The Is and the Ought of International Constitutionalism: How Far Have We Come on Habermas's Road to a "Well-Considered Constitutionalization of International Law?"

German Law Journal

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 31-62

  Giegerich, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 77950677522     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20718322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S2071832200000912     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. See, e.g., Jochen A. Frowein, Konstitutionalisierung des Volkerrechts, 39 Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Volkerrecht 427 (2000);
2. Christian Walter, Constitutionalizing (Interjnational Governance, 44 German Y.B. Int'l L. 170 (2001);
3. Anne Peters, Global Constitutionalism in a Nutshell, in Weltinnenrecht- Liber Amicorum Jost Delbruck 535 (2005);
4. Bardo Fassbender, The Meaning of International Constitutional Law, in Towards World Constitutionalism 837 (Ronald St. John Macdonald & Douglas M. Johnston eds., 2005);
5. Armin von Bogdandy, Constitutionalism in International Law: Comment on a Proposal from Germany, 47 Harv. Int'l L. J. 223 (2006);
6. Paul Kennedy, The Parliament of Man: The United Nations and the Quest for World Government (2006);
7. Erika de Wet, The International Constitutional Order, 55 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 51 (2006);
8. Stefan Kadelbach & Thomas Kleinlein, International Law - a Constitution for Mankind?, 50 German Y.B. Int'l L. 303 (2007).
9. Alfred Verdross & Bruno Simma, Universelles Volkerrecht 59 (3d ed. 1984).
10. World Trade Organization, Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization Annex 2 Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes of 15 April 1994, art. 23, available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/28-dsu.pdf [hereinafter Dispute Settlement Rules].
11. Rudolf Bernhardt, Art. 103, margin note 9, in The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Vol. II (Bruno Simma, et al. eds., 2d ed. 2002).
12. Derek W. Bowett, Judicial and Political Functions of the Security Council and the International Court of Justice, in The Changing Constitution of the United Nations 71, 81 et seq (Hazel Fox ed. 1997).
13. The U.K. House of Lords held in R. (on the application of Al-Jedda) (FC) v. Secretary for Defence, [2007] U.K.H.L 58, available at http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldjudgmt.htm)
14. Alexander Orakhelashvili, 102 Am. J. Int'l L 337 (2008).
15. Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations (Advisory Opinion of 11 April 1949), 1949 I.C.J. 174, 185.
16. See Fassbender supra note 1, at 848 (speaking of "the fog of indistinct constitutional rhetoric").
17. Jurgen Habermas, The Divided West, 115 (2007).
18. Ciaran Cronin of Jurgen Habermas, Hat die Konstitutionalisierung des Volkerrechts noch eine Chance?, in Der gespaltene Westen 113 et seq (2004).
19. Kant's most relevant pieces are Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltburgerlicher Absicht (1784);
20. Zum ewigen frieden. eln philosophischer entwurf (1795);
21. die metaphysik der sltten, erster teil: metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Rechtslehre §§53 (1797).
22. Carl Schmitt, Volkerrechtuche Groisraumordnung mit Interventionsverbot fur raumfremde Machte (1991) (1941);
23. Carl Schmitt, Der Nomos der Erde im Volkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum (1997) (1950).
24. Guglielmo Verdirame, The Divided West: International Lawyers in Europe and America, 18 Eur. J. Int'l L. 553 (2007).
25. See Habermas, supra note 6, at 179
26. Jean Bodin, Les six Livres de la Repubuque (1961) (1583);
27. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (G.A.J. Rogers & Karl Schuhmann eds., 2003) (1651).
28. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (Peter Laslett ed., 3d ed. 2005) (1698);
29. Charles de Montesquieu, De l'Esprit des LOIS (Victor Goldschmidt ed. 1979) (1748).
30. See Habermas, supra note 6, at 128.
31. On necessary UN reform measures see Habermas, supra note 6, at 173 and infra VI.
32. See Habermas, supra note 6, at 136.
33. See Habermas, supra note 6, at 136.
34. Kant, Erster Definitivartikel, Zum Ewigen Frieden supra note 7.
35. See Habermas, supra note 6, at 139
36. Kant, Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde, supra note 7, at 354.
37. Habermas, supra note 6, at 141.
38. Protocol on the Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to Poland and to the United Kingdom, 2007 O.J. (C 306) 156.
39. Compare U.N. Charter art. 2 (4), 51, available at http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html
40. with the League of Nations Covenant art. 10- 16, available at http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/leagcov.htm
41. their tightening up by the Kellogg-Briand Pact (Treaty providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy) of 27 August 1928, available at http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/kbpact/kbpact.htm.
42. Cf. U.N. Charter Preamble, art. 1 (3), 55 (c) and 56.
43. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A, U.N. GAOR, 3d Sess., 1st plen. Mtg., U.N. Doc. A/810 (Dec. 12, 1948), available at http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/eng.htm.
44. Habermas, supra note 6, at 162.
45. One recent example is G.A. Res. 1769 (July 31, 2007) on Darfur.
46. G.A. Res. 60/251 (Mar. 15, 2006), available at http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/r60.htm.
47. G.A. Res. 48/141 (Dec. 20, 1993) (establishing the office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights).
48. Habermas, supra note 6, at 162
49. Habermas, supra note 6, at 124
50. Treaty Establishing the European Community art. 17, Nov. 10, 1997, 1997 O.J. (C 340) 3 [hereinafter EC Treaty].
51. U.N. Charter art. 25, 27 (3), 39
52. Jochen A. Frowein & Nico Krisch, Introduction to Chapter VII, margin notes 7, in The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Vol. I (Bruno Simma, et al. eds., 2d ed. 2002).
53. G.A. Res. 827 (May 25, 1993) (amended), available at http://www.un.org/icty/legaldoc-e/index.htm;
54. G.A. Res. 955 (Nov. 8, 1994) (amended). (http://69.94.ll.53/ENGLISH/basicdocs/statute/2007.pdf [last visited on 4 August 2008]).
55. See, e.g., S.C. Res. 1267 (Oct. 15, 1999);
56. S.C. Res. 1822 (June 30, 2008), available at http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/.
57. Habermas, supra note 6, at 164.
58. Non-State Actors as New Subjects of International Law (Rainer Hofmann ed. 1999).
59. Thomas M. Franck, Is the U.N. Charter a Constitution?, in Verhandeln fur den Frieden. Liber Amicorum Tono Eitel 95, 97 (2003).
60. U.N. Charter art. 2(6).
61. Louis Henkin, How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy 47 (2d ed. 1979).
62. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, May 22, 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331, available at http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/l_l_1969.pdf
63. Beyond its wording. Art. 103 of the UN Charter sets aside conflicting obligations also from non-treaty sources (Bernhardt supra note 3, at margin note 21).
64. Brun-Otto Bryde, Konstitutionalisierung des Volkerrechts und Internationalisierung des Verfassungsrechts, 42 Der Staat 61, 62 (2003).
65. Habermas, supra note 6, at 131
66. Dieter Grimm, Ursprung und Wandel der Verfassung, in Handbuch des Staatsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vol. 14 (Josef Isensee & Paul Kirchhof eds., 3d ed. 2003).
67. But see Christian Tomuschat, Obligations Arising for States Without or Against Their Will, 241 Recueil des Cours 195 (1993).
68. See Dispute Settlement Rules supra note 2, at art. 3 (2), 19
69. Habermas, supra note 6, at 175.
70. World Trade Organization, Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization of 15 April 1994, art. X, available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto.pdf [hereinafter WTO].
71. lost E. Alvarez, International Organizations as Law-makers 241 (2005);
72. Asif H. Qureshi & Andreas R. Ziegler, International Economic Law 223 (2d ed. 2007).
73. Verdross, supra note 1;
74. Simma, supra note 1, at 69;
75. Bardo Fassbender, UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto - A Constitutional Perspective 89 (1998);
76. id., The United Nations Charter as Constitution of the International Community, 36 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 529 (1998);
77. Pierre-Marie Dupuy, The Constitutional Dimension of the Charter of the United Nations Revisited, 1 Max Planck Y.B. of U.N. L. 1 (1997);
78. see also the more cautious approach by Franck, supra note 48, at 95
79. Henry G. Schermers, We the Peoples of the United Nations, 1 Max Planck Y.B. of U.N. L. 111 (1997).
80. U.N. Charter, art. 108, 109
81. Vienna Convention, supra note 55, at art. 39;
82. EC Treaty, supra 39, at art. 48.
83. Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 163 (1803).
84. See the preamble of the Virginia Bill of Rights of 12 June 1776 which is still in force as part of the Constitution of Virginia of 1971, available at http://legis.state.va.us/Laws/search/constofva.pdf.
85. Habermas, supra note 6, at 135;
86. Thomas Cottier & Maya Hertig, The Prospects of 21s Century Constitutionalism, 7 MAX PLANCK Y.B. U.N. L. 261, 299 (2003).
87. Cf. Stefan Oeter, Souveranitat - ein uberholtes Konzept?, in Tradition und Weltoffenheit des Rechts. Festschrift fur Helmut Steinberger 259, 281 (Hans-Joachim Cremer et. al. eds. 2002).
88. Cf. Christian Tomuschat, International Law as the Constitution of Mankind, in International Law on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century. Views from the International Law Commission 37, 40 (1997).
89. U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779, 838 (1995)
90. Stefan Oeter, Souveranitat und Demokratie als Probleme in der "Verfassungsentwicklung" der Europdischen Union, 55 Zeitschrift fur auslandisches offentuches Recht und Volkerrecht 659, 667 (1995).
91. Damian Chalmers etal, European Union Law 182, 196 (2006).
92. See, e.g. Grundgesetz (GG- Basic Law/Constitution) art. 93 (1) No. 2, 2a and 3.
93. U.S. Const, art. VII;
94. EC Treaty, supra 39, at 48.
95. See, e.g. EC Treaty, supra 39, at art. 6 (1);
96. U.S. Const, art. IV § 4;
97. Grundgesetz (GG- Basic Law/Constitution) art. 28.
98. Erwin Chemerinsky, Constitutional Law 499 (3d ed. 2006).
99. U.N. Charter art. 25, 39, 103.
100. Abraham Lincoln, Selected Speeches and Writings 405 (First Vintage Books 1992).
101. The Gettysburg formula was adopted by Art. 2 (5) of the French Constitution of 1958 as the maxim of the French Republic, available at http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/connaissance/constitution0708.pdf.
102. Jurgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action (Thomas McCarthy trans., 1985)
103. Jurgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Lawand Democracy (William Rehg trans., 1996).
104. Giegerich, supra note 100, at 53.
105. Giegerich, supra note 100, at 63.
106. E.g. in the Kadi case, 2005 E.C.R. 11-3649 [T-315/01].
107. Case C-402/05 P, Kadi v. Council 2008 E.C.J.;
108. Case C-415/05 P, Al Barakaat International Foundation v. Council 2008 E.C.J. Behrami v. France, App. No. No. 71412/01 May 2, 2007);
109. Saramati v. France, Germany and Norway, App. No. 78166/01.
110. Pierre Bodeau-Livinec et. al., 102 Am. J. Int'l L. 323 (2008).
111. Beric et al. v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, App. No. 36357/04 (Oct. 16, 2007).
112. See Kadi, supra note 112, § 310.
113. Bosphorus Airlines v. Ireland, App. No. 45036/98 (June 30, 2005).
114. After the Swiss Federal Court dismissed an action by a listed individual against the application of the Swiss government's regulation implementing the SC's individualized sanctions against him (1A.45/2007, BGE 133 II 450 (Nov. 14, 2007), available at http://www.bger.ch/index/juridiction.htm), a pertinent individual application is now pending in Strasbourg.
115. Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom, App. No. 35763/97 (Nov. 21, 2001).
116. Bosphorous supra note 117, § 155.
117. On de-listing, see the information available at http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/fact_sheet_delisting.shtml.
118. Further improvements are currently under discussion. In its recent Kadi judgment, the EJC considered the "remedies" provided by the SC as inadequate [See Kadi, supra note 112, § 318).
119. See Erika de Wet & Andre Nollkaemper, Review of Security Council Decisions by National Courts, 45 German Y.B. Int'lL. 166, 184(2003).
120. See Karl Zemanek, Is the Security Council the Sole Judge of its Own Legality?, in The Law of International Relations - Liber Amicorum Hanspeter Neuhold483, 503 (August Reinisch & Ursula Kriebaum eds. 2007).
121. James Crawford, The Charter of the United Nations as a Constitution, in The Changing Constitution of the United Nations 3, 10 (Hazel Foxed. 1997).
122. Session of the Human Rights Council. It is the successor of the old "1503-procedure." (Human Rights Council Res. 5/1 § 85 (June 18, 2007).
123. Anne Peters, Compensatory Constitutionalism, 19 Leiden J. Int'l L. 579 (2006).
124. Habermas, supra note 6, at 177.
125. Winston Churchill, Address to the House of Commons (May 13, 1940).
126. Rechtslehre, supra note 7, at 350-51, 354-55.
127. See Habermas, supra note 6, at 117.