Rituximab-associated infections

Seminars in Hematology

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 187-198

  Gea Banacloche, Juan C ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FLUDARABINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LAMIVUDINE; MITOXANTRONE; NATALIZUMAB; PENTOSTATIN; PLECONARIL; PREDNISONE; RITUXIMAB; TENOFOVIR; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; BABESIOSIS; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CRYOGLOBULINEMIA; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DEATH; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG SAFETY; ERYTHROCYTE APLASIA; FASCIITIS; FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA; FOLLOW UP; HEPATITIS B; HERPES SIMPLEX; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; JC VIRUS; KIDNEY GRAFT REJECTION; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; LIVER FAILURE; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; MYCOBACTERIOSIS; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PARVOVIRUS; PEMPHIGUS; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PNEUMOCYSTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SKIN INFECTION; SOFT TISSUE INFECTION; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS REACTIVATION; WEST NILE FLAVIVIRUS;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS; GRAFT REJECTION; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INFECTION; JC VIRUS; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL; LYMPHOMA, NON-HODGKIN; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; PARVOVIRUS B19, HUMAN; PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RISK FACTORS; VIRUS ACTIVATION;

EID: 77950337482     PISSN: 00371963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2010.01.002     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Cohen S.B., Emery P., Greenwald M.W., et al. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:2793-2806.
2. Edwards J.C., Szczepanski L., Szechinski J., et al. Efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:2572-2581.
3. Emery P., Fleischmann R., Filipowicz-Sosnowska A., et al. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:1390-1400.
4. Strand V., Balbir-Gurman A., Pavelka K., et al. Sustained benefit in rheumatoid arthritis following one course of rituximab: improvements in physical function over 2 years. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006, 45:1505-1513.
5. Sansonno D., De Re V., Lauletta G., Tucci F.A., Boiocchi M., Dammacco F. Monoclonal antibody treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia resistant to interferon alpha with an anti-CD20. Blood 2003, 101:3818-3826.
6. Zaja F., De Vita S., Mazzaro C., et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 2003, 101:3827-3834.
7. Looney R.J., Anolik J.H., Campbell D., et al. B cell depletion as a novel treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I/II dose-escalation trial of rituximab. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:2580-2589.
8. Looney J.R., Anolik J., Sanz I. A perspective on B-cell-targeting therapy for SLE. Mod Rheumatol 2009;Aug 8.
9. Hauser S.L., Waubant E., Arnold D.L., et al. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:676-688.
10. Tyden G., Genberg H., Tollemar J., et al. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, study of single-dose rituximab as induction in renal transplantation. Transplantation 2009, 87:1325-1329.
11. Vidal L., Gafter-Gvili A., Leibovici L., Shpilberg O. Rituximab as maintenance therapy for patients with follicular lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, CD006552.
12. Aksoy S., Dizdar O., Hayran M., Harputluoglu H. Infectious complications of rituximab in patients with lymphoma during maintenance therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Leuk Lymphoma 2009, 50:357-365.
13. Yeo W., Chan T.C., Leung N.W., et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in lymphoma patients with prior resolved hepatitis B undergoing anticancer therapy with or without rituximab. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:605-611.
14. Hanbali A., Khaled Y. Incidence of hepatitis B reactivation following rituximab therapy. Am J Hematol 2009, 84:195.
15. Targhetta C., Cabras M.G., Mamusa A.M., Mascia G., Angelucci E. Hepatitis B virus-related liver disease in isolated anti-hepatitis B-core positive lymphoma patients receiving chemo- or chemo-immune therapy. Haematologica 2008, 93:951-952.
16. Zell J.A., Yoon E.J., Ignatius Ou S.H., Hoefs J.C., Chang J.C. Precore mutant hepatitis B reactivation after treatment with CHOP-rituximab. Anticancer Drugs 2005, 16:83-85.
17. Ng H.J., Lim L.C. Fulminant hepatitis B virus reactivation with concomitant listeriosis after fludarabine and rituximab therapy: case report. Ann Hematol 2001, 80:549-552.
18. Law J.K., Ho J.K., Hoskins P.J., Erb S.R., Steinbrecher U.P., Yoshida E.M. Fatal reactivation of hepatitis B post-chemotherapy for lymphoma in a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative, hepatitis B core antibody-positive patient: potential implications for future prophylaxis recommendations. Leuk Lymphoma 2005, 46:1085-1089.
19. Carson K.R., Evens A.M., Richey E.A., et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project. Blood 2009, 113:4834-4840.
20. Goldberg S.L., Pecora A.L., Alter R.S., et al. Unusual viral infections (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and cytomegalovirus disease) after high-dose chemotherapy with autologous blood stem cell rescue and peritransplantation rituximab. Blood 2002, 99:1486-1488.
21. Matteucci P., Magni M., Di Nicola M., Carlo-Stella C., Uberti C., Gianni A.M. Leukoencephalopathy and papovavirus infection after treatment with chemotherapy and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Blood 2002, 100:1104-1105.
22. Yokoyama H., Watanabe T., Maruyama D., Kim S.W., Kobayashi Y., Tobinai K. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with B-cell lymphoma during rituximab-containing chemotherapy: case report and review of the literature. Int J Hematol 2008, 88:443-447.
23. Ennishi D., Terui Y., Yokoyama M., et al. Increased incidence of interstitial pneumonia by CHOP combined with rituximab. Int J Hematol 2008, 87:393-397.
24. Katsuya H., Suzumiya J., Sasaki H., et al. Addition of rituximab to cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone therapy has a high risk of developing interstitial pneumonia in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2009, 50:1818-1823.
25. Brusamolino E., Rusconi C., Montalbetti L., et al. Dose-dense R-CHOP-14 supported by pegfilgrastim in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a phase II study of feasibility and toxicity. Haematologica 2006, 91:496-502.
26. Kolstad A., Holte H., Fossa A., Lauritzsen G.F., Gaustad P., Torfoss D. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in B-cell lymphoma patients treated with the rituximab-CHOEP-14 regimen. Haematologica 2007, 92:139-140.
27. Venhuizen A.C., Hustinx W.N., van Houte A.J., Veth G., van der Griend R. Three cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) during first-line treatment with rituximab in combination with CHOP-14 for aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 2008, 80:275-276.
28. Byrd J.C., Peterson B.L., Morrison V.A., et al. Randomized phase 2 study of fludarabine with concurrent versus sequential treatment with rituximab in symptomatic, untreated patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9712 (CALGB 9712). Blood 2003, 101:6-14.
29. Kumar D., Gourishankar S., Mueller T., et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after rituximab therapy for antibody-mediated rejection in a renal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2009, 11:167-170.
30. Shelton E., Yong M., Cohney S. Late onset Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients receiving rituximab for humoral renal transplant rejection. Nephrology (Carlton) 2009, 14:696-699.
31. Teichmann L.L., Woenckhaus M., Vogel C., Salzberger B., Scholmerich J., Fleck M. Fatal Pneumocystis pneumonia following rituximab administration for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008, 47:1256-1257.
32. Ganjoo K.N., Raman R., Sobel R.A., Pinto H.A. Opportunistic enteroviral meningoencephalitis: an unusual treatable complication of rituximab therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2009, 50:673-675.
33. Kiani-Alikhan S., Skoulidis F., Barroso A., et al. Enterovirus infection of neuronal cells post-rituximab. Br J Haematol 2009, 146:333-335.
34. Padate B.P., Keidan J. Enteroviral meningoencephalitis in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated previously with rituximab. Clin Lab Haematol 2006, 28:69-71.
35. Quartier P., Tournilhac O., Archimbaud C., et al. Enteroviral meningoencephalitis after anti-CD20 (rituximab) treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:e47-e49.
36. Hartmann J.T., Meisinger I., Krober S.M., Weisel K., Klingel K., Kanz L. Progressive bicytopenia due to persistent parvovirus B19 infection after immunochemotherapy with fludarabine/cyclophosphamide and rituximab for relapsed B cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2006, 91(Suppl):ECR49.
37. Isobe Y., Sugimoto K., Shiraki Y., Nishitani M., Koike K., Oshimi K. Successful high-titer immunoglobulin therapy for persistent parvovirus B19 infection in a lymphoma patient treated with rituximab-combined chemotherapy. Am J Hematol 2004, 77:370-373.
38. Sharma V.R., Fleming D.R., Slone S.P. Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus B19 in a patient treated with rituximab. Blood 2000, 96:1184-1186.
39. Song K.W., Mollee P., Patterson B., Brien W., Crump M. Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus following treatment with CHOP and rituximab for B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2002, 119:125-127.
40. Lee M.Y., Chiou T.J., Hsiao L.T., et al. Rituximab therapy increased post-transplant cytomegalovirus complications in Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients receiving autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 2008, 87:285-289.
41. Levi M.E., Quan D., Ho J.T., Kleinschmidt-Demasters B.K., Tyler K.L., Grazia T.J. Impact of rituximab-associated B-cell defects on West Nile virus meningoencephalitis in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2009;Aug 3.
42. Mawhorter S.D., Sierk A., Staugaitis S.M., et al. Fatal West Nile virus infection after rituximab/fludarabine--induced remission for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2005, 6:248-250.
43. Krause P.J., Gewurz B.E., Hill D., et al. Persistent and relapsing babesiosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:370-376.
44. Lutt J.R., Pisculli M.L., Weinblatt M.E., Deodhar A., Winthrop K.L. Severe nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in 2 patients receiving rituximab for refractory myositis. J Rheumatol 2008, 35:1683-1685.
45. McLaughlin P., Grillo-Lopez A.J., Link B.K., et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:2825-2833.
46. Hainsworth J.D., Litchy S., Barton J.H., et al. Single-agent rituximab as first-line and maintenance treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma: a phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:1746-1751.
47. Keating M.J., O'Brien S., Albitar M., et al. Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:4079-4088.
48. Wierda W., O'Brien S., Wen S., et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab for relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:4070-4078.
49. Forstpointner R., Dreyling M., Repp R., et al. The addition of rituximab to a combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone (FCM) significantly increases the response rate and prolongs survival as compared with FCM alone in patients with relapsed and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2004, 104:3064-3071.
50. Coiffier B., Lepage E., Briere J., et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:235-242.
51. Feugier P., Van Hoof A., Sebban C., et al. Long-term results of the R-CHOP study in the treatment of elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a study by the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:4117-4126.
52. Eve H.E., Linch D., Qian W., et al. Toxicity of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide with or without rituximab as initial therapy for patients with previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma: results of a randomised phase II study. Leuk Lymphoma 2009, 50:211-215.
53. Schulz H., Bohlius J.F., Trelle S., et al. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and overall survival in patients with indolent or mantle cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99:706-714.
54. Rafailidis P.I., Kakisi O.K., Vardakas K., Falagas M.E. Infectious complications of monoclonal antibodies used in cancer therapy: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Cancer 2007, 109:2182-2189.
55. Spina M., Jaeger U., Sparano J.A., et al. Rituximab plus infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: pooled results from 3 phase 2 trials. Blood 2005, 105:1891-1897.
56. Kaplan L.D., Lee J.Y., Ambinder R.F., et al. Rituximab does not improve clinical outcome in a randomized phase 3 trial of CHOP with or without rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: AIDS-Malignancies Consortium Trial 010. Blood 2005, 106:1538-1543.
57. Boue F., Gabarre J., Gisselbrecht C., et al. Phase II trial of CHOP plus rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:4123-4128.
58. Vidal L., Gafter-Gvili A., Leibovici L., et al. Rituximab maintenance for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101:248-255.
59. Forstpointner R., Unterhalt M., Dreyling M., et al. Maintenance therapy with rituximab leads to a significant prolongation of response duration after salvage therapy with a combination of rituximab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and mitoxantrone (R-FCM) in patients with recurring and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). Blood 2006, 108:4003-4008.
60. Ghielmini M., Schmitz S.F., Cogliatti S.B., et al. Prolonged treatment with rituximab in patients with follicular lymphoma significantly increases event-free survival and response duration compared with the standard weekly × 4 schedule. Blood 2004, 103:4416-4423.
61. van Oers M.H., Klasa R., Marcus R.E., et al. Rituximab maintenance improves clinical outcome of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients both with and without rituximab during induction: results of a prospective randomized phase 3 intergroup trial. Blood 2006, 108:3295-3301.
62. Hainsworth J.D., Litchy S., Shaffer D.W., Lackey V.L., Grimaldi M., Greco F.A. Maximizing therapeutic benefit of rituximab: maintenance therapy versus re-treatment at progression in patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma-a randomized phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:1088-1095.
63. Cabanillas F., Liboy I., Pavia O., Rivera E. High incidence of non-neutropenic infections induced by rituximab plus fludarabine and associated with hypogammaglobulinemia: a frequently unrecognized and easily treatable complication. Ann Oncol 2006, 17:1424-1427.
64. Lim S.H., Esler W.V., Zhang Y., et al. B-cell depletion for 2 years after autologous stem cell transplant for NHL induces prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia beyond the rituximab maintenance period. Leuk Lymphoma 2008, 49:152-153.
65. Nishio M., Fujimoto K., Yamamoto S., et al. Hypogammaglobulinemia with a selective delayed recovery in memory B cells and an impaired isotype expression after rituximab administration as an adjuvant to autologous stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 2006, 77:226-232.
66. Hicks L.K., Woods A., Buckstein R., et al. Rituximab purging and maintenance combined with auto-SCT: long-term molecular remissions and prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia in relapsed follicular lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009, 43:701-708.
67. Brugger W., Hirsch J., Grunebach F., et al. Rituximab consolidation after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous blood stem cell transplantation in follicular and mantle cell lymphoma: a prospective, multicenter phase II study. Ann Oncol 2004, 15:1691-1698.
68. Sekine R., Taketazu F., Kuroki M., et al. Fatal hepatic failure caused by chemotherapy-induced reactivation of hepatitis B virus in a patient with hematologic malignancy. Int J Hematol 2000, 71:256-258.
69. Hui C.K., Cheung W.W., Au W.Y., et al. Hepatitis B reactivation after withdrawal of pre-emptive lamivudine in patients with haematological malignancy on completion of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Gut 2005, 54:1597-1603.
70. Tsutsumi Y., Kawamura T., Saitoh S., et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with chemotherapy and rituximab: necessity of prophylaxis for hepatitis B virus reactivation in rituximab therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2004, 45:627-629.
71. Ozgonenel B., Moonka D., Savasan S. Fulminant hepatitis B following rituximab therapy in a patient with Evans syndrome and large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2006, 81:302.
72. Sera T., Hiasa Y., Michitaka K., et al. Anti-HBs-positive liver failure due to hepatitis B virus reactivation induced by rituximab. Intern Med 2006, 45:721-724.
73. Dillon R., Hirschfield G.M., Allison M.E., Rege K.P. Fatal reactivation of hepatitis B after chemotherapy for lymphoma. BMJ 2008, 337:a423.
74. Pei S.N., Chen C.H., Lee C.M., et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus following rituximab-based regimens: a serious complication in both HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative patients. Ann Hematol 2010, 89:255-262.
75. Dai M.S., Chao T.Y., Kao W.Y., Shyu R.Y., Liu T.M. Delayed hepatitis B virus reactivation after cessation of preemptive lamivudine in lymphoma patients treated with rituximab plus CHOP. Ann Hematol 2004, 83:769-774.
76. Liang R. How I treat and monitor viral hepatitis B infection in patients receiving intensive immunosuppressive therapies or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2009, 113:3147-3153.
77. Lalazar G., Rund D., Shouval D. Screening, prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis B reactivation in patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 2007, 136:699-712.
78. Genet P., Touahri T., Morel V. Treatment of viral hepatitis B infection in patients receiving intensive immunosuppressive therapies. Blood 2009, 113:6034.
79. Perceau G., Diris N., Estines O., Derancourt C., Levy S., Bernard P. Late lethal hepatitis B virus reactivation after rituximab treatment of low-grade cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2006, 155:1053-1056.
80. Astrom K.E., Mancall E.L., Richardson E.P. Progressive multifocal leuko-encephalopathy; a hitherto unrecognized complication of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and Hodgkin's disease. Brain 1958, 81:93-111.
81. Major E.O. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients on immunomodulatory therapies. Annu Rev Med 2010, 61:35-47.
82. Carson K.R., Bennett C.L. Rituximab and progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy: the jury is deliberating. Leuk Lymphoma 2009, 50:323-324.
83. Wenning W., Haghikia A., Laubenberger J., et al. Treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:1075-1080.
84. Archimbaud C., Bailly J.L., Chambon M., Tournilhac O., Travade P., Peigue-Lafeuille H. Molecular evidence of persistent echovirus 13 meningoencephalitis in a patient with relapsed lymphoma after an outbreak of meningitis in 2000. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41:4605-4610.
85. Klepfish A., Rachmilevitch E., Schattner A. Parvovirus B19 reactivation presenting as neutropenia after rituximab treatment. Eur J Intern Med 2006, 17:505-507.
86. Motto D.G., Williams J.A., Boxer L.A. Rituximab for refractory childhood autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Isr Med Assoc J 2002, 4:1006-1008.
87. Bussone G., Ribeiro E., Dechartres A., et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in adults' warm antibody autoimmune haemolytic anemia: retrospective analysis of 27 cases. Am J Hematol 2009, 84:153-157.
88. Dungarwalla M., Marsh J.C., Tooze J.A., et al. Lack of clinical efficacy of rituximab in the treatment of autoimmune neutropenia and pure red cell aplasia: implications for their pathophysiology. Ann Hematol 2007, 86:191-197.
89. Morrison L.H. Therapy of refractory pemphigus vulgaris with monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab). J Am Acad Dermatol 2004, 51:817-819.
90. Marcotte H., Levesque D., Delanay K., et al. Pneumocystis carinii infection in transgenic B cell-deficient mice. J Infect Dis 1996, 173:1034-1037.
91. Lund F.E., Schuer K., Hollifield M., Randall T.D., Garvy B.A. Clearance of Pneumocystis carinii in mice is dependent on B cells but not on P carinii-specific antibody. J Immunol 2003, 171:1423-1430.
92. Lund F.E., Hollifield M., Schuer K., Lines J.L., Randall T.D., Garvy B.A. B cells are required for generation of protective effector and memory CD4 cells in response to Pneumocystis lung infection. J Immunol 2006, 176:6147-6154.
93. Nishida H., Ishida H., Tanaka T., et al. Cytomegalovirus infection following renal transplantation in patients administered low-dose rituximab induction therapy. Transplant Int 2009, 22:961-969.
94. Salliot C., Dougados M., Gossec L. Risk of serious infections during rituximab, abatacept and anakinra treatments for rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analyses of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2009, 68:25-32.
95. Arnold D.M., Dentali F., Crowther M.A., et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of rituximab for adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 2007, 146:25-33.
96. Parodi E., Rivetti E., Amendola G., et al. Long-term follow-up analysis after rituximab therapy in children with refractory symptomatic ITP: identification of factors predictive of a sustained response. Br J Haematol 2009, 144:552-558.
97. Basse G., Ribes D., Kamar N., et al. Rituximab therapy for mixed cryoglobulinemia in seven renal transplant patients. Transplant Proc 2006, 38:2308-2310.
98. El-Hallak M., Binstadt B.A., Leichtner A.M., et al. Clinical effects and safety of rituximab for treatment of refractory pediatric autoimmune diseases. J Pediatr 2007, 150:376-382.
99. Eriksson P. Nine patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis successfully treated with rituximab. J Intern Med 2005, 257:540-548.
100. Arin M.J., Engert A., Krieg T., Hunzelmann N. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) in the treatment of pemphigus. Br J Dermatol 2005, 153:620-625.
101. El Tal A.K., Posner M.R., Spigelman Z., Ahmed A.R. Rituximab: a monoclonal antibody to CD20 used in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006, 55:449-459.
102. Vo A.A., Wecshler E., Jagolino J., et al. Monitoring for infectious complications of campath 1h and rituxan(r) induction therapy in crossmatch (cmx) positive kidney transplant patients receiving intravenous gammaglobulin desensitization. Transplantation 2006, 82(Suppl 2):122.
103. Banner N.R., Rose M.L., Cummins D., et al. Management of an ABO-incompatible lung transplant. Am J Transplant 2004, 4:1192-1196.
104. Ahlenstiel T., Offner G., Strehlau J., et al. ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation of an 8-yr-old girl with donor/recipient-constellation A1B/B. Xenotransplantation 2006, 13:141-147.
105. Kaposztas Z., Podder H., Mauiyyedi S., et al. Impact of rituximab therapy for treatment of acute humoral rejection. Clin Transplant 2009, 23:63-73.
106. Munoz A.S., Rioveros A.A., Cabanayan-Casasola C.B., Danguilan R.A., Ona E.T. Rituximab in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2008, 40:2218-2221.
107. Garrett H.E., Duvall-Seaman D., Helsley B., Groshart K. Treatment of vascular rejection with rituximab in cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005, 24:1337-1342.
108. Grim S.A., Pham T., Thielke J., et al. Infectious complications associated with the use of rituximab for ABO-incompatible and positive cross-match renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2007, 21:628-632.
109. Kamar N., Milioto O., Puissant-Lubrano B., et al. Incidence and predictive factors for infectious disease after rituximab therapy in kidney-transplant patients. Am J Transplant 2010, 10:89-98.
110. Basse G., Ribes D., Kamar N., Esposito L., Rostaing L. Life-threatening infections following rituximab therapy in renal transplant patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Nephrol 2006, 66:395-396.
111. Imashuku S., Teramura T., Morimoto A., Naya M., Kuroda H. Prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia following rituximab treatment for post transplant Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004, 33:129-130.
112. Walker A.R., Kleiner A., Rich L., et al. Profound hypogammaglobulinemia 7 years after treatment for indolent lymphoma. Cancer Invest 2008, 26:431-433.
113. Cooper N., Davies E.G., Thrasher A.J. Repeated courses of rituximab for autoimmune cytopenias may precipitate profound hypogammaglobulinaemia requiring replacement intravenous immunoglobulin. Br J Haematol 2009, 146:120-122.
114. Rao V.K., Price S., Perkins K., et al. Use of rituximab for refractory cytopenias associated with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009, 52:847-852.
115. van der Kolk L.E., Baars J.W., Prins M.H., van Oers M.H. Rituximab treatment results in impaired secondary humoral immune responsiveness. Blood 2002, 100:2257-2259.
116. Bearden C.M., Agarwal A., Book B.K., et al. Rituximab inhibits the in vivo primary and secondary antibody response to a neoantigen, bacteriophage phiX174. Am J Transplant 2005, 5:50-57.
117. Takata T., Suzumiya J., Ishikawa T., Takamatsu Y., Ikematsu H., Tamura K. Attenuated antibody reaction for the primary antigen but not for the recall antigen of influenza vaccination in patients with non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma after the administration of rituximab-CHOP. J Clin Exp Hematop 2009, 49:9-13.
118. Oren S., Mandelboim M., Braun-Moscovici Y., et al. Vaccination against influenza in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of rituximab on the humoral response. Ann Rheum Dis 2008, 67:937-941.
119. Gelinck L.B., Teng Y.K., Rimmelzwaan G.F., van den Bemt B.J., Kroon F.P., van Laar J.M. Poor serological responses upon influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab. Ann Rheum Dis 2007, 66:1402-1403.
120. Maglione P.J., Chan J. How B cells shape the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2009, 39:676-686.
121. Kessel A., Rosner I., Toubi E. Rituximab: beyond simple B cell depletion. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008, 34:74-79.
122. Stasi R., Cooper N., Del Poeta G., et al. Analysis of regulatory T-cell changes in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura receiving B cell-depleting therapy with rituximab. Blood 2008, 112:1147-1150.
123. Stasi R., Del Poeta G., Stipa E., et al. Response to B-cell depleting therapy with rituximab reverts the abnormalities of T-cell subsets in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2007, 110:2924-2930.