Analgesia for the pediatric trauma patient: Primum non nocere?

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 28-40

  Greenwald, Michael ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Oligoanalgesia; Pain; Pediatric; Trauma

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; FENTANYL; GABAPENTIN; IBUPROFEN; KETAMINE; KETOROLAC; MORPHINE; NALOXONE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PROPOFOL;

ALLERGIC REACTION; ANALGESIA; ARTICLE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHILDHOOD INJURY; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME; CONSTIPATION; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG TOLERANCE; DYSPHORIA; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; GASTRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY DISORDER; HABITUATION; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; HYPOTENSION; INJURY; INOTROPISM; INSOMNIA; NAUSEA; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PAIN THRESHOLD; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT CONTROLLED ANALGESIA; PERITONITIS; PHANTOM PAIN; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; SEDATION; SENSITIZATION; SIDE EFFECT; SPINAL CORD INJURY; STRESS; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; VEIN DILATATION; VISCERAL PAIN; VOMITING;

EID: 77950348758     PISSN: 15228401     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2009.12.008     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Bielefeldt K., Gebhart G.F. Visceral pain: basic mechanisms. Wall and Melzback's textbook of pain 2006, 721-736. Elsevier, Philadelphia (PA). 5th ed. S.B. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
2. Schaible H. Basic mechanisms of deep somatic pain. Wall and Melzback's textbook of pain 2006, 621-631. Elsevier, Philadelphia (PA). 5th ed. S.B. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
3. Pasero C., Portenoy R.K., McCaffery M. Opioid analgesics. Pain clinical manual 1990, 271-272. Mosby, St Louis (MO). 2nd ed. M. McCaffery, C. Pasero (Eds.).
4. Hedderich R., Ness T.J. Analgesia for trauma and burns. Crit Care Clin 1999, 15:167-184.
5. Anand K.J.S., Phil D., Hickey P. Halothane-morphine compared with high dose sufentanil for anesthesia and post operative analgesia in neonatal cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 1992, 326:1-9.
6. Saxe G., Stoddard F., Courtney D., et al. Relationship between acute morphine and the course of PTSD in children with burns. J Am Acad Adolesc Psychiatr 2001, 40:915-921.
7. Beggs S., Fitzgerald M. Development of peripheral and spinal nociceptive systems. Pain in neonates and infants 2007, 11-24. Elsevier, New York (NY). 3rd ed. K.J.S. Anand, B.J. Stevens, P.J. McGrath (Eds.).
8. Schechter N.L., Zeltzer L.K. Pediatric pain: new directions from a developmental perspective. J Develop Behav Pediatr 1999, 20:209-210.
9. Anand K.J.S., Al-Chaer E.D., Bhutta A.T., Hall R.W. Development of suprapinal pain processing. Pain in neonates and infants 2007, 25-44. Elsevier, New York (NY). 3rd ed. K.J.S. Anand, B.J. Stevens, P.J. McGrath (Eds.).
10. Woolf C.J., Salter M.W. Plasticity and pain: role of the dorsal horn. Wall and Melzback's textbook of pain 2006, 91-105. Elsevier, Philadelphia (PA). 5th ed. S.B. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
11. Kohrs R., Duriex M. Ketamine: teaching an old dog new tricks. Anesth Anal 1998, 87:1186-1193.
12. Fitzgerald M., de Lima J. Hyperalgesia and allodynia in infants. Acute and procedural pain in infants and children 2001, 1-12. IASP Press, Seattle (WA). G.A. Finley, P.J. McGrath (Eds.).
13. Anand K.J.S., Runeson B., Jacobson B., et al. Gastric suction at birth associated with long term risk for functional intestinal disorders in later life. J Pediatr 2004, 144:449-454.
14. Grunau R.E., Tu M.T. Long-term consequences of pain in human neonates. Pain in neonates and infants 2007, 45-55. Elsevier, New York (NY). 3th ed. K.J.S. Anand, B.J. Stevens, P.J. McGrath (Eds.).
15. Meyer R.A., Ringkamp M., Campbell J.N., Raja S.N. Peripheral mechanisms of cutaneous nociception. Wall and Melzback's textbook of pain 2006, 3-34. Elsevier, Philadelphia (PA). 5th. ed. S.B. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
16. Schechter N.L. The under-treatment of pain in children: an overview. Pediatr Clin North Am 1989, 36:781-793.
17. Selbst S.M. Analgesic use in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1990, 19:1010-1013.
18. Petrack E.M., Christopher N.C., Kriwinsky J. Pain management in the emergency department: patterns of utilization. Pediatrics 1997, 99:711-714.
19. Friedland L.R., Kulick R.M. Emergency department analgesic use in pediatric trauma victims with fractures. Ann Emerg Med 1994, 23:203-207.
20. Broome M.E., Richtsmeier A., Maikler V., Alexander M. Pediatric pain practices: a national survey of health professionals. J Pain Symptom Manage 1996, 11:312-320.
21. Cummings E.A., Reid G.J., Finley G.A., et al. Prevalence and source of pain in pediatric inpatients. Pain 1996, 68:25-31.
22. Cimpello L., Khine H., Avner J.R. Practice patterns of pediatric vs general emergency physicians for pain management of fractures in pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004, 20:228-232.
23. Quinn M., Carraccio C., Sacchetti A. Pain, punctures, and pediatricians. Pediatr Emerg Care 1993, 9:12-14.
24. Jones J.S., Johnson K., McNinch M. Age as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 1996, 14:157-160.
25. Todd K.H., Samaroo N., Hoffman J.R. Ethnicity as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department analgesia. JAMA 1993, 269:1537-1539.
26. Todd K.H., Deaton C., D'Adamo A.P., Goe L. Ethnicity and analgesic practice. Ann Emerg Med 2000, 35:11-16.
27. Michael G.E., Sporer K.A., Youngblood G.M. Women are less likely than men to receive prehospital analgesia for isolated extremity injuries. Am J Emerg Med 2007, 25:901-906.
28. Friedland L.R., Pancioli A.M., Duncan K.M. Pediatric emergency department analgesic practice. Pediatr Emerg Care 1997, 13:103-106.
29. O'Donnell J., Ferguson L.P., Beattie T.F. Use of analgesia in a paediatric accident and emergency department following limb trauma. Eur J Emerg Med 2002, 9:5-8.
30. Singer A.J., Thode H.C. National analgesia prescribing patterns in emergency department patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehab 2002, 23:361-365.
31. Neighbor M.N., Honner S., Kohn M.A. Factors affecting emergency department opioid administration to severely injured patients. Acad Emerg Med 2004, 11:1290-1296.
32. White L.J., Cooper J.D., Chambers R.M., Gradisek R.E. Prehospital use of analgesia for suspected extremity fractures. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000, 4:205-208.
33. McEachin C.C., McDermott J.T., Swor R. Few emergency medical services patients with lower extremity fractures receive prehospital analgesia. Prehosp Emerg Care 2002, 6:406-410.
34. Curtis K.M., Henriques H.F., Fanciullo G., et al. A fentanyl based pain management protocol provides early analgesia for adult trauma patients. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 2007, 63:819-826.
35. Fullerton-Gleason L., Crandall C., Sklar D.P. Prehospital administration of morphine for isolated extremity injuries: a change in protocol reduces time to medication. Prehosp Emerg Care 2002, 6:411-416.
36. DeVellis P., Thomas S.H., Wedel S.K., et al. Prehospital fentanyl analgesia in air-transported pediatric trauma patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998, 14:321-323.
37. Thomas S.H., Rago O., Harrison T., et al. Fentanyl trauma analgesia use in medical scene transports. J Emerg Med 2005, 29:179-187.
38. Frakes M.A., Lord W.R., Kociszewski C., et al. Efficacy of fentanyl analgesia for trauma in critical care transport. Am J Emerg Med 2006, 24:286-289.
39. Swor R., McEachin C.M., Seguin D., et al. Prehospital pain management in children suffering traumatic injury. Prehosp Emerg Care 2005, 9:40-43.
40. Zohar Z., Eitan A., Halperin P., et al. Pain relief in major trauma patients: an Israeli perspective. J Trauma 2001, 51:767-772.
41. Silen W. Cope's early diagnosis of the acute abdomen 1996, Oxford University Press, New York (NY). 19th ed.
42. Attard A.R., Corlett M.J., Kidner N.J., et al. Safety of early pain relief for acute abdominal pain. BMJ 1992, 305:554-556.
43. Vermulean B., Morabia A., Unger P.F., et al. Acute appendicitis: influence of early pain relief on the accuracy of clinical and US findings in the decision to operate-a randomized trial. Radiology 1999, 210:639-643.
44. LoVecchio F., Oster N., Sturmann K., et al. The use of analgesics in patients with acute abdominal pain. J Emerg Med 1997, 15:775-779.
45. Kim M.K., Strait R.T., Sato T.T., et al. A Randomized clinical trial of analgesia in children with acute abdominal pain. Acad Emerg Med 2002, 9:281-287.
46. Buduhan G., McRitchie D.I. Missed injuries in patients with multiple trauma. J Trauma 2000, 49:600-605.
47. Lazarus H.M., Fox J., Evans R.S., et al. Adverse drug reactions in trauma patients. J Trauma 2003, 54:337-343.
48. Kanowitz A., Dunn T.M., Kanowitz E.M., et al. Safety and effectiveness of fentanyl administration for prehospital pain management. Prehosp Emerg Care 2006, 10:1-7.
49. Devellis P., Thomas S.H., Wedel S.K., et al. Prehospital analgesia in air-transported pediatric trauma patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998, 14:321-323.
50. Whipple J.K., Lewis K.S., Quebbeman E.J., et al. Analysis of pain management in critically ill patients. Pharmocotherapy 1995, 15:592-599.
51. Silka P.A., Roth M.M., Moreno G., et al. Pain scores improve analgesic administration patterns for trauma patients in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2004, 11:264-270.
52. Kaplan C.P., Sison C., Platt S.L. Does a pain scale improve pain assessment in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2008, 24:605-608.
53. Tanabe P., Buschmann M. Emergency nurses' knowledge of pain management principles. J Emerg Nurs 2000, 26:299-305.
54. Hennes H., Kim M.K., Pirrallo R.G. Pre-hospital pain management: a comparison of providers' perceptions and practices. Prehosp Emerg Care 2005, 9:32-39.
55. American College of Surgeons Advanced trauma life support student manual 2004, 27. American College of Surgeons, Chicago (Ill).
56. American College of Surgeons. Advanced trauma life support student manual. Chicago (Ill): American College of Surgeons 2008. p. 169, 200.
57. Emergency Nurses Association Course in advanced trauma nursing: a conceptual approach 1995, 253-278. The Emergency Nurses Association, Park Ridge (Ill).
58. Rominson S.M., Mackenzie-Ross S., Campbel-Hewson G.L., et al. Psychological effect of witnessed resuscitation on bereaved relatives. The Lancet 1998, 352:614-617.
59. Sacchetti A., Lichenstein R., Carraccio C.A., et al. Family member presence during pediatric emergency department procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care 1996, 12:268-271.
60. Meers T., Eichorn D., Guzzetta C. Do families want to be present during CPR? A retrospective study. J Emerg Nurs 1998, 24:400-405.
61. Boie E., Moore G., Brummett C., et al. Do parents want to be present during invasive procedures performed on their children in the emergency department? A survey of 400 parents. Ann Emerg Med 1999, 34:70-74.
62. Powers K., Rubenstein J. Family presence during invasive procedures in the pediatric intensive care unit: a prospective study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999, 153:955-958.
63. Sacchetti A., Paston C., Carraccio C. Family members do not disrupt care when present during invasive procedures. Acad Emerg Med 2005, 12:477-479.
64. Kennedy R.M., Luhman J. The "ouchless emergency department." Advances in decreasing distress during painful procedures in the emergency department. Pediatr Clin North Am 1999, 46:1215-1247.
65. Zepmsky W.T., Cravero J.P. Relief of pain and anxiety in emergency medical systems. Pediatrics 2004, 114:1348-1356.
66. EMSC Grant Panel (Writing Committee) on Pharmacologic Agents Used in Pediatric Sedation and Analgesia in the Emergency Department Clinical policy: evidenced based approach to pharmacologic agents in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2004, 44:342-377.
67. Borland M., Jacob I., King B., et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2007, 49:335-340.
68. Sharar S.R., Bratton S.L., Carrougher G.J., et al. A comparison of oral trans-mucosal fentanyl citrate and oral hydromorphone for inpatient pediatric burn wound care analgesia. J Burn Care Rehab 1998, 19:516-521.
69. Rusy L.M., Houck C.S., Sullivan L.J., et al. A double-blind evaluation of ketorolac tromethamine versus acetaminophen in pediatric tonsillectomy: analgesia and bleeding. Anesth Analag 1995, 80:226-229.
70. Burd R.S., Tobias J.D. Ketorolac for pain management after abdominal surgical procedures in infants. S Med J 2002, 95:331-333.
71. Roback M.G., Bajaj L., Wathen J.E., et al. Pre-procedural fasting and adverse events in procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: are they related. Ann Emerg Med 2004, 44:454-459.
72. Luhman J., Kennedy R.M., Porter F.L., et al. A randomized clinical trial of continuous flow nitrous oxide and midazolam for sedation of young children during laceration repair. Ann Emerg Med 2001, 37:20-27.
73. 2O and its interaction with the body. Handbook of nitrous oxide and oxygen sedation 2003, 89-98. Mosby, St Louis (MO). 2nd ed.
74. Parker R.I., Mahan R.A., Giugliano D. Safety of intravenous midazolam and ketamine as sedation in therapeutic and diagnostic procedures in children. Pediatrics 1997, 99:427-431.
75. Albanese J., Arnaud S., Rey M., et al. Ketamine decreases intracranial pressure and electroencephalographic activity in traumatic brain injury patients during propofol sedation. Anesthesia 1997, 87:1328-1334.
76. Gottschling S., Meyer S., Krenn T. Propofol versus midazolam/ketamine for procedural sedation in pediatric oncology. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005, 27:471-476.
77. Lamberg L. Patients in pain need round-the-clock care. JAMA 1999, 281:689-690.
78. Sang C., Hayes K. Anticonvulsant medications in neuropathic pain. Wall and Melzback's textbook of pain 2006, 499-506. Elsevier, Philadelphia (Pa). 5th ed. S.B. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
79. Rice A.S.C. Cannabinoids. Wall and Melzback's textbook of pain 2006, 521-540. Elsevier, Philadelphia (PA). 5th ed. S.B. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
80. Hill R.G. Analgesic drugs in development. Wall and Melzback's textbook of pain 2006, 544. Elsevier, Philadelphia (PA). 5th ed. S.B. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).
81. Peter C., Watson N., Chipman M.L., et al. Antidepressant analgesics: a systematic review and comparative study. Wall and Melzback's textbook of pain 2006, 481-497. Elsevier, Philadelphia (PA). 5th ed. S.B. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg (Eds.).