Task shifting routine inpatient pediatric HIV testing improves program outcomes in urban Malawi: A retrospective observational study

PLoS ONE

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2010, Pages

  McCollum, Eric D ^a   Preidis, Geoffrey A ^b   Kabue, Mark M ^a   Singogo, Emmanuel B M ^a   Mwansambo, Charles ^c   Kazembe, Peter N ^a   Kline, Mark W ^b  

^a Baylor College   (Malawi)

^b BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c KAMUZU CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Malawi)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ANTIBODY;

AFRICA; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; IMMUNOASSAY; INFANT; JOB PERFORMANCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALAWI; MALE; NURSE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT COUNSELING; PILOT STUDY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; VIRUS IDENTIFICATION; ALGORITHM; ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; METHODOLOGY; PEDIATRICS; PREVALENCE; URBAN POPULATION;

ALGORITHMS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFANT; INPATIENTS; MALAWI; MALE; MEDICAL RECORDS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERIZED; PEDIATRICS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; URBAN POPULATION;

EID: 77949673929     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009626     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (2008) 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Available: http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/ JC1511-GR08-ExecutiveSummary-en.pdf. Accessed 7 September 2009.
2. The United Nations Children's Fund (2008) Children and AIDS: Third Stocktaking Report, 2008. Available: http://www.unicef.org/publications/index- 46585.html. Accessed 7 September 2009.
3. Ministry of Health Malawi: HIV Unit (2008) Annual Report HIV Unit 2008.
4. World Health Organization (2007) Guidance on provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling in health facilities. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who. int/publications/2007/9789241595568-eng.pdf. Accessed 26 August 2009.
5. Rogerson SR, Gladstone M, Callaghan M, Erhart L, Rogerson SL, et al. (2004) HIV Infection among paediatric in-patients in Blantyre, Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 544-552.
6. Chinkhumba J, Tomkins A, Banda T, Mkangama C, Fergusson P (2008) The impact of HIV on mortality during inpatient rehabilitation of severely malnourished children in Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 639-644.
7. Thurstans S, Kerac M, Maleta K, Banda T, Nesbitt A (2008) HIV prevalence in severely malnourished children admitted to nutrition rehabilitation units in Malawi: Geographical & seasonal variations in a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 8(22): doi:10.1186/1471-2431-8-22.
8. Bronzan RN, Taylor TE, Mwenechanya J, Tembo M, Kayira K, et al. (2007) Bacteremia in Malawian children with severe malaria: prevalence, etiology, HIV coinfection, and outcome. J Infect Dis 195: 895-904.
9. Kline MW, Ferris MG, Jones DC, Calles NR, Mizwa MB, et al. (2009) The Pediatric AIDS Corps: responding to the African HIV/AIDS health professional resource crisis. Pediatrics 123: 134-136.
10. Kline MW (2006) Perspectives on the pediatric HIV/AIDS pandemic: catalyzing access of children to care and treatment. Pediatrics 117: 1388-1393.
11. Weigel R, Kamthunzi P, Mwansambo C, Phiri S, Kazembe PN (2009) Effect of provider-initiated testing and counselling and integration of ART services on access to HIV diagnosis and treatment for children in Lilongwe, Malawi: a prepost comparison. BMC Pediatr 9(80): doi:10.1186/1471-2431-9-80.
12. Sanjana P, Torpey K, Schwarzwalder A, Simumba C, Kasonde P, et al. (2009) Task-shifting HIV counseling and testing services in Zambia: the role of lay counselors. Hum Resour Health 7(44): doi:10.1186/1478-4491-7-44.
13. World Health Organization (2008) Task shifting. Global recommendations and guidelines. Available: http://www.who.int/healthsystems/TTR-TaskShifting. pdf. Accessed 26 August 2009.
14. Zachariah R, Ford N, Philips M, Lynch S, Massaquoi M, et al. (2009) Task shifting in HIV/AIDS: opportunities, challenges and proposed actions for sub-Saharan Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103: 549-558.
15. McPake B, Mensah K (2008) Task shifting in health care in resource-poor countries. Lancet: 372: 870-871.
16. Mullan F, Frehywot S (2007) Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet 370: 2158-2163.
17. Huicho L, Scherpbier R, Nkowane A, Victora CG, the Multi-Country Evaluation of IMCI Study Group (2008) How much does quality of child care vary between health workers with differing durations of training? An observational multicountry study. Lancet 372: 910-916.
18. Rollins N, Mzolo S, Moodley T, Esterhuizen T, van Rooyen H (2009) Universal HIV testing of infants at immunization clinics: an acceptable and feasible approach for early infant diagnosis in high HIV prevalence settings. AIDS 23: 1851-1857.
19. Kankasa C, Carter RJ, Briggs N, Bulterys M, Chama E, et al. (2009) Routine offering of HIV testing to hospitalized pediatric patients at university teaching hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: acceptability and feasibility. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 51: 202-208.
20. Wanyenze RK, Nawavvu C, Namale AS, Mayanja B, Bunnell R, et al. (2008) Acceptability of routine HIV counseling and testing, and HIV seroprevalence in Ugandan hospitals. Bull World Health Organ 86: 302-309.
21. Nateniyom S, Jittimanee SX, Viriyakitjar D, Jittimanee S, Keophaithool S, et al. (2008) Provider-initiated diagnostic HIV counseling and testing in tuberculosis clinics in Thailand. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12: 955-961.
22. Waxman MJ, Kimaiyo S, Ongaro N, et al. (2007) Initial outcomes of an emergency department rapid HIV testing program in western Kenya. AIDS Patient Care STDS 21: 981-986.
23. Pope DS, Deluca AN, Kali P, Hausler H, Sheard C, et al. (2008) A clusterrandomized trial of provider-initiated (opt-out) HIV counseling and testing of tuberculosis patients in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 48: 190-195.
24. Chandisarewa W, Stranix-Chibanda L, Chirapa E, Miller A, Simoyi M, et al. (2007) Routine offer of antenatal HIV testing (''opt-out'' approach) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in urban Zimbabwe. Bull World Health Organ 85: 843-850.
25. Spensley A, Sripipatana T, Turner AN, Hoblitzelle C, Robinson J, et al. (2009) Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in resource-limited settings: the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation experience. Am J Public Health 99: 631-637.
26. Creek TL, Ntumy R, Seipone K, Smith M, Mogodi M, et al. (2007) Successful introduction of routine opt-out HIV testing in antenatal care in Botswana. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 45: 102-107.
27. Cockcroft A, Andersson N, Milne D, Mokoena T, Masisi M, et al. (2007) Community views about routine HIV testing and antiretroviral treatment in Botswana: signs of progress from a cross sectional study. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 7(5): doi:10.1186/1472-698X-7-5.
28. Moses A, Zimba C, Kamanga E, Nkhoma J, Maida A, et al. (2008) Prevention of mother-to-child transmission: program changes and the effect on uptake of the HIVNET 012 regimen in Malawi. AIDS 22: 83-87.
29. Ministry of Health Malawi: HIV Unit (2008) Guidelines for Paediatric HIV Testing and Counseling.
30. Molyneux E, Ahmad S, Robertson A (2006) Improved triage and emergency care for children reduces inpatient mortality in a resource-constrained setting. Bull World Health Organ 84: 314-319.
31. Violari A, Cotton MF, Gibb DM, Babiker AG, Steyn J, et al. (2008) Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med 359: 2233-2244.
32. Diaz C, Hanson C, Cooper ER, Read JS, Watson J, et al. (1998) Disease progression in a cohort of infants with vertically acquired HIV infection observed from birth: the Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 18: 221-228.
33. Tovo PA, de Martino M, Gabiano C, Cappello N, E'Elia R, et al. (1992) Prognostic factors and survival in children with perinatal HIV-1 infection: the Italian register for HIV infections in children. Lancet 339: 1249-1253.
34. Newell ML, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, Rollins N, Gaillard P, et al. (2004) Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis. Lancet 364: 1236-1243.
35. Chilongozi D, Wang L, Brown L, Taha T, Valentine M, et al. (2008) Morbidity and mortality among a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and uninfected pregnant women and their infants from Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27: 808-814.
36. Dunn D, HIV Paediatric Prognostic Markers Collaborative Study Group (2003) Short-term risk of disease progression in HIV-1-infected children receiving no antiretroviral therapy or zidovudine monotherapy: a meta-analysis. Lancet 362: 1605-1611.
37. Geubbels E, Bowie C (2006) Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in adults in Malawi. Malawi Med J 3: 99-121.
38. Kuhn L, Aldrovandi GM, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Semrau K, et al. (2008) Effects of early, abrupt weaning on HIV-free survival of children in Zambia. N Engl J Med 359: 130-141.
39. Coovadia HM, Rollins NC, Bland RM, Little K, Coutsoudis A, et al. (2007) Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention cohort study. Lancet 369: 1107-1116.
40. Kuhn L, Reitz C, Abrams EJ (2009) Breastfeeding and AIDS in the developing world. Curr Opin Pediatr 21: 83-93.
41. Fox MP, Brooks DR, Kuhn L, Aldrovandi G, Sinkala M, et al. (2009) Role of breastfeeding cessation in mediating the relationship between maternal HIV disease stage and increased child mortality among HIV-exposed uninfected children. Int J Epidemiol 38: 569-576.
42. Kuhn L, Aldrovandi GM, Sinkala M, Kankasa C, Semrau K, et al. (2009) Differential effects of early weaning for HIV-free survival of children born to HIV-infected mothers by severity of maternal disease. PLoS One 4(6): e6059. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006059.
43. Mofenson LM (2009) Prevention of Breast Milk Transmission of HIV: The Time Is Now. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 52: 305-308.
44. Kilewo C, Karlsson K, Massawe A, Lyamuya E, Swai A, et al. (2008) Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 through breast-feeding by treating infants prophylactically with lamivudine in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: the Mitra Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 48: 315-323.
45. Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR, Mofenson LM, Thigpen MC, Kafulafula G, et al. (2008) Extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to reduce breast-milk HIV-1 transmission. N Engl J Med 359: 119-129.
46. Six Week Extended-Dose Nevirapine (SWEN) Study Team (2008) Extendeddose nevirapine to 6 weeks of age for infants to prevent HIV transmission via breastfeeding in Ethiopia, India, and Uganda: an analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Lancet 372: 300-313.