Oxygen therapy during exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Nonoyama, Mika ^a   Brooks, Dina ^b   Lacasse, Yves ^c   Guyatt, Gordon H ^d   Goldstein, Roger ^a  

^a WEST PARK HEALTHCARE CENTRE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

*Exercise therapy; *Exercise tolerance; *Oxygen inhalation therapy; *Quality of life; Humans; Pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive *rehabilitation ; Randomized controlled trials as topic

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN; PLACEBO;

BICYCLE ERGOMETER; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE COURSE; DYSPNEA; EXERCISE; EXERCISE INTENSITY; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; FATIGUE; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH; META ANALYSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXYGEN SATURATION; OXYGEN SUPPLY; OXYGEN THERAPY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PULMONARY REHABILITATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77950295819     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (282)

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121. Mannix 1992 {published data only} Mannix ET, Manfredi F, Palange P, Aronoff GR, Weinberger MH, Farber MO. The effect of oxygen with exercise on atrial natriuretic peptide in chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1992;101(2): 341-4.
122. Mannix 1992b {published data only} Mannix ET, Manfredi F, Palange P, Dowdeswell IR, Farber MO. Oxygen may lower the O2 cost of ventilation in chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1992;101(4):910-5.
123. Marchand 1998 {published data only} Marchand E, Delwiche J, Duplaquet F, Wautelet F. Comparison of three different demand oxygen delivery systems (DODS) with continuous low flow oxygen (CLFO) at rest and during exercise in hypoxemic COPD patients. European Respiratory Journal. 1998; Vol. 12 Suppl 28.
124. Marques 1998 {published data only} Marques-Magallanes JA, Storer TW, Cooper CB. Treadmill exercise duration and dyspnea recovery time in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects of oxygen breathing and repeated testing. Respiratory Medicine 1998;92(5):735-8.
125. Matsuzawa 2000 {published data only} Matsuzawa Y, Kubo K, Fujimoto K, Eda S, Yamaguchi S, Koizumi T, Kobayashi T. Acute effects of oxygen on dyspnea and exercise tolerance in patients with pulmonary emphysema with only mild exercise-induced oxyhemoglobin desaturation. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2000;38(11):831-5.
126. McDonald 1995 {published data only} McDonald CF, Blyth CM, Lazarus MD, Marschner I, Barter CE. Exertional oxygen of limited benefit in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild hypoxemia. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 1995;152(5 Pt 1): 1616-9.
127. McDonald 2005 {published data only} McDonald CF, Crockett AJ, Young IH. Adult domiciliary oxygen therapy. Position statement of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. Medical Journal of Australia 2005;182(12):621-6.
128. McKeon 1988 {published data only} McKeon JL, Murree-Allen K, Saunders NA. Effects of breathing supplemental oxygen before progressive exercise in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax 1988;43(1):53-6.
129. McKeon 1988b {published data only} McKeon JL, Tomlinson JC, Tarrant EP, Mitchell CA. Portable oxygen in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1988;18(2): 125-9.
130. Miller 1962 {published data only} Miller WF, Taylor HF, Jasper L. Exercise training in the rehabilitation of patients with severe respiratory insufficiency due to pulmonary emphysema. The role of oxygen breathing. Southern Medical Journal 1962;55:1216-21.
131. Minh 1979 {published data only} Minh VD, Lee HM, Dolan GF, Light RW, Bell J, Vasquez P. Hypoxemia during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1979; 120(4):787-94.
132. Mitlehner 1992 {published data only} Mitlehner W. Effects of long term oxygen therapy due to portable liquid oxygen tanks in disabled malnourished chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with borderline hypoxemia. Aim of the study and methods. Respiration 1992;59 Suppl 2:40-5.
133. Miyagi 1989 {published data only} Miyagi S, Irei M, Matsumoto T, Jinno S. New trends in home oxygen therapy (HOT) after the introduction of health insurance coverage in Okinawa and factors contributing to long-term survival. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Thoracic Diseases 1989;27(4):404-10.
134. Morrison 1992e {published data only} Morrison DA, Stovall JR. Increased exercise capacity in hypoxemic patients after long-term oxygen therapy. Chest 1992;102(2): 542-50.
135. Muir 1995 {published data only} Muir JF. Exertional hypoxia and portable oxygen therapy. Revue Medicale de la Suisse Romande 1995;115(3):219-22.
136. Nandi 2000 {published data only} Nandi K, Smith A, Crawford A, Garrod R, Macrae K, Roberts C, Seed W. The effect of short burst oxygen treatment on exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2000; Vol. 55 Suppl 3.
137. Nandi 2003 {published data only} Nandi K, Smith AA, Crawford A, MacRae KD, Garrod R, Seed WA, et al.Oxygen supplementation before or
138. NOTT 1980e {published data only} Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease. A clinical trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1980;93(3):391-8.
139. O'Donnell 1997 {published data only} O'Donnell DE, Bain DJ, Webb KA. Factors contributing to relief of exertional breathlessness during hyperoxia in chronic airflow limitation. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 1997;155(2):530-5.
140. O'Donnell 2000 {published data only} O'Donnell D, D'Arsigny C, Hollingworth E, Webb K. Oxygen reduces dynamic hyperinflation and improves exercise performance in hypoxic patients with COPD. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2000; Vol. 161 Suppl 3.
141. O'Donnell 2003 {published data only} O'Donnell DE, Aaron S, Bourbeau J, Hernandez P, Marciniuk D, Balter M, et al.Canadian Thoracic Society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - 2003. Canadian Respiratory Journal 2003;10 Suppl A:11A-65A.
142. O'Donohue 1997 {published data only} O'Donohue Jr. WJ. Home oxygen therapy. Clinics in Chest Medicine 1997;18(3):535-45.
143. Palange 1995 {published data only} Palange P, Galassetti P,Mannix ET, Farber MO, Manfredi F, Serra P, et al.Oxygen effect on O2 deficit and VO2 kinetics during exercise in obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Applied Physiology 1995;78(6):2228-34.
144. Patessio 1996 {published data only} Patessio A, Casaburi R, Carone M, Appendini L, Purro A, Gudjonsdottir M, et al.Effects of supplemental oxygen vs room air breathing during training on exercise responses in non desaturating COPD patients. European Respiratory Journal. 1996; Vol. 9 Suppl 23:379s.
145. Payen 1993 {published data only} Payen JF, Wuyam B, Levy P, Reutenauer H, Stieglitz P, Paramelle B, et al.Muscular metabolism during oxygen supplementation in patients with chronic hypoxemia. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1993;147(3):592-8.
146. Peckham 1998 {published data only} Peckham DG, McGibbon K, Tonkinson J, Plimbley G, Pantin C. Improvement in patient compliance with long-term oxygen therapy following formal assessment with training. Respiratory Medicine 1998;92(10):1203-6.
147. Pepin 1996 {published data only} Pepin JL, Barjhoux CE, Deschaux C, Brambilla C. Long-term oxygen therapy at home. Compliance with medical prescription and effective use of therapy. ANTADIRWorking Group on Oxygen Therapy. Association Nationale de Traitement a Domicile des Insuffisants Respiratories. Chest 1996;109(5):1144-50.
148. Petty 1968 {published data only} Petty T, Finigan M. Clinical evaluation of prolonged ambulatory oxygen therapy in chronic airway obstruction. American Journal of Medicine 1968;45(2):242-52.
149. Petty 1974 {published data only} Petty TL. Editorial: Does treatment for severe emphysema and chronic bronchitis really help?. Chest 1974;65(2):124-7.
150. Petty 1974b {published data only} Petty TL. Outpatient oxygen for chronic airway obstruction. Journal of the AmericanMedical Association 1974;228(12):1541-3.
151. Petty 1981 {published data only} Petty TL. Home oxygen in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medical Clinics of North America 1981;65(3):615-27.
152. Petty 1987 {published data only} Petty TL. Home oxygen therapy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1987;62 (9):841-7.
153. Petty 1998 {published data only} Petty TL. Supportive therapy in COPD. Chest 1998;113(4 Suppl): 256S-262S.
154. Petty 2000 {published data only} Petty TL, Bliss PL. Ambulatory oxygen therapy, exercise, and survival with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (the Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial revisited). Respiratory Care 2000; 45(2):204-13.
155. Pflug 1972 {published data only} Pflug AE, Cheney FW, Jr, Butler J. Evaluation of an intermittent oxygen flow system. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1972; 105(3):449-52.
156. Pierce 1964 {published data only} Pierce AK, Taylor HF, Archer RK, Miller WF. Responses to exercise training in patients with emphysema. Archives of Internal Medicine 1964;113:28-36.
157. Pierce 1965 {published data only} Pierce A, Paez P, Miller W. Exercise training with the aid of a portable oxygen supply in patients witih emphysema. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1965;91:653-9.
158. Piszko 1997 {published data only} Piszko P, Lewczuk J, Wojciak S, Kowalska-Superiak M, Wrabec K. Rehabilitation vs oxygen therapy in COPD patients. Results of exercise test and percutaneous oxygen saturation after 14 daytreatment. European Respiratory Journal. 1997; Vol. 10 Suppl 25: 393s.
159. Piszko 2002 {published data only} Piszko P, Lewczuk J, Jagas J, Kowalska-Superlak K, Wrabec K. Oxygen saturation at rest, on exercise and during sleep in non oxygenated rehabilitation patients with COPD. European Respiratory Journal. 2002; Vol. 20 Suppl 38.
160. Piszko 2002b {published data only} Piszko P, Lewczuk J, Kowalska-Superlak M, Wrabec K. Oxygen saturation at rest, on exercise and during sleep in patients with COPD undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation program. Two years, prospective, controlled study. Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska 2002;70(11-12):566-72.
161. Puhan 2004 {published data only} Puhan MA, Schunemann HJ, Frey M, Bachmann LM. Value of supplemental interventions to enhance the effectiveness of physical exercise during respiratory rehabilitation in COPD patients. A systematic review. Respiratory Research 2004;5(1):25.
162. Raimondi 1970 {published data only} Raimondi AC, Edwards RH, Denison DM, Leaver DG, Spencer RG, Siddorn JA. Exercise tolerance breathing a low density gas mixture, 35 per cent oxygen and air in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Clinical Science 1970;39(5):675-85.
163. Ram 2002e {published data only} Ram FS,Wedzicha JA. Ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD000238]
164. Revill 2000 {published data only} Revill SM, Singh SJ, Morgan MD. Randomized controlled trial of ambulatory oxygen and an ambulatory ventilator on endurance exercise in COPD. Respiratory Medicine 2000;94(8):778-83.
165. Roberts 1996 {published data only} Roberts CM, Bell J, Wedzicha JA. Comparison of the efficacy of a demand oxygen delivery system with continuous low flow oxygen in subjects with stable COPD and severe oxygen desaturation on walking. Thorax 1996;51(8):831-4.
166. Roberts 1998 {published data only} Roberts CM, Franklin J, O'Neill A, Roberts RP, Ide J, Hanley ML, Edwards J. Screening patients in general practice with COPD for long-term domiciliary oxygen requirement using pulse oximetry. Respiratory Medicine 1998;92(11):1265-8.
167. Roberts 2004 {published data only} Roberts CM. Short burst oxygen therapy for relief of breathlessness in COPD. Thorax 2004;59(8):638-40.
168. Rooyackers 1996 {published data only} Rooyackers JM, Dekhuijzen PN, Van Herwaarden CL, Folgering HT. Long-term effects of training in patients with COPD and exercise hypoxaemia. European Respiratory Journal. 1996; Vol. 9 Suppl 23:145s.
169. Sant'Anna 2003 {published data only} Sant'Anna Ferreira CA, Stelmach R, Zanetti Feltrin MI, Jacob Filho W, Chiba T, Cukier A. Evaluation of health-related quality of life in low-income patients with COPD receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Chest 2003;123(1):136-41.
170. Scano 1982 {published data only} Scano G, van Meerhaeghe A, Willeput R, Vachaudez JP, Sergysels R. Effect of oxygen on breathing during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases 1982;63(1):23-30.
171. Segard 1992 {published data only} Segard B, Muir JF, Bedicam JM, Defouilloy C, Sautegeau A. The quality of oxygen therapy delivery systems using oxygen-saving valves. A multicenter study. The ANTADIRMedico-Technical Commission. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 1992;9(2):197-204.
172. Selinger 1987 {published data only} Selinger SR, Kennedy TP, Buescher P, Terry P, Parham W, Gofreed D, et al.Effects of removing oxygen from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1987;136(1):85-91.
173. Senn 1989 {published data only} Senn S, Wanger J, Fernandez E, Cherniack RM. Efficacy of a pulsed oxygen delivery device during exercise in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Chest 1989;96(3):467-72.
174. Skorodin 1989 {published data only} Skorodin M, Barner K, Belingon E. Acutely administered and longterm O2 supplementation does not improve exercise tolerance or reduce dyspnea in pink puffers. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1989;Suppl 4(Part 2):A330.
175. Sliwinski 1994 {published data only} Sliwinski P, Lagosz M, Gorecka D, Zielinski J. The adequacy of oxygenation in COPD patients undergoing long-term oxygen therapy assessed by pulse oximetry at home. European Respiratory Journal 1994;7(2):274-8.
176. Smith 2001 {published data only} Smith A, Nandi K, Crawford A, Garrod R, MacRae K, Roberts C, Seed W. Exercise intolerance, hypoxaemia and breathlessness in COPD: does pre-dosing with oxygen actually help?. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001; Vol. 163 Suppl 5.
177. Snider 2002 {published data only} Snider GL. Enhancement of exercise performance in COPD patients by hyperoxia: a call for research. Chest 2002;122(5): 1830-6.
178. Soffer 1985 {published data only} Soffer M, Tashkin DP, Shapiro BJ, Littner M, Harvey E, Farr S. Conservation of oxygen supply using a reservoir nasal cannula in hypoxemic patients at rest and during exercise. Chest 1985;88(5): 663-8.
179. Somfay 2001 {published data only} Somfay A, Porszasz J, Lee S, Casaburi R. Effect of supplemental oxygen on hyperinflation and exercise endurance in non-hypoxemic COPD patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001; Vol. 163 Suppl 5.
180. Somfay 2001b {published data only} Somfay A, Porszasz J, Lee SM, Casaburi R. Dose-response effect of oxygen on hyperinflation and exercise endurance in nonhypoxaemic COPD patients. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18 (1):77-84.
181. Somfay 2002 {published data only} Somfay A, Porszasz J, Lee SM, Casaburi R. Effect of hyperoxia on gas exchange and lactate kinetics following exercise onset in nonhypoxemic COPD patients. Chest 2002;121(2):393-400.
182. Stein 1982 {published data only} Stein DA, Bradley BL, Miller WC. Mechanisms of oxygen effects on exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1982;81(1):6-10.
183. Stevenson 2002 {published data only} Stevenson N, Calverley P. The effects of oxygen on resolution of breathlessness after exercise. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002; Vol. 165 Suppl 8.
184. Stevenson 2004 {published data only} Stevenson NJ, Calverley PMA. Effect of oxygen on recovery from maximal exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2004;59(8):668- 72.
185. Stewart 1992 {published data only} Stewart AG, Howard P. Indications for long-term oxygen therapy. Respiration 1992;59 Suppl 2:8-13.
186. Swinburn 1984 {published data only} Swinburn CR, Wakefield JM, Jones PW. Relationship between ventilation and breathlessness during exercise in chronic obstructive airways disease is not altered by prevention of hypoxaemia. Clinical Science 1984;67(5):515-9.
187. Tarpy 1994 {published data only} Tarpy SP, Farber HW. Chronic lung disease: when to prescribe home oxygen. Geriatrics 1994;49(2):27-8.
188. Terrados 1990 {published data only} Terrados N, Jansson E, Sylven C, Kaijser L. Is hypoxia a stimulus for synthesis of oxidative enzymes and myoglobin?. Journal of Applied Physiology 1990;68(6):2369-72.
189. Tiep 1987 {published data only} Tiep BL, Carter R, Nicotra B, Berry J, Phillips RE, Otsap B. Demand oxygen delivery during exercise. Chest 1987;91(1):15-20.
190. Tiep 1990 {published data only} Tiep BL. Long-term home oxygen therapy. Clinics in Chest Medicine 1990;11(3):505-21.
191. Timms 1985 {published data only} Timms RM, Khaja FU, Williams GW. Hemodynamic response to oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 1985;102(1):29-36.
192. Twohig 2000 {published data only} Twohig H, Siddons T, Wong J, Wraighte P, McCormack K, Higenbottam T. Pulsed inhaled oxygen during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161(3 Suppl):A231.
193. Veale 1998 {published data only} Veale D, Chailleux E, Taytard A, Cardinaud JP. Characteristics and survival of patients prescribed long-term oxygen therapy outside prescription guidelines. European Respiratory Journal 1998;12(4): 780-4.
194. Vergeret 1989 {published data only} Vergeret J, Brambilla C, Mounier L. Portable oxygen therapy: use and benefit in hypoxaemic COPD patients on long-term oxygen therapy. European Respiratory Journal 1989;2(1):20-5.
195. Vyas 1971 {published data only} Vyas MN, Banister EW, Morton JW, Grzybowski S. Response to exercise in patients with chronic airway obstruction. II. Effects of breathing 40 per cent oxygen. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1971;103(3):401-12.
196. Waldegger 2003 {published data only} Waldegger L, McKim D, McDowell I. A randomized controlled trial of Rollator Walkers Compared to Oxygen in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Chest. 2003; Vol. 124 Suppl, issue 4:164s.
197. Walsh 1990 {published data only} Walsh DA, Govan JR. Long term continuous domiciliary oxygen therapy by transtracheal catheter. Thorax 1990;45(6):478-81.
198. Waterhouse 1983 {published data only} Waterhouse JC, Howard P. Breathlessness and portable oxygen in chronic obstructive airways disease. Thorax 1983;38(4):302-6.
199. Wedzicha 1996 {published data only} Wedzicha JA. Ambulatory oxygen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 1996;51(3):243-5.
200. Weitzenblum 1991e {published data only} Weitzenblum E, Schrijen F, Apprill M, Prefaut C, Yernault JC. One year treatment with almitrine improves hypoxaemia but does not increase pulmonary artery pressure in COPD patients. European Respiratory Journal 1991;4(10):1215-22.
201. Weitzenblum 1992 {published data only} Weitzenblum E, Apprill M, Oswald M. Benefit from long-term O2 therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Respiration 1992;59 Suppl 2:14-7.
202. Weitzenblum 2002 {published data only} Weitzenblum E, Chaouat A, Kessler R. Long-term oxygen therapy for chronic respiratory failure. Rationale, indications, modalities. Revue de Pneumologie Clinique 2002;58(4 I):195-212.
203. Welch 1977 {published data only} Welch HG, Bonde-Petersen F, Graham T, Klausen K, Secher N. Effects of hyperoxia on leg blood flow and metabolism during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental & Exercise Physiology 1977;42(3):385-90.
204. Welch 1987 {published data only} Welch HG. Effects of hypoxia and hyperoxia on human performance. Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews 1987;15:191-221.
205. Wesmiller 1990 {published data only} Wesmiller SW, Hoffman LA, Sciurba FC, PF F, Johnson JT, Dauber JH. Exercise tolerance during nasal cannula and transtracheal oxygen delivery. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1990;141(3):789-91.
206. Wilkinson 1996 {published data only} Wilkinson J, Rees J. Domiciliary oxygen. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1996;50(3):151-3.
207. Wilson 1975 {published data only} Wilson BA, Welch HG, Liles JN. Effects of hyperoxic gas mixtures on energy metabolism during prolonged work. Journal of Applied Physiology 1975;39(2):267-71.
208. Wright 1983 {published data only} Wright JL, Lawson L, Pare PD, Hooper RO, Peretz DI, Nelems JM, Schulzer M, Hogg JC. The structure and function of the pulmonary vasculature in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effect of oxygen and exercise. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1983;128(4):702-7.
209. Wurtemberger 2001 {published data only} Wurtemberger G, Bastian K. Functional effects of different training in patients with COPD. Pneumologie 2001;55(12):553-62.
210. Yaeger 1994 {published data only} Yaeger ES, Goodman S, Hoddes E, Christopher KL. Oxygen therapy using pulse and continuous flow with a transtracheal catheter and a nasal cannula. Chest 1994;106(3):854- 60.
211. Young 1998 {published data only} Young IH, Crockett AJ, McDonald CF. Adult domiciliary oxygen therapy. Position statement of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. Medical Journal of Australia 1998;168(1):21-5.
212. Young 1999 {published data only} Young P, Dewse M, Fergusson W, Kolbe J. Improvements in outcomes for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) attributable to a hospital-based respiratory rehabilitation programme. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1999; 29(1):59-65.
213. Zack 1985 {published data only} Zack MB, Palange AV. Oxygen supplemented exercise of ventilatory and non-ventilatory muscles in pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest 1985;88(5):669-75.
214. Zhu 2005 {published data only} Zhu Z, Barnette R, Fussell K, Michael Rodriguez R, Canonico A, Light R. Continuous oxygen monitoring-a better way to prescribe long-term oxygen therapy. Respiratory Medicine 2005;99(11): 1386-92.
215. Zielinski 1998 {published data only} Zielinski J. Long-term oxygen therapy in COPD patients with moderate hypoxaemia: does it add years to life?. European Respiratory Journal 1998;12(4):756-8.
216. Zimmerman 1992 {published data only} Zimmerman LH, Doherty J, Brown JK, Stulbarg MS. Can higher than usual doses of supplemental oxygen improve endurance with exercise in chronically hypoxemic COPD patients. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1992; Vol. 145:A647.
217. Anto 2001 Anto J, Vermeire P, Vestbo J, Sunyer J. Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal 2001; 17:773-90.
218. Anto 2005 Anto J, Vermeire P, Vestbo J, Sunyer J. Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Paper presented at the Cochrane Systematic Reviewer Training Workshop, Toronto February 4, 2005.
219. Atkins 2004 Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al.Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. British Medical Journal 2004;328(7454):1490-1494.
220. ATS 1995 American Thoracic Society. ATS standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 1995;152: S77-S120.
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222. ATS 2003 American Thoracic Society & American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2003;167(2):211- 277.
223. ATS 2004 American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. Standards for the diagnosis and management of patients with COPD. http://www.thoracic.org. 2004.
224. Beyene 2005 Beyene J. Statistical methods for meta-analysis: An introduction.. Paper presented at the Cochrane Systematic Reviewer Training Workshop, Toronto 2005, February 4.
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230. Crockett 2000 Cranston JM, Crockett AJ, Moss JR, Alpers JH. Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4.[Art. No.: CD001744. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001744.pub2]
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