Party system change in Portugal, 1974–2005: The role of social, political and ideological factors

Portuguese Journal of Social Science

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 81-100

  Freire, André ^a  

^a INSTITUTO UNIVERSITÁRIO DE LISBOA ISCTE IUL   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Ideology; Party system; Policy competition; Portugal

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950768495     PISSN: 1476413X     EISSN: 17589509     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1386/pjss.4.2.81/1     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Almeida, P. T. and Freire, A. (2005), 'Two overwhelming victories of the left: the 2004 European Election and the 2005 legislative election in Portugal', South European Society and Politics, (forthcoming).
2. André, I. and Gaspar, J. (1989), 'Portugal, geografia eleitoral: 1975 e 1987', in M. Coelho (ed.), Portugal, o sistema político e constitucional 1974/1987, Lisbon: ICS, pp. 257-78.
3. Aguiar, J. (1994), 'Partidos, eleições, dinâmica política (1975-1991)', Análise Social, XXIX (125-126): 171-238.
4. Bacalhau, M. (1994), Atitudes, opiniões e comportamentos políticos dos portugueses, 1973-1993, Lisbon: Mário Bacalhau e Tom Bruneau.
5. Budge, I. et al. (2001), Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors and Governments 1945-1998, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Cabral, M. V. (1995), 'Grupos de simpatia partidária em Portugal: perfil sociográfico e atitudes sociais', Análise Social, XXX (130): 175-206.
7. Canas, V. (2003), 'Partidos políticos: um balanço do estudo do tema', in Tribunal Constitucional, Estudos em homenagem ao Conselheiro José Manuel Cardoso da Costa, Coimbra: Coimbra Editora.
8. Cunha, C. (1993), 'L'opposition du parti communiste portugais à l'adhésion à la CEE', in P. Delwit and J. M. De Waele (eds), La gauche face aux mutations en Europe, Brussels: Editions de L'Université de Bruxelles, pp. 119-32.
9. Cunha, C. (1997), 'The Portuguese Communist Party', in T. C. Bruneau (ed.), Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal: Organizations, Elections and Public Opinion, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 23-54.
10. Diamandouros, P. N. and Gunther, R. (eds) (2001), Parties, Politics, and Democracy in New Southern Europe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
11. Duverger, M. (1992), 'A new political system model: semi-presidential government', in A. Lijphart (ed.), Parliamentary versus Presidential Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 142-49.
12. Frain, M. (1997), 'The Right in Portugal: The PSD and the CDS/PP', in T. C. Bruneau (ed.), Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal: Organizations, Elections and Public Opinion, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 77-111.
13. Freire, A. (2001a), Mudança eleitoral em Portugal continental: clivagens, economia e voto em eleições Legislativas, 1983-1999, Oeiras: Celta.
14. Freire, A. (2001b), 'Presidentes e eleições presidenciais no Portugal democrático', in A. C. Pinto (ed.), Os presidentes da República Portuguesa, Lisbon: Temas and Debates, pp. 192-211.
15. Freire, A. (2003), 'Elecciones y comportamiento electoral en Portugal', in A. Barreto, B. Gomez and P. C. Magalhães (eds), Portugal: democracia y sistema político, Madrid: Siglo XXI, pp. 113-44.
16. Freire, A. (2004a), 'Voto por temas: orientações perante as políticas públicas, desempenho do governo e decisão eleitoral', in A. Freire, M. C. Lobo and P. C. Magalhães (eds), Portugal a votos: as eleições legislativas de 2002, Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, pp. 159-92.
17. Freire, A. (2004b), 'Geografia e sociologia do voto PS', in V. Canas (ed.), O Partido Socialista e a democracia, Oeiras: Celta.
18. Freire, A. (2004c), 'Second order elections and electoral cycles in democratic Portugal, 1975-2004', paper presented to the Conference, 'The European Construction through the prism of the June 2004 European Parliamentary elections', Strasburg (IEP), 18-19 November 2004, available from http://www. afsp. mshparis. fr/activite/groupe/europe/europe. html, accessed 12 December 2004.
19. Freire, A. (2004d), 'O significado da divisão entre esquerda e direita: Portugal, Espanha e Grécia em perspectiva comparada', unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Lisbon's Institute of Social Science.
20. Freire, A. (2005a), 'Portugal', in Y. Déloye (ed.), Dictionnaire des elections européennes, Paris: Economica.
21. Freire, A. (2005b), 'The Portuguese party system, 1974-2004: Changing or strengthening patterns of interaction?', in O. Niedermayer, R. Stöss and M. Haas (eds), Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
22. Freire, A. and Baum, M. (2003), 'Referenda voting in Portugal, 1998: the effects of party sympathies, social structure and pressure groups', European Journal of Political Research, 42 (1): 135-161.
23. Freire, A., et al (2005), Portuguese National Election Study 2005: The 2005 Post-Electoral Survey (questionnaire and dataset), a survey conducted by André Freire, Marina Costa Lobo, and Pedro Magalhães under the auspices of the "Portuguese Electoral Behaviour and Political Attitudes of the Portuguese" research project, from the Social Sciences Research Institute of the University of Lisbon (ICS-UL) (for more information about this project, see http://www. ics. ul. pt/ceapp/english/).
24. Gallagher, T. (1989), 'The Portuguese Socialist Party: the pitfalls of being first', in T. Gallagher and A. M. Williams (eds), Southern European Socialism: Parties, Elections and the Challenge of Government, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 12-33.
25. Gunther, R. and Montero, J. R. (2001), 'The anchors of partisanship: a comparative analysis of voting behaviour in four Southern European countries', in P. N. Diamandouros and R. Gunther (eds), Parties, Politics, and Democracy in New Southern Europe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 83-152.
26. Huber, J. and Inglehart, R. (1995), 'Expert interpretations of party space and party locations in 42 societies', Party Politics, 1, pp. 73-111.
27. Jalali, V. C. (2002), 'The evolution of the Portuguese party system in comparative European perspective since 1974', unpublished doctoral thesis, Oxford University.
28. Jalali, V. C. (2004), 'As mesmas clivagens de sempre? Velhas clivagens e novos valores no comportamento eleitoral português', in A. Freire, M. C. Lobo and P. C. Magalhães (eds), Portugal a votos: as eleições legislativas de 2002, Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, pp. 87-124.
29. Laver, M. and Hunt, W. B. (1992), Policy and Party Competition, New York: Routledge.
30. Leston-Bandeira, C. (2001), 'The Portuguese parliament during the first two decades of democracy', West European Politics, 24: 1, pp. 137-56.
31. Linz, J. J. and Stepan, A. (1996), Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
32. Laakso, M. and Taagepera, R. (1979), '"Effective" number of parties: a measure with application to West Europe', Comparative Political Studies, 12, pp. 3-27.
33. Lijphart, A. (1989), As democracias contemporâneas, Lisbon: Gradiva.
34. Lijphart, A. (1999), Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries, New Haven: Yale University Press.
35. Lobo, M. C. (2001), 'The role of political parties in Portuguese democratic consolidation', Party Politics, 7: 5, pp. 643-53.
36. Lobo, M. C. (2003), 'El incremento del poder del primer ministro en Portugal desde 1976', in A. Barreto, B. Gomez and P. C. Magalhães (eds), Portugal: democracia y sistema político, Madrid: Siglo XXI, pp. 175-204.
37. Lobo, M. C. and Magalhães, P. C. (2001), 'From "third wave" to "third way": Europe and the Portuguese socialists (1975-1999)', Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 3: 1, pp. 25-35.
38. Lopes, F. F. (2004), Os partidos políticos: modelos e realidades em Portugal e na Europa ocidental, Oeiras: Celta.
39. Lopes, F. F. and Freire, A. (2002), Partidos políticos e sistemas eleitorais: uma introdução, Oeiras: Celta.
40. Magalhães, P. (2003), 'Elections, parties and policy-making institutions in democratic Portugal', in A. C. Pinto (ed.), Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society and Culture, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 183-202.
41. Magone, J. (1999), 'Party system installation and consolidation', in D. Broughton and M. Donovan (eds), Changing Party Systems in Western Europe, London: Pinter, pp. 232-54.
42. Montero, J. R. (1994), 'Sobre las preferencias electorales en España: fragmentación y polarización (1977-1993)', in P. del Castillo (ed.), Comportamento político y electoral, Madrid: CIS, pp. 51-124.
43. Nunes, F. (2000), 'As "políticas de solidariedade" nos programas eleitorais do Partido Socialista', Cadernos de Política Social, 2-3, pp. 107-42.
44. Pinto, A. C. and Núñez, X. M. (1997), 'Portugal and Spain', in R. Eatwell (ed.), European Political Cultures: Conflict or Convergence?, London: Routledge.
45. Sablosky, J. A. (1997), 'The Portuguese Socialist Party', in T. C. Bruneau (ed.), Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal: Organizations, Elections and Public Opinion, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 55-76.
46. Sani, G. and Sartori, G. (1983), 'Polarization, fragmentation and competition in Western democracies', in H. Daalder and P. Mair (eds), Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change, London: Sage, pp. 307-40.
47. Sartori, G. (1976), Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
48. Shugart, M. S. and Carey, J. M. (1997), Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
49. Ware, A. (1996), Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
50. Freire, A. (2005), 'Party system change in Portugal, 1974-2005: the role of social, political and ideological factors', Portuguese Journal of Social Science 4: 2, pp. 81-100, doi: 10. 1386/pjss. 4. 2. 81/1.