Phys. 2 212
127. Kim J 1979 Weak-interaction singlet and strong CP invariance Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 103-7
128. Klein M V and Furtak T E 1986 Optics 2nd edn (New York: Wiley)
129. Komatsu E, et al. 2009 Five-year Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe observations: cosmological interpretation Astrophys. J. Suppl. 180 330-76 (arXiv:0803.0547)
130. Kornack T W, Ghosh R K and Romalis M V 2005 Nuclear spin gyroscope based on an atomic comagnetometer Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 230801
131. Kostelecky V A and Mewes M 2002 Signals for Lorentz violation in electrodynamics Phys. Rev. D 66 056005
132. Kostelecky V A and Mewes M 2007 Lorentz-violating electrodynamics and the cosmic microwave background Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 011601 (Pubitemid 47147449)
133. Kostelecky V A and Mewes M 2008 Astrophysical tests of Lorentz and CPT violation with photons Astrophys. J. 689 L1-L4
134. Kovac J M, Leitch E M, Pryke C, Carlstrom J E, Halverson N W and Holzapfel W L 2002 Detection of polarization in the cosmic microwave background using DASI Nature 420 772-87 (Pubitemid 36019620)
135. Krisher T P 1991 Pulsar polarization measurements and the nonsymmetric gravitational theory Phys. Rev. D 44 R2211-13
136. Kuroda K 1995 Does the time-of-swing method give a correct value of the Newtonian gravitational constant? Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 2796-8
137. Lämmerzahl C 1996 On the equivalence principle in quantum theory Gen. Rel. Grav. 28 1043 (Pubitemid 126118749)
138. Lämmerzahl C 1997 Constraints on space-time torsion from Huges-Drever experiments Phys. Lett. A 228 223-31
139. Lämmerzahl C 1998 Quantum tests of the foundations of general relativity Class. Quantum Grav. 15 13-27 (Pubitemid 128363494)
140. Lämmerzahl C and Hehl F W 2004 Riemannian light cone from vanishing birefringence in premetric vacuum electrodynamics Phys. Rev. D 70 105022
141. Lämmerzahl C, Macias A and Muller H 2005 Lorentz invariance violation and charge (non)conservation: a general theoretical frame for extensions of the Maxwell equations Phys. Rev. D 71 025007
142. Li M, Xia J Q, Li H and Zhang X 2007 Cosmological CPT-violation, baryo/leptogenesis and CMB polarization Phys. Lett. B 651 357-62
143. Li Y-C M and Ni W-T 2000 Geometric optimization of the source and detector configurations for the AXEL spin-coupling experiment Physica B 284-288 2139-40
144. Li X Z, Sun C B and Xi P 2009 Torsion cosmological dynamics Phys. Rev. D 79 027301
145. Liu G-C, Lee S and Ng K-W 2006 Effect on cosmic microwave background polarization of coupling of quintessence to pseudoscalar formed from the electromagnetic field and its dual Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 161303 ; private communication
146. Loredo T J, Flanagan E A and Wasserman I M 1997 Bayesian analysis of the polarization of distant radio sources: limits on cosmological birefringence Phys. Rev. D 56 7507-12
147. Luo J, Nie Y X, Zhang Y Z and Zhou Z B 2002 Null result for violation of the equivalence principle with free-fall rotating gyroscopes Phys. Rev. D 65 042005
148. Malus E-L 1809a Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, par la Soc. Philomatique i (1809)p 266
149. Malus E-L 1809b Mémoires de la Soc. d'Arcueil ii (1809)
150. Mansouri R and Sexl R U 1977a A test theory of special relativity: I. Simultaneity and clock synchronization Gen. Rel. Grav. 8 497-513
151. Mansouri R and Sexl R U 1977b A test theory of special relativity: II. First order tests Gen. Rel. Grav. 8 515-24
152. Mansouri R and Sexl R U 1977c A test theory of special relativity: III. Second-order tests Gen. Rel. Grav. 8 809-14
153. Mao Y, Tegmark M, Guth A and Cabi S 2007 Constraining torsion with Gravity Probe B Phys. Rev. D 76 104029
154. Mashhoon B 1988 Neutron interferometry in a rotating frame of reference Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 2639-42
155. Misner C W, Thorne K S and Wheeler J A 1973 Gravitation (San Francisco: Freeman)
156. Moffat J W 1991 Gravitation 1990 Proc. Banff Summer Institute (Banff, Canada) ed R D Mann and P Wesson
157. Montroy T E, et al. 2006 A measurement of the CMB {EE} spectrum from the 2003 flight of BOOMERANG Astrophys. J. 647 813-22 and references therein
158. Moody J E and Wilczek F 1984 New macroscopic forces? Phys. Rev. D 30 130-8
159. Muhlfelder B, et al. 2008 GP-B systematic error The Gravity Probe B Experiment Science Results: NASA Final Report pp 69-79
160. 3He gyrometer 22nd Low-Temperature Conf. (Helsinki, Finland) CD-ROM pp 4-11
161. Naik P C and Pradhan T 1981 Long-range interaction between spins J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 14 2795
162. Ni W-T 1973 A Nonmetric Theory of Gravity preprint, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA, http://cgc.pmo.ac.cn
163. Ni W-T 1974 Weak equivalence principles and gravitational coupling Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 19 655
164. Ni W-T 1975 Yang's gravitational field equations Phys. Rev. Lett. 35 319-20
165. Ni W-T 1977 Equivalence principles and electromagnetism Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 301-4
166. Ni W-T 1981 Conditions for an affine manifold with torsion to have a Riemann-Cartan structure Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 90 517
167. Ni W-T 1983a Equivalence principles, their empirical foundations, and the role of precision experiments to test them Proc. 1983 Int. School and Symp. on Precision Measurement and Gravity Experiment (Taipei, Republic of China, 24 January-2 February 2 1983) ed W-T Ni (Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University) pp 491-517
168. Ni W-T 1983b Implications of Hughes-Drever experiments Proc. 1983 Int. School and Symp. on Precision Measurement and Gravity Experiment (Taipei, Republic of China, 24 January-2 February 2 1983) ed W-T Ni (Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University) pp 519-29
169. Ni W-T 1983c Spin, torsion and polarized test-body experiments Proc. 1983 Int. School and Symp. on Precision Measurement and Gravity Experiment (Taipei, Republic of China, 24 January-2 February 2 1983) ed W-T Ni (Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University) pp 531-40
170. Ni W-T 1984a Equivalence principles and precision experiments Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants II ed B N Taylor and W D Phillips (National Bureau of Standards (US) Special Pubication 617) pp 647-51
171. Ni W-T 1984b Timing observations of the pulsar propagations in the galactic gravitational field as precision tests of the Einstein equivalence principle Proc. 2nd Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting of the International Astronomical Union ed B Hidayat and M W Feast (Jakarta: Tira Pustaka) pp 441-8
172. Ni W-T 1984c Macroscopic manifestations of the quantum spins: inertial torques on the spin-polarized bodies Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 29 751-2
173. Ni W-T 1986 Proc. 4th Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity and Gravitation ed R Ruffini (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science) pp 1335-46
174. Ni W-T 1987 Equivalence principles and gauge fields Phys. Lett. A 120 174-8
175. Ni W-T 1990 Rotation, spin and equivalence principles (in Chinese) Science Monthly May 1990 pp 362-6
176. Ni W-T 1991 Spin, gravitation and the equivalence principle OCPA (Overseas Chinese Physics Association) Newsletter October 15 1991pp 13-16
177. Ni W-T 1996 Class. Quantum Grav. 13 A135 and references therein
178. Ni W-T 2000 AXEL experiment to search for spin-coupling interactions Physica B 284-288 2137-8
179. Ni W-T 2005a Probing the microscopic origin of gravity via precision polarization and spin experiments Chin. Phys. Lett. 22 33-5 (arXiv:gr-qc/ 0407113) (Pubitemid 40284252)
180. Ni W-T 2005b Empirical foundations of the relativistic gravity Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 14 901-21 (arXiv:gr-qc/0504116)
181. Ni W-T 2008 From equivalence principles to cosmology: cosmic polarization rotation, CMB observation, neutrino number asymmetry, Lorentz invariance and CPT Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 172 49 (arXiv:0712.4082)
182. Ni W-T 2009a Cosmic polarization rotation, cosmological models, and the detectability of primordial gravitational waves Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 18&19 3493 (arXiv:0903.0756)
183. Ni W-T 2009b Direct detection of the primordial inflationary gravitational waves, arXiv:0905.2508
184. Ni W-T and Zimmermann M 1978 Inertial and gravitational effects in proper reference frame of an accelerated, rotating observer Phys. Rev. D 17 1473-6
185. Ni W-T, Jen P-Y, Hsieh C-H, Ko K-L, Chen S-C, Pan S-s and Tu M-H 1988 Test of the equivalence principle for spin-polarized bodies Proc. 2nd ROK-ROC Metrology Symp. (Daejeon, Korea) ed J W Won and Y K Park (Daejeon, Korea: Korea Standards Research Institute) pp VII-2-1 to VII-2-5
186. Ni W-T, Chou Y, Pan S-s, Lin C-H, Hwong T-Y, Ko K-L and Li K-Y 1990 An improvement of the equivalence principle test for spin-polarized bodies and the mass loss Proc. 3rd ROC-ROK Metrology Symp. (Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC, 22-24 May 1990) (Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC: Center of Measurement Standards, ITRI) pp 107-13
187. Ni W-T, Pan S-s, Chui T C P and Cheng B Y 1993 Search for anomalous spin-spin interactions using a paramagnetic salt with a dc SQUID Int. J. Mod. Phys. 8 5153-64
188. Ni W-T, Chui T C P, Pan S-s and Cheng B Y 1994 Search for anomalous spin-spin interactions between electrons using a dc SQUID Physica B 194-196 153-4
189. Ni W-T, Pan S-s, Yeh H-C, Hou L-S and Wan J 1999 Search for an axionlike spin coupling using a paramagnetic salt with a dc SQUID Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2439-42 (Pubitemid 129689129)
190. Nielson H and Picek I 1983 Lorentz non-invariance Nucl. Phys. B 211 269-96
191. Nitschke J M and Wilmarth P A 1990 Null result for the weight change of a spinning gyroscope Phys. Rev. Lett. 64 2115-16
192. Nodland B and Ralston J P 1997 Indication of anisotropy in electromagnetic propagation over cosmological distances Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 3043-6 (Pubitemid 127657283)
193. Overduin J, Everitt F, Mester J and Worden P 2009 The science case for STEP Adv. Space Res. 43 1532-7
194. Pan S-s, Ni W-T and Chen S-C 1992 Experimental search for anomalous spin-spin interactions Mod. Phys. Lett. A 7 1287-99 and references therein
195. Peccei R D and Quinn H R 1977 CP Conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 1440-3
196. Phillips P R 1965 New tests for the invariance of the vacuum state under the Lorentz group Phys. Rev. 139 B491-4
197. Phillips P R 1987 Test of spatial isotropy using a cryogenic torsion pendulum Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 1784-7
198. Phillips P R and Woolum D 1969 Test of Lorentz invariance using a torsion pendulum Nuovo Cimento B 64 28
199. Pradhan T, Malik R P and Naik P C 1985 The 5th interaction-universal long-range force between spins Pramana 24 77-94
200. Pryke C, et al. 2009 Second and third season QUaD CMB temperature and polarization power spectra Astrophys. J. 692 1247
201. Quinn TJ and Picard A 1990 The mass of spinning rotors-no dependence on speed or sense of rotation Nature 343 732-5 (Pubitemid 120028598)
202. Ritter R C, Goldblum C E, Ni W-T, Gillies G T and Speake C C 1990 Experimental test of equivalence principle with polarized masses Phys. Rev. D 42 977-91
203. 2 to be consistent with our notation: R C Ritter, private communication]
204. Ritter R C, Winkler L I and Gillies G T 1999 Precision limits of the modern Cavendish device: thermal noise measurement regimes and strategies in the torsion pendulum Meas. Sci. Technol. 10 499-507
205. Roll P G, Krotkov R and Dicke R H 1964 The equivalence of inertial and passive gravitational mass Ann. Phys. (NY) 26 442-517
206. Sanders R H and McGaugh S S 2002 Modified Newtonian dynamics as an alternative to dark matter Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 40 263-317 and references therein
207. Schiff L I 1960 Am. J. Phys. 28 340
208. Schlamminger S, Choi K-Y, Wagner T A, Gundlach J H and Adelberger E G 2008 Test of the equivalence principle using a rotating torsion balance Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 041101 (Pubitemid 351185670)
209. Sciama D W 1962 On the analogy between charge and spin in general relativity Recent Developments in General Relativity (Oxford: Pergamon and PWN) p 415
210. Sciama D W 1964a The physical structure of general relativity Rev. Mod. Phys. 36 463-9
211. Sciama D W 1964b Rev. Mod. Phys. 36 1103 (erratum)
212. Schiff L I 1960 On the experimental tests of the general theory of relativity Am. J. Phys. 28 340-3
213. Shaul D, et al. 1996 On the calculation of spin-coupling forces Class. Quantum Grav. 13 A107-12 and references therein (Pubitemid 126148647)
214. Shapiro I L 2002 Physical aspects of the space-time torsion Phys. Rep. 357 113-213
215. Shie K-F, Nester J M and Yo H-J 2008 Torsion cosmology and the accelerating universe Phys. Rev. D 78 023522
216. Shifman M A, Vainshtein A I and Zakharov V I 1980 Can confinement ensure natural CP invariance of strong-interactions Nucl. Phys. B 166 493-506
217. Silbergleit A, et al. 2008 Polholde motion, trapped flux, and the GP-B science data analysis The Gravity Probe B Experiment Science Results: NASA Final Report pp 21-35
218. Singh P and Ryder L H 1997 Einstein-Cartan-Dirac theory in the low-energy limit Class. Quantum Grav. 14 3513-25 (Pubitemid 127158527)
219. Smolin L and Soo C 1995 The Chern-Simons invariant as the natural time variable for classical and quantum cosmology Nucl. Phys. B 449 289-314
220. Spergel D N, et al. 2007 Three-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) observations: implications for cosmology Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 377-408 and references therein
221. Stern O 1921 A method for the experimental examination of the directional quantization in magnetic fields Zeit. Phys. 7 249-53
222. Stern O and Gerlach W 1922a The experimental proof of magnetic moment of silver atoms Zeit. Phys. 8 110-11
223. Stern O and Gerlach W 1922b The experimental evidence of direction quantisation in the magnetic field Zeit. Phys. 9 349-52
224. Stodolsky L 1975 Speculations on detection of neutrino-sea Phys. Rev. Lett. 34 110-12
225. Tourrenc Ph, Melliti T and Bosredon J 1996 A covariant frame to test special relativity including relativistic gravitation Gen. Rel. Grav. 28 1071-88 (Pubitemid 126118750)
226. Tucker R W and Wang C 1995 Black holes with Weyl charge and non-Riemannian waves Class. Quantum Grav. 12 2587-605
227. Uhlenbeck G and Goudsmit S 1925 Naturwiss enschaften 13 953
228. Uhlenbeck G and Goudsmit S 1926 Spinning electrons and the structure of spectra Nature 117 264-5
229. Utiyama R 1956 Invariant theoretical interpretation of interaction Phys. Rev. 101 1597-607
230. Venema B J, et al. 1992 Search for a coupling of the earth's gravitational-field to nuclear spins in atomic mercury Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 135
231. Vessot R F C and Levine M W 1979 Test of the equivalence principle using a space-borne clock Gen. Rel. Grav. 10 181-204
232. Vessot R F C, et al. 1980 Test of relativistic gravitation with a space-borne hydrogen maser Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 2081-4
233. Vorobyov P V and Gitarts Ya I 1988 A new limit on the arion interaction constant Phys. Lett. B 208 146
234. 2 gravity with torsion Class. Quantum Grav. 26 045016
235. Wang S-L, Ni W-T and Pan S-s 1993 New experimental limit on the spatial anisotropy for polarized electrons Mod. Phys. Lett. A 8 3715-25
236. Wardle J F C, Perley R A and Cohen M H 1997 Observational evidence against birefringence over cosmological distances Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 1801-4
237. Weinberg S 1977 A Festschrift for I I Rabi ed L Motz (New York: New York Academy of Sciences)
238. Weinberg S 1978 A new light boson? Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 233
239. Wilczek F 1978 Problem of strong P and T invariance in the presence of instantons Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 279
240. Wineland D J, Bollinger J J, Heinzen D J, Itano W M and Raizen M G 1991 Search for anomalous spin-dependent forces using stored-ion spectroscopy Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 1735
241. Wu E-Y-S, et al. 2009 Parity violation constraints using cosmic microwave background polarization spectra from 2006 and 2007 observations by the QUaD polarimeter Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 161302
242. Xia J-Q, Li H, Wang X and Zhang X 2008 Testing CPT symmetry with CMB measurements Astron. Astrophys. 483 715-18 (Pubitemid 351697307)
243. Xia J-Q, Li H, Zhao G-B and Zhang X 2008 Testing CPT symmetry with CMB measurements: update after WMAP5 Astrophys. J. 679 L61-3
244. Yang C N 1974 Integral formalism for gauge fields Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 445-7
245. Yo H-J and Nester J M 1999 Hamiltonian analysis of Poincaré gauge theory scalar modes Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 8 459-79
246. Yo H-J and Nester J M 2002 Hamiltonian analysis of Poincaré gauge theory: higher spin modes Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 11 747-79
247. Youdin A N 1996, et al. Limits on spin-mass couplings within the axion window Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 2170-3
248. Zhou Z B, Luo J, Yan Q, Wu Z G, Zhang Y Z and Nie Y X 2002 New upper limit from terrestrial equivalence principle test for extended rotating bodies Phys. Rev. D 66 022002