Light therapy for managing cognitive, sleep, functional, behavioural, or psychiatric disturbances in dementia

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Forbes, Dorothy ^a   Culum, Ivan ^a   Lischka, Andrea R ^a   Morgan, Debra G ^b   Peacock, Shelley ^c   Forbes, Jennifer ^c   Forbes, Sean ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

*Phototherapy; Affect; Aged; Cognition disorders etiology; *therapy ; Dementia *complications ; Depression etiology; *therapy ; Humans; Psychomotor agitation etiology; *therapy ; Randomized controlled trials as topic; Sleep disorders etiology; *therapy

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DEMENTIA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HUMAN; LIGHT; MENTAL DISEASE; PHOTOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDER; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 77950144898     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003946.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Ancoli-Israel 2003a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)} * Ancoli-Israel S, Gehrman P, Martin JL, Shochat T, Marler M, Corey-Bloom J, Levi L. Increased light exposure consolidates sleep and strengthens circadian rhythms in severe Alzheimer's Disease patients. Behavioural Sleep Medicine 2003;1(1):22-36.
2. Ancoli-Israel 2003b {published data only} Ancoli-Israel S, Martin J, Gehrman P, Shochat T, Corey-Bloom J, Marler M, Nolan S, Levi L. Effect of light on agitation in institutionalized patients with severe Alzheimer Disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2003;11(2):194- 203.
3. Dowling 2005b {published data only} Dowling GA, Mastick J, Hubbard EM, Luxenberg JS, Burr RL. Effect of timed bright light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005;20:738-743.
4. Dowling 2007 {published data only} Dowling GA, Graf CL, Hubbard EM, Luxenberg JS. Light treatment for neuropsychiatric behaviors in Alzheimer's Disease. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2007;29(8):961-975.
5. Dowling 2008 {published data only} Dowling GA, Burr RL, Van Someren EJW, Hubbard EM, Luxenberg JS, Mastick J, Cooper BA. Melatonin and bright-light treament for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:239-246.
6. Gasio 2003 {published and unpublished data} Gasio PF, Krauchi K, Cajochen C, van Someren E, Amrhein I, Pache M, Savaskan E, Wirz-Justice A. Dawn-dusk simulation light therapy of disturbed circadian rest-activity cycles in demented elderly. Experimental Gerontology 2003;38(1-2):207-216.
7. Graf 2001 {published data only} Graf A, Wallner C, Schubert V, Willeit M, Wlk W, Fischer P, Kasper S, Neumeister A. The effects of light therapy on Mini-Mental State Examination scores in demented patients. Biological Psychiatry 2001;50(9):725-727.
8. Lyketsos 1999 {published data only} Lyketsos CG, Veiel LL, Baker A, Steele C. A randomized, controlled trial of bright light therapy for agitated behaviors in dementia patients residing in long-term care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1999;14(7):520-525.
9. Mishima 1998 {published data only} Mishima K, Hishikawa Y, Okawa M. Randomized, dim light controlled, crossover test of morning bright light therapy for rest-activity rhythm disorders in patients with vascular dementia and dementia of Alzheimer's type. Chronobiology International 1998;15 (6):647-654.
10. Riemersma 2008 {published data only} Riemersma-van der Lek RF, Swaab DF, Twisk J, Hol EM, Hoogendijk WJG, Van Someren EJW. Effect of bright light and melatonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in elderly residents of group care facilities: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299(22):2642-2655.
11. Abegg 1993 {published data only} Abegg A, Wettstein A. Phototherapy of behavioral disorders as a sequela of disordered circadian rhythm in dementia in the elderly: Difficulties in practical applications [Lichttherapie von verhaltensstorungen als folge gestorter zirkadianer rhythmen bei dementiellen alterspatienten: Schwierigkeiten der praktisch-klinischen anwendbarkeit]. Schweizer Archiv fur Neorologie und Psychiatrie Band 1993;144(1):63-80.
12. Ancoli-Israel 1997 {published data only} Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR, Williams Jones D, Kripke DF, Martin J, MasonW, Pat-Horenczyk R, Fell R. Variations in circadian rhythms of activity, sleep, and light exposure related to dementia in nursing-home patients. Sleep 1997;20(1):18- 23.
13. Ancoli-Israel 2002 {published data only} Ancoli-Israel S, Martin JL, Kripke DF, Marler M, Klauber MR. Effect of light therapy on sleep and circadian rhythms in demented nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:282-289.
14. Colenda 1997 {published data only} Colenda CC, Cohen W, McCall WV, Rosenquist PB. Phototherapy for patients with Alzheimer disease with disturbed sleep patterns: Results of a community-based pilot study. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 1997;11:175-8.
15. Dawson 1999 {published data only} * Dawson P. Bright light treatment for people with Alzheimer's disease. Perspectives 1999;23(1):25-26.
16. Dowling 2005a {published data only} Dowling GA, Hubbard EM, Mastick J, Luxenberg JS, Burr RL, Van Someren EJW. Effect of morning bright light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with severe Alzheimer's disease. International Psychogeriatrics 2005;17(2): 221-236.
17. Fetveit 2003 {published data only} * Fetveit A, Skjerve A, Bjorvatn B. Bright light treatment improves sleep in institutionalised elderly - an open trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003;18:520-6.
18. Haffmans 2001 {published data only} Haffmans PMJ, Sival RC, Lucius SAP, Cats Q, van Gelder L. Bright light therapy and melatonin in motor restless behaviour in dementia: A placebo-controlled study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16:106-110.
19. Hickman 2007 {published data only} Hickman SE, Barrick AL, Williams CS, Zimmerman S, Connell BR, Preisser JS, Mitchell CS, Sloane PD. The effect of ambient bright light therapy on depressive symptoms in persons with dementia. JAGS 2007;55:1817-1824.
20. Hozumi 1990 {published data only} * Hozumi S, Okawa M, Mishima K, Hishikawa Y, Hori H, Takahashi K. Phototherapy for elderly patients with dementia and sleep-wake rhythm disorders-A comparison between morning and evening exposure. The Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 1990;44(4):813-814.
21. Ito 1999 {published data only} * Ito T, Yamadera H, Ito R, Endo S. Effects of bright light on cognitive disturbances in Alzheimer-type dementia. Nippon-Ikȧ Daigaku-Zusshi 1999;66(4):229-238.
22. Ito 2001 {published data only} Ito T, Yamadera H, Ito R, Suzuki H, Asayama K, Endo S. Effects of vitamin B12 on bright light on cognition and sleep-wake rhythm in Alzheimer-type dementia. Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience 2001;55:281-2.
23. Kobayashi 2001 {published data only} Kobayashi R, Fukuda N, Kohsaka M, et al.Effects of bright light at lunchtime on sleep in a geriatric hospital. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2001;55:287-9.
24. Koyama 1999 {published data only} Koyama E, Matsubara H, Nakano T. Bright light treatment for sleep-wake disturbances in aged individuals with dementia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999;53(2):227-229.
25. Lovell 1995 {published data only} Lovell BB, Ancoli-Israel S, Gevirtz R. Effect of bright light treatment on agitated behavior in institutionalized elderly subjects. Psychiatry Res 1995;57:7-12.
26. McCurry 2005 {published data only} McCurry SM, Gibbons LE, Logsdon RG, Vitiello MV, Teri L. Nighttime insomnia treatment and education for Alzheimer's Disease: A randomized controlled trial. JAGS 2005;53:193-802.
27. McCurry 2006 {published data only} McCurry SM, Logsdon RG, Gibbon LE, Vitiello MV, Teri L. Behavioral treatment for sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's Disease: The Nite-AD study. Research and Practice in Alzheimer's Disease 2006;11:341-346.
28. Mishima 1994 {published data only} Mishima K, Okawa M, Hishikawa Y, Hozumi S, Hori H, Takahashi K. Morning bright light therapy for sleep and behavior disorders in elderly patients with dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1994;89:1-7.
29. Mishima 2000 {published data only} Mishima K, Okawa M, Hozumi S, Hishikawa Y. Supplementary administration of artificial bright light and melatonin as potent treatment for disorganized circadian rest-activity and dysfunctional autonomic and neuroendocrine systems in institutionalized demented elderly persons. Chronobiology Int 2000;17(3):419-432.
30. Okawa 1989 {published data only} Okawa M, Mishima K, Shimizu T, Iijima S, Hishikawa Y, Hozumi S, Hori H. Sleep-waking rhythm disorders and their phototherapy in elderly patients with dementia. The Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 1989;43(2):293-295.
31. Okawa 1999a {published data only} Okawa M, Mishima K, Hishikawa Y, Hozumi S, Hori H. Sleep disorder in eldely patients with dementia and trials of new treatments-Enforcement of social interaction and bright light therapy. Unkown 1999;Unknown:128-132.
32. Okawa 1999b {published data only} * Okawa M, Mishima K, Hozumi S. Effects of environmental stimulation with bright light and transcranial electrostimulation on sleep and behavior disorders in elderly patients with dementia. In: K. Iqbal, D. Swaab, B. Windblad, H. Wisniewski editor(s). Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Vol.87, Toronto: John Wiley and Sons, 1999:757-762.
33. Okumoto 1998 {published data only} Okumoto Y, Koyama E, Matsubara H, Nakano T, Nakamura R. Aging and sleep: Sleep improvement by light in a demented aged individual. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;52(2):194-196.
34. Rheaume 1998 {published data only} * Rheame Y, Manning B, Harper D, Volcier L. Effect of light therapy upon disturbed behaviors in Alzheimer patients. Am J of Alzheimer's Disease 1998;13(6): 291-295.
35. Riemersma 2001 {published data only} Riemersma R, Van Hutten R, Kalis A, Hoekstra R, Hoogendijk W, Scherder E, Swaab D, Van Someren E. Indirect bright light therapy decreases sleep fragmentation in institutionalized demented elderly. Sleep-Wake Research in the Netherlands 2001;12:96-98.
36. Satlin 1992 {published data only} Satlin A, Volicer L, Ross V, Herz L, Campbell S. Bright light treatment of behavioral and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:1028-32.
37. Skjerve 2004 {published data only} Skjerve A, Holsten F, Aarsland D, Bjorvatn B, Nygaard HA, Johansen IM. Improvement in behavioral symptoms and advance of activity acrophase after short-term bright light treatment in severe dementia. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2004;58:343-347.
38. Sloane 2007 {published data only} Sloane PD. High-intensity environmental light in dementia: Effect on sleep and activity. JAGS 2007;55:1524-1533.
39. Thorpe 2000 {published data only} Thorpe L, Middleton J, Russell G, Stewart N. Bright light therapy for demented nursing home patients with behavioral disturbance. Am J Alzheimer's Disease 2000;15(1):18-26.
40. van Someren 1997 {published data only} van Someren EJW, Kessler A, Mirmiran M, Swaab DF. Indirect bright light improves circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in demented patients. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41:955-63.
41. Yamadera 2000 {published data only} Yamadera H, Ito T, Suzuki H, Asyama K, Ito R, Endo S. Effects of bright light on cognitive and sleep-wake (circadian) rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer-type dementia. Psychiatry and Clin Neurosci 2000;54:352-353.
42. Byrne 2000 {published data only} Byrne J. A randomised controlled trial of bright light therapy for agitation and sleep disturbance in symptoms of dementia. NRR 2000. [MEDLINE: http://www.doh.gov.uk/nrr.htm]
43. Pincock S. Light boxes can help older people with dementia. BMJ 2003;327:468.
44. Dimond 1999 {published data only} Dimond M, Lentz M, Ricker B, Baker M. Light therapy and agitated behaviour in dementia. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Scientific Meeting of The Gerontological Society of America; 1999 Nov 19-23, San Francisco. The Gerontologist 1999;39(Suppl 1):330.
45. Alexopoulos 1988 Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, Shamoian CA. Cornell scale for depression in dementia. Soc Biological Psychiatry 1988;23: 271-284.
46. Ancoli-Israel 1994 Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR, Gillin JC, Campbell SS, Hofstetter CR. Sleep in non-institutionalized Alzheimer's disease patients. Aging (Milano) 1994;6:451-8.
47. APA 1995 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1995.
48. Bliwise 1993 Bliwise DL, Lee KA. Development of an agitated behavior rating scale for discrete temporal observations. J Nurs Measurement 1993; 1(2):115-124.
49. Campbell 1988 Campbell SS, Kripke DF, Gillin JC, et al.Exposure to light in healthy elderly subjects and Alzheimer's patients. Physiol Behav 1988;42:141-144.
50. Campbell 1995 Campbell SS, Terman M, Lewy AJ, et al.Light treatment for sleep disorders: Consensus report. V. Age-related disturbances. J Biol Rhythms 1995;10:151-154.
51. Campbell 1998 Campbell SS. Bright light treatment of sleep maintenance insomnia and behavioral disturbance. In: Lam RW editor(s). Seasonal Affective Disorder and Beyond: Light Treatment for SAD and Non-SAD Conditions. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1998:289-304.
52. Chesson 1999 Chesson AL, Littner M, Davila D, Anderson WM, Grigg-Damberger M, Hartse K, Johnson S, Wise M. Practice parameters for the use of light therapy in the treatment of sleep disorders. Sleep 1999;22(5):641-8.
53. Cohen-Mansfield 1989 Cohen-Mansfield J, Marx MS, Rosenthal AS. A description of agitation in a nursing home. Gerontological Soc Am 1989;44(3): M77-84.
54. CSHA 2000 Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA) Working Group. The incidence of dementia in Canada. Neurology 2000;55:66-73.
55. Cummings 1994 Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. The neuropsychiatric inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurol 1994;44: 2308-2314.
56. Davis 2001 Davis FA. Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. 19th Edition. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 2001.
57. Folstein 1975 Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975;12:189-198.
58. Gallager-Thompson 1992 Gallager-Thompson D, Brooks J, Bliwise D, et al.The relations among caregiver stress, 'sundowning' symptoms and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:807-10.
59. Harper 2001 Harper DG, Stopa EG, McKee AC, Satlin A, Harlan PC, Goldstein R, Volicer L. Differential circadian rhythm disturbances in men with Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Degeneration. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:353-360.
60. Herrmann 2007 Herrmann N, Gauthier S, Lysy PG. Clinical practice guidelines for severe Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementias 2007;3: 385-397.
61. Higgins 2008 Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 5.0.0 [Updated February 2008]. http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/.
62. Holmes 1990 Holmes D, Teresi J, Weiner A, Monaco C, Ronch J, Vickers R. Impacts associated with special care units in long-term care facilities. Gerontologist 1990;30(2):178-183.
63. Hux 1998 Hux MJ, O'Brien BJ, IskedjianM, Goerce R, Gagnon M, Gauthier S. Relation between severity of Alzheimer's disease and costs of caring. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1998;159:457-465.
64. Iverson 2002 Iverson GL, Hopp GA, DeWolfe K, Solomons K. Measuring change in psychiatric symptoms using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Nursing Home version. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2002;17(5):438-443.
65. Katz 1963 Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW. Studies of illness in the aged: The Index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychological function. JAMA 1963;185:914-19.
66. Lawton 1996 Lawton MP, Van Haitsma K, Klapper J. Observed affect in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's Disease. The Journals of Gerontology 1996;51B(1):P3-P14.
67. Liu 2000 Liu RY, Zhou JN, Hoogendijk WJG, van Heerikhuize J, Kamphorst W, Unmehopa UA, Hofman MA, Swaab DF. Decreased vasopressin gene expression in the biological clock of Alzheimer disease patients with and without depression. J Neuropathology Experimental Neurol 2000;59(4):314-22.
68. Lucassen 1995 Lucassen PJ, Hofman MA, Swaab DF. Increased light intensity prevents the age-related loss of vasopressin-expressing neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res 1995;693:261-66.
69. McCurry 2000 McCurry SM, Reynolds III CF, Ancoli-Israel S, Teri L, Vitiello MV. Treatment of sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's disease. Sleep Medicine Reviews 2000;4(6):603-628.
70. McKhann 1984 McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1984;34:939-944.
71. Mishima 1999 Mishima K, Tozawa T, Satoh K, Matsumoto Y, Hishikawa Y, Okawa M. Metatonin secretion rhythm disorders in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type with disturbed sleep-waking. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:417-21.
72. Moher 2008 Moher D. Train the Trainer. Cochrane Review Author Workshop, Ottawa, ON Feb 26, 2008.
73. Morris 1989 Morris JC, Heyman A, Mohs RC, Hughs JP, van Belle G, Fillenbaum G, Mellitis ED, Clark C. The Consortium to Establish a Registery for Alzheimer's Disease. Part I: Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurol 1989; 39:1159-1165.
74. NACA 1999 National Advisory Council on Aging (NACA). 1999 and beyond: Challenges of an aging Canadian society. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1999.
75. Pollak 1991 Pollak CP, Perlick D. Sleep problems and institutionalization of the elderly. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:204-10.
76. Prinz 1982 Prinz PN, Peskind ER, Vitaliano PP, Raskind MA, Eisdorfer C, Zemcuznikov N, Gerber CJ. Changes in the sleep and waking EEGs of nondemented and demented elderly subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc 1982;30:86-93.
77. Reisberg 1987 Reisberg B, Borenstein J, Salob SP, Ferris SH, Franssen E, Georgotas A. Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: Phenomology and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48:9-15.
78. Robillard 2007 Robillard A. Clinical diagnosis of dementia. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2007;3:292-298.
79. Satlin 1991 Satlin A, Teicher MH, Lieberman HR, Baldessarini RJ, Volicer L, Rheaume Y. Circadian locomotor activity rhythms in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 1991;5:115-26.
80. Satlin 2000 Satlin A, Volicer L, Stopa E, et al.Circadian locomotor activity and core-body temperature rhythms in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2000;16:765-771.
81. Sheikh 1986 Sheikh JA, Yesvage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent findings and development of a shorter version. Clinical geronotology: a guide to assessment and intervention. New York: Harworth, 1986:165-173.
82. Shocat 2000 Shochat T, Martin J, Matthew M, Ancoli-Israel S. Illumination levels in nursing home patients: effects on sleep and activity rhythms. J Sleep Res 2000;9:373-79.
83. Strang 2006 Strang V, Koop P, Dupuis-Blanchard S, Nordstram M, Thompson B. Family caregivers and transition to long-term care. Clinical Nursing Research 2006;15(1):27-45.
84. Swaab 1985 Swaab DF, Fliers E, Partiman TS. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the human brain in relation to sex, age, and senile dementia. Brain Res 1985;342:37-44.
85. Touitou 1982 Touitou Y, Sulon J, Bogdan A, Touitou C, Reinberg A, Beck H, Sodoyez J, Demey-Ponsart E, Van Cauwenberge H. Adrenal circadian system in young and elderly human subjects: A comparative study. J Endocrinology 1982;93:201-10.
86. Touitou 2000 Touitou Y, Haus E. Alterations with aging of the endocrine and neuroendocrine circadian system in humans. Chronobiol Int 2000; 17:369-390.
87. van Someren 1993 van Someren EJW, Mirmiran M, Swaab DF. Non-pharmacological treatment of sleep and wake disturbances in aging and Alzheimer's disease: Chronobiological perspectives. Behav Brain Res 1993;57: 235-253.
88. van Someren 1996 van Someren EJW, Hagebeuk EEO, Lijzenga C, Scheltens P, de Rooij SEJA, Jonker C, Pot AM, Mirmiran M, Swaab DF. Circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer's Disease. Biological Psychiatry 1996;40:259-70.
89. van Someren 1999 van Someren EJW, Swaab DF, Colenda CC, Cohen W, McCall WV, Rosenquist PB. Bright light therapy: Improved sensitivity to its effects on rest-activity rhythms in Alzheimer patients by application of nonparametric methods. Chronobiol Int 1999;16(4):505-18.
90. Wever 1983 Wever RA, Polasek J, Wildgruber CM. Bright light affects human circadian rhythms. Pflugers Arch 1983;396:85-87.
91. WHO 1992 World Health Organisation. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organisation, Division of Mental Health, 1992.
92. WHO 2003 World Health Orgaization (WHO). World Health Report 2003: Shaping the future. World Health Report 2003: Shaping the future. Geneva: WHO, 2003.
93. Wild 2003 Wild R, Pettit T, Burns A. Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. [DOI: DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003672]
94. Witting 1993 Witting W, Mirmiran M, Bos NP, Swaab DF. Effect of light intensity on diurnal sleep-wake distribution in young and old rats. Brain Res Bull 1993;30:157-62.
95. Forbes 2004 Forbes D, Morgan DG, Bangma J, Peacock S, Adamson J. Light therapy for managing sleep, behaviour, and mood disturbances in dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 2. [DOI: DOI=10.1002/14651858.CD003946.pub2]