Croup: Common syndromes and therapy

Pediatric Annals

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 15-21

  Wald, Eric L ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; BUDESONIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; HELIOX; PREDNISONE;

ACUTE LARYNGEAL OBSTRUCTION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CROUP; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; LARYNX STENOSIS;

ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION; ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROUP; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EPINEPHRINE; FEMALE; HELIUM; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; OXYGEN; RESPIRATORY THERAPY; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS;

EID: 77950398980     PISSN: 00904481     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3928/00904481-20091210-04     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Jardine DS, Martin LD. Specific Diseases of the Respiratory System: Upper Airway. In: Fuhrman BP, Zimmerman J. Pediatric Critical Care. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2006:571-587.
2. Denny FW, Murphy TF, Clyde WA, Collier AM, Henderson FW. Croup: an 11-year study in a pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 1983;71(6):871-876.
3. Segal AO, Crighton EJ, Moineddin R, Mamdani M, Upshur RE. Croup hospitalizations in Ontario: a 14-year time-series analysis. Pediatrics. 2005;116(1):51-55.
4. Marx A, Torok T, Holman R, Clarke M, Anderson L. Pediatric hospitalizations for croup (laryngotracheobronchitis): biennial increases associated with human parainfluenza virus 1 epidemics. J Infect Dis. 1997;176(6):1423-1427.
5. van der Hoek L, Sure K, Ihorst G, et al. Human coronavirus NL63 infection is associated with croup. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2006;581:485-491.
6. Calhoun W. Nocturnal asthma. Chest. 2003;123(3 Suppl):399-405.
7. Bjornson CL, Johnson DW. Croup. Lancet. 2008;371(9609):329-339.
8. Theisen CF. Angina epiglottidea anterior: report of three cases. Albany Med Ann. 1900;21:395-405.
9. Shah RK, Roberson DW, Jones DT. Epiglottitis in the hemophilus influenza type B vaccine era: changing trends. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(3):557-560.
10. Stroud RH, Friedman NR. An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis. Amer J Otolaryng. 2001;22(4):268-275.
11. Jackson C. Influenzal tracheitis. Laryngoscope. 1912;22:130.
12. Jones R, Santos JI, Overall JC. Bacterial tracheitis. JAMA. 1979;242(8):721-726.
13. Bernstein T, Brilli R, Jacobs B. Is bacterial tracheitis changing? A 14-month experience in a pediatric intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(3):458-462.
14. Hopkins A, Lahiri T, Salerno R, Heath B. Changing epidemiology of life-threatening upper airway infections: the reemergence of bacterial tracheitis. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1418-1421.
15. Westley CR, Cotton EK, Brooks JG. Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup: a double-blind study. Am J Dis Child. 1978;132(5):484-487.
16. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of croup. Alberta, ON, Canada: Alberta Medical Association; 2007.
17. Bjornson CL, Johnson DW. Croup - treatment update. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005;21(12):863-873.
18. Moore M, Little P. Humidified air inhalation for treating croup. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006;3:CD002870.
19. Scolnik D, Coates AL, Stephens D, Da Silva Z, Lavine E, Schuh S. Controlled delivery of high vs low humidity vs mist therapy for croup in emergency departments: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(11):1274- 1280.
20. Russell K, Wiebe N, Saenz A, et al. Glucocorticoids for croup. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;1:CD001955.
21. Kairys SW, Olmstead EN, O'Connor GT. Steroid treatment of laryngotracheitis: a meta-analysis of the evidence from randomized trials. Pediatrics. 1989;83(5):683-693.
22. Tibballs J, Shann FA, Landau LI. Placebo-controlled trial of prednisolone in children intubated for croup. Lancet. 1992;340(8822):745-748.
23. Sparrow A, Geelhoed G. Prednisolone versus dexamethasone in croup: a randomized equivalence trial. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(7):580-583.
24. Rittichier K, Ledwith C. Outpatient treatment of moderate croup with dexamethasone: intramuscular versus oral dosing. Pediatrics. 2000;106(6):1344-1348.
25. Donaldson D, Poleski D, Knipple E, et al. Intramuscular versus oral dexamethasone for the treatment of moderate-to-severe croup: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10(1):16-21.
26. Geelhoed GC. Budesonide offers no advantage when added to oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005;21(6):359-362.
27. Klassen T, Craig W, Moher D, et al. Nebulized budesonide and oral dexamethasone for treatment of croup: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;279(20):1629-1632.
28. Geelhoed GC, Macdonald W. Oral dexamethasone in the treatment of croup: 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.3 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995;20(6):362-368.
29. Chub-Uppakarn S, Sangsupawanich P. A randomized comparison of dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg versus 0.6 mg/kg for the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Internat J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007;71(3):473-477.
30. Taussig LM, Castro O, Beaudry PH, Fox WW, Bureau M. Treatment of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup): use of intermittent positive-pressure breathing and racemic epinephrine. Am J Dis Child. 1975;129(7):790-793.
31. Fogel JM, Berg IJ, Gerber MA, Sherter CB. Racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup: nebulization alone versus nebulization with intermittent positive pressure breathing. J Pediatr. 1982;101(6):1028-1031.
32. Waisman Y, Klein BL, Boenning DA, et al. Prospective randomized double-blind study comparing L-epinephrine and racemic epinephrine aerosols in the treatment of laryngotracheitis (croup). Pediatrics. 1992;89(2):302-306.
33. Kristjansson S, Berg-Kelly K, Winso E. Inhalation of racemic adrenaline in the treatment of mild and moderately severe croup: clinical symptom score and oxygen saturation measurements for evaluation of treatment effects. Acta Paediatrica. 1994;83(11):1156-1160.
34. Cherry JD. Croup. New Eng J Med. 2008;358(4):384-391.
35. Johnson DW, Jacobson S, Edney P, et al. A comparison of nebulized budesonide, intramuscular dexamethasone, and placebo for moderately severe croup. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(8):498-503.
36. Rizos J, DiGravio B, Sehl B, et al. The disposition of children with croup treated with racemic epinephrine and dexamethasone in the emergency department. J Emer Med. 1998;16(4):535-539.
37. Butte M, Nguyen B, Hutchison T, et al. Pediatric myocardial infarction after racemic epinephrine administration. Pediatrics. 1999;104(1):e9.
38. Weber JE, Chudnofsky CR, Younger JG, et al. A randomized comparison of helium-oxygen mixture (Heliox) and racemic epinephrine for the treatment of moderate to severe croup. Pediatrics. 2001;107(6):E96.