Dynamic exercise programs (aerobic capacity and/or muscle strength training) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Hurkmans, Emalie ^a   Van Der Giesen, Florus J ^a   Vlieland, Thea P M Vliet ^a   Schoones, Jan ^a   Van Den Ende, Els C H M ^b  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b SINT MAARTENSKLINIEK   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROBIC CAPACITY; AEROBIC EXERCISE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DYNAMIC EXERCISE; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; LONG TERM CARE; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE TRAINING; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SHORT COURSE THERAPY;

EID: 77950165205     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006853.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Baslund 1993 {published data only} Baslund B, Lyngberg K, Andersen V, Halkjaer Kristensen J, Hansen M, Klokker M, et al.Effect of 8 wk of bicycle training on the immune system of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Applied Physiology 1993;75:1691-5.
2. De Jong 2003 {published data only} de Jong Z, Munneke M, Zwinderman AH, Kroon HM, Jansen A, Ronday KH, et al.Is a long-term high-intensity exercise program effective and safe in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?Results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;48(9):2415-24.
3. Hansen 1993 {published data only} Hansen TM, Hansen G, Langgaard AM, Rasmussen JO. Longterm physical training in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized trial with different training programs and blinded observers. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1993;22(3):107-12.
4. Harkcom 1985 {published data only} Harkcom TM, Lampman RM, Banwell BF, Castor CW. Therapeutic value of graded aerobic exercise training in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1985;28(1):32- 9.
5. Lyngberg 1994 {published data only} Lyngberg KK, Harreby M, Bentzen H, Frost B. Elderly rheumatoid arthritis on steroid treatment tolerate physical training without an increase in disease activity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;75:1189-95.
6. Minor 1989 {published data only} Minor MA, Hewett JE, Webel RR, Anderson SK, Kay DR. Efficacy of physical conditioning exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1989;32(11):1396-405.
7. Sanford-smith 1998 {published data only} Sanford-Smith S, Mackay-Lyons M, Nunes-Clement S. Therapeutic benefit of aquaerobics for individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Physiotherapy Canada 1998;Winter:40-6.
8. Van den Ende 1996 {published data only} Van den Ende CHM, Hazes JMW, Le Cessie S, Mulder WJ, Belfor DG, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA. Comparison of high and low intensity training in well controlled rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a randomized clinical trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1996;55(11):798-805.
9. Bearne 2002 {published data only} Bearne LM, Scott DL, Hurley MV. Exercise can reverse quadriceps sensorimotor dysfunction that is associated with rheumatoid arthritis without exacerbating disease activity. Rheumatology 2002;41:157-66.
10. Bell 1998 {published data only} Bell MJ, Lineker SC, Wilkins AL, Goldsmith CH, Badley EM. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of community based physical therapy in the treatment of people with rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 1998;25(2):231-7.
11. Bilberg 2005 {published data only} Bilberg A, Ahlmen M, Mannerkorpi K. Moderately intensive exercise in a temperate pool for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled study. Rheumatology 2005;44:502-8.
12. Bostrom 1998 {published data only} Bostrom C, Harms-Ringdahl K, Karreskog H, Nordemar R. Effects of static and dynamic shoulder rotator exercises in women with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised comparison of impairment, disability, handicap, and health. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1998;27:281-90.
13. Buljina 2001 {published data only} Buljina AI, Taljanovic MS, Avdic DM, Hunter TB. Physical and exercise therapy for treatment of the rheumatoid hand. Arthritis Care and Research 2001;45:392-7.
14. Callahan 2004 {published data only} Callahan LF, Mielenz T, Freburger J. A randomized controlled trial of an eight week intervention: People with arthritis can exercise (PACE). Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004;50 Suppl(9):451.
15. Daltroy 1995 {published data only} Daltroy LH, Robb-Nicholson C, Iversen MD, Wright EA, Liang MH. Effectiveness of minimally supervised home aerobic training in patients with systemic rheumatic disease. British Journal of Rheumatology 1995;34:1064-9.
16. de Jong 2005 {published data only} de Jong Z, Vliet Vlieland TPM. Safety of exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2005;17:177-82.
17. Ekblom 1975 {published data only} Ekblom B, Lovgren O, Alderin M, Fridstrom M, Satterstrom G. Effect of short-term physical training on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A six-month follow-up study. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1975;4:87-91.
18. Ekdahl 1990 {published data only} Ekdahl C, Andersson SI, Moritz U, Svensson B. Dynamic versus static training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1990;19:17-26.
19. Ekdahl 1994 {published data only} Ekdahl C, Ekman R, Petersson I, Svensson B. Dynamic training and circulating neuropeptides in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative study with healthy subjects. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 1994;14:65-74.
20. Hafstrom 2005 {published data only} Hafstrom I, Hallengren M. Physiotherapy in subtropic climate improves functional capacity and health-related quality of life in Swedish patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondylarthropathies still after 6 months. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 2003;32:108-13.
21. Hakkinen 1994 {published data only} Hakkinen A, Hakkinen K, Hannonen P. Effects of strength training on neuromuscular function and disease activity in patients with recent-onset inflammatory arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1994;23:237-42.
22. Hakkinen 1997 {published data only} Hakkinen A, Malkia E, Hakkinen K, Jappinen I, Laitinen L, Hannonen P. Effects of detraining subsequent to strength training on neuromuscular function in patients with inflammatory arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology 1997;36:1075-81.
23. Hakkinen 1999 {published data only} Hakkinen A, Sokka T, Kotaniemi A, Kautiainen H, Jappinen I, Laitinen, L, Hannonen P. Dynamic strength training in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis increases muscle strength but not bone mineral density. Journal of Rheumatology 1999;26(6):1257-63.
24. Hakkinen 2001 {published data only} Hakkinen A, Sokka T, Kotaniemi A, Hannonen P. A randomized two-year study of the effects of dynamic strength training on muscle strength, disease activity, functional capacity, and bone mineral density in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2001;44(3):515-22.
25. Hakkinen 2003a {published data only} Hakkinen A, Sokka T, Lietsalmi AM, Kautiainen H, Hannonen P. Effects of dynamic strength training on physical function, Valpar 9 work sample test, and working capacity in patients with recentonset rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;49(1):71-7.
26. Hakkinen 2003b {published data only} Häkkinen A, Hannonen P, Nyman K, Lyyski T, Häkkinen K. Effects of concurrent strength and endurance training in women with early or longstanding rheumatoid arthritis: comparison with healthy subjects. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;49(6):789-97.
27. Hakkinen 2004a {published data only} Hakkinen A, Sokka T, Hannonen P. A home-based two-year strength training period in early rheumatoid arthritis led to good long-term compliance: a five-year follow up. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004;51(1):56-62.
28. Hakkinen 2004b {published data only} Hakkinen A, Sokka T, Kautiainen H, Kotaniemi A, Hannonen P. Sustained maintenance of exercise induced muscle strength gains and normal bone mineral density in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a 5 year follow up. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2004;63:910-6.
29. Hall 1996 {published data only} Hall J, Skevingon SM, Maddison PJ, Chapman K. A randomized and controlled trial of hydrotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 1996;206:15.
30. Hall 2004 {published data only} Hall J, Grant J, Blake D, Taylor G, Garbutt G. Cardiorespiratory responses to aquatic treadmill walking in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Physiotherapy Research International 2004;9(2):59-73.
31. Hart 1994 {published data only} Hart LE, Goldsmith CH, Churchill EM, Tugwell P. A randomized controlled trial to assess hydrotherapy in management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1994;37Suppl:146.
32. Kauppi 1998 {published data only} Kauppi M, Leppanen L, Heikkila S, Lahtinen T, Kautiainen H. Active conservative treatment of atlantoaxial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology 1998;37:417-20.
33. Kim 1994 {published data only} Kim JI, Lee EO. An effect of aquatic exercise program with selfhelp group activities and strategies for promoting self-efficacy on pain, physiological parameters and quality of life in patients having rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1994;37 Suppl:159.
34. Kirsteins 1991 {published data only} Kirsteins AE, Dietz F, Hwang SM. Evaluating the safety and potential use of a weight-bearing exercise, Tai-Chi Chuan, for rheumatoid arthritis patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 1991;70:136-41.
35. Komatireddy 1997 {published data only} Komatireddy GR, Leitch RW, Cella K, Browning G, Minor M. Efficacy of low load resistive muscle training in patients with rheumatoid arthritis functional class II and III. Journal of Rheumatology 1997;24:1531-9.
36. Landewe 1992 {published data only} Landewe RB, Peeters R, Verreussel RL, Masek BA, Goei The HS. [No difference in effectiveness measured between treatment in a thermal bath and in an exercise bath in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 1992;136:173-6.
37. Lyngberg 1988 {published data only} Lyngberg KK, Danneskiold-Samsøe B, Halskov O. The effect of physical training on patients with rheumatoid arthritis: changes in disease activity, muscle strength and aerobic capacity. A clinically controlled minimized cross-over study. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 1988;6:253-60.
38. Lyngberg 1994b {published data only} Lyngberg KK, Ramsing BU, Nawrocki A, Harreby M, Danneskiold-Samsøe B. Safe and effective isokinetic knee extension training in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1994;37:623-8.
39. Marcora 2005 {published data only} Marcora SM, Lemmey AB,Maddison PJ. Can progressive resistance training reverse cachexia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Results of a pilot study. Journal of Rheumatology 2005;32:1031-9.
40. McClure 1986 {published data only} McClure J, Sahrmann S, Norton B. The effect of a home exercise program on the gait and function of patients with arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1986;29 Suppl:147.
41. McMeeken 1999 {published data only} McMeeken J, Stillman B, Story I, Kent P, Smith J. The effects of knee extensor and flexor muscle training on the timed-up-and-go test in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. Physiotherapy Research International 1999;4(1):55-67.
42. Minor 1995 {published data only} Minor MA, Hewett JE. Physical fitness and work capacity in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research 1995;8:146-54.
43. Neuberger 1997 {published data only} Neuberger GB, Press AN, Lindsley HB, Hinton R, Cagle PE, Carlson K, et al.Effects of exercise on fatigue, aerobic fitness, and disease activity measures in persons with rheumatoid arthritis. Research in Nursing and Health 1997;20:195- 204.
44. Neuberger 2000 {published data only} Neuberger G, Aaronson L, Cagle P, Miller P, David S, Jamison, et al.The effects of exercise on measures of inflammation, disease activity and aerobic fitness among rheumatoid arthritis participants in either class exercise, home exercise or in a control group. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2000;43 Suppl(9):394.
45. Nordemar 1981 {published data only} Nordemar R, Ekblom B, Zachrisson L, Lundqvist K. Physical training in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled long-term study I. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1981;10:17-23.
46. Nordstrom 1996 {published data only} Nordstrom DCE, Konttinen YT, Solovieva S, Friman C, Santavirta S. In- and out-patient rehabilitation in rheumatoid arthritis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1996;25:200-6.
47. Noreau 1995 {published data only} Noreau L, Martineau H, Roy L, Belzile M. Effects of a modified dance-based exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, psychological state and health status of persons with rheumatoid arthritis. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1995;74:19-27.
48. O'Brien 2006 {published data only} O'Brien AV, Jones P, Mullis R, Mulherin D, Dziedzic K. Conservative hand therapy treatments in rheumatoid arthritis - a randomized controlled trial. Rheumatology 2006;45:577-83.
49. Perlman 1987 {published data only} Perlman SG, Connell K, Alberti J, Conlon P, Clark A, Caldron P. Synergistic effects of exercise and problem solving education for RA patients. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1987;30 Suppl:13.
50. Stenstrom 1991 {published data only} Stenstrom CH, Lindell B, Swanberg E, Swanberg P, Harms Ringdahl K, Nordemar R. Intensive dynamic training in water for rheumatoid arthritis functional class II-a long-term study of effects. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1991;20:358-65.
51. Stenstrom 1994 {published data only} Stenstrom CH. Home exercise in rheumatoid arthritis functional class II: goal setting versus pain attention. Journal of Rheumatology 1994;21:627-34.
52. Stenstrom 1996 {published data only} Stenstrom CH, Arge B, Sundbom A. Dynamic training versus relaxation training as home exercise for patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. A randomized controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1996;25:28-33.
53. Suomi 1996 {published data only} Suomi R, Koceja DM. Effects of the Arthritis Foundation Aquatic Program (AFAP) on postural stability in women with arthritis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1996;28 Suppl:8.
54. Suomi 1997 {published data only} Suomi R, Lindauer S. Effectiveness of arthritis foundation aquatic program on strength and range of motion in women with arthritis. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1997;5:341-51.
55. Suomi 2003 {published data only} Suomi R, Collier D. Effects of arthritis exercise programs on functional fitness and perceived activities of daily living measures in older adults with arthritis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84:1589-94.
56. van den Ende 2000 {published data only} van den Ende CH, Breedveld FC, le Cessie S, Dijkmans BA, de Mug AW, Hazes JM. Effect of intensive exercise on patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2000;59:615-21.
57. Van Deusen 1987 {published data only} Van Deusen J, Harlowe D. A comparison of the ROM dance home exercise/rest program with traditional routines. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1987;7:349-61.
58. Westby 2000 {published data only} Westby MD, Wade JP, Rangno KK, Berkowitz J. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of an exercise program in women with rheumatoid arthritis taking low dose prednisone. Journal of Rheumatology 2000;27(7):1674-80.
59. Wineland 1985 {published data only} Wineland M, Zischke J, Dennis G, Klipple G. The physical and psychological effects of a recreational exercise program on persons with rheumatoid arthritis andosteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1985;28 Suppl:139.
60. ACR 2002 American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on rheumatoid arthritis guidelines. Guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis: 2002 update. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2002;46(2):328- 46.
61. Arnett 1987 Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, et al.The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1988;31:315-23.
62. Baker 1953 Baker F. The rationale for physical therapy in arthritis. Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases 1953;4:57-8.
63. Chinn 2000 Chinn S. A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2000;19:3127-31.
64. Christie 2007 Christie A, Jamtvedt G, Dahm KT, Moe RH, Haavardsholm EA, Hagen KB. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological and nonsurgical interventions for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of systematic reviews. Physical Therapy 2007;87(12):1697-715.
65. Cohen 1988 Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd Edition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 1988.
66. Combe 2007 Combe B, Landewé R, Lukas C, Bolosiu HD, Breedveld FC, Dougados M, et al.EULAR recommendations for the management of early arthritis: Report of a task force of the European Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies including Therapeutics (ESCISIT). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2007;66(1):34-45.
67. Dagfinrud 2007 Dagfinrud H, Christie A. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis feel better after exercises in warm water than after similar exercises on land. The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2007;53(2):130.
68. De Jong 2004a de Jong Z, Munneke M, Lems WF, Zwinderman AH, Kroon HM, Pauwels EK, et al.Slowing of bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by long-term high-intensity exercise: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004;50(4):1066-76.
69. De Jong 2004b De Jong Z, Munneke M, Zwinderman AH, Kroon HM, Ronday KH, Lems WF, et al.Long term high intensity exercise and damage of small joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2004;63(11):1399-405.
70. De Jong 2009 de Jong Z, Munneke M, Kroon HM, van Schaardenburg D, Dijkmans BA, Hazes JM, Vliet Vlieland TP. Long-term follow-up of a high-intensity exercise program in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Rheumatology 2009;[Epub ahead of print].
71. Dickerson 1994 Dickersin K, Scherer R, Lefebvre C. Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews. BMJ 1994;309:1286-91.
72. Fleiss 1973 Fleiss JL, Cohen J. The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclass correlation coefficient as measures of reliability. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1973;33:613-9.
73. Fries 1980 Fries JF, Spitz PW, Kraines RG, Holman HR. Measurement of patient outcome in arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1980;23:137-45.
74. Gaudin 2007 Gaudin P, Leguen-Guegan S, Allenet B, Baillet A, Grange L, Juvin R. Is dynamic exercise beneficial in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?. Joint, Bone, Spine: Revue du Rhumatisme 2007;75(1):11- 7.
75. Hakkinen 2004 Hakkinen A. Effectiveness and safety of strength training in rheumatoid arthritis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2004;16(2):132-7.
76. Higgins 2008 Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.0.0 [updated February 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008. Available from www.cochranehandbook.org.
77. Hurst 1997 Hurst NP, Kind P, Ruta D, Hunter M, Stubbings A. Measuring health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis: validity, responsiveness and reliability of EuroQol (EQ-5D). British Journal of Rheumatology 1997;36(5):551-9.
78. Jette 1980 Jette AM. Functional status index: reliability of a chronic disease evaluation instrument. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1980;61:395-401.
79. Jivoff 1975 Jivoff L. Rehabilitation and rheumatoid arthritis. Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases 1975;26:838-41.
80. Macera 2003 Macera CA, Hootman JM, Sniezek JE. Major public health benefits of physical activity. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;49(1):122-8.
81. Marra 2005 Marra CA, Woolcott JC, Kopec JA, Shojania K, Offer R, Brazier JE, et al.A comparison of generic, indirect utility measures (the HUI2, HUI3, SF-6D, and the EQ-5D) and disease-specific instruments (the RAQoL and the HAQ) in rheumatoid arthritis. Social Science and Medicine 2005;60(7):1571-82.
82. Meenan 1980 Meenan RF, Gertman PM, Mason JH. Measuring health status in arthritis. The arthritis impact measurement scales. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1980;23:146-52.
83. Munneke 2005 Munneke M, de Jong Z, Zwinderman AH, Ronday HK, van Schaardenburg D, Dijkmans BA, et al.Effect of a high-intensity weight-bearing exercise program on radiologic damage progression of the large joints in subgroups of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2005;53(3):410-7.
84. Ottawa 2004 Ottawa Panel. Ottawa Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for therapeutic exercises in the management of rheumatoid arthritis management of rheumatoid arthritis in adults. Physical Therapy 2004;84(10):934-72.
85. Pate 1995 Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995;273(5):402-7.
86. Pollock 1998 Pollock ML, Gaesser GA, Butcher JD, Després JP, Dishman RK, Franklin BA, et al.The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1998; Vol. 30, issue 6:975-99.
87. Robinson 2002 Robinson KA, Dickersin K. Development of a highly sensitive search strategy for the retrieval of controlled trials using PubMed. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:150-3.
88. Ropes 1958 Ropes WR, Bennett GA, Cobb S, Jacox R, Jessar RA. 1958 Revision of diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases 1958;9:175-6.
89. Smidt 2005 Smidt N, de Vet HC, Bouter LM, Dekker J, Arendzen JH, de Bie RA, et al.Effectiveness of exercise therapy: a best-evidence summary of systematic reviews. The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2005;51(2):71-85.
90. Spitz 1987 Spitz PW, Fries JF. The present and future of comprehensive outcome measures for rheumatic diseases. Clinical Rheumatology 1987;6 Suppl 2:105-11.
91. Stenström 2003 Stenström CH, Minor MA. Evidence for the benefit of aerobic and strengthening exercise in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;49(3):428-34.
92. Tijhuis 2000 Tijhuis GJ, Jansen SJ, Stiggelbout AM, Zwinderman AH, Hazes JM, Vlieland TPM. Value of the time trade off method for measuring utilities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2000;59(11):892-7.
93. van den Ende 1998 Van den Ende CHM, Vliet Vlieland TPM, Munneke M, Hazes JMW. Dynamic exercise therapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000322.pub2]
94. van den Ende 2006 Van den Ende CHM, Steultjens EMJ, Bouter LM, Dekker J. Clinical heterogeneity was a common problem in cochrane reviews of physiotherapy and occupational therapy. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59(9):914-9.
95. van den Hout 2005 Van den Hout WB, de Jong Z, Munneke M, Hazes JM, Breedveld FC, Vliet Vlieland TP. Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analyses of a long-term, high-intensity exercise program compared with conventional physical therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2005;53(1):39-47.
96. van Tulder 2003 Van Tulder MW, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine 2003;28:1290-1299.
97. Verhagen 1998 Verhagen AP, de Vet HC, de Bie RA, Kessels AG, Boers M, Bouter LM, et al.The Delphi list: a criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1998;51(12):1235-41.
98. Verhoeven 2000 Verhoeven AC, Broers M, van der Liden S. Validity of the MACTAR questionnaire as a functionel index in a rheumatoid arthritis clinical trial. The McMaster Toronto Arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 2000;27(12):2801-9.