Within-stand and seasonal variations of specific leaf area in a clonal Eucalyptus plantation in the Republic of Congo

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 259, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 1796-1807

  Nouvellon, Yann ^a,b   Laclau, Jean Paul ^a,c   Epron, Daniel ^d,e   Kinana, Antoine ^b   Mabiala, André ^b   Roupsard, Olivier ^a,f   Bonnefond, Jean Marc ^g   le Maire, Guerric ^a   Marsden, Claire ^a,d,e   Bontemps, Jean Daniel ^h   Saint André, Laurent ^a  

^a CIRAD   (France)

^b UR2PI ^*  (Congo)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^d UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE   (France)

^e LERFoB   (France)

^f CATIE   (Costa Rica)

^g BORDEAUX SCIENCES AGRO   (France)

^h AGROPARISTECH   (France)

Author keywords

Allometric relationship; Eucalyptus; Leaf mass per area; Model comparison; Specific leaf area; Tree size; Water constraint

Indexed keywords

ALLOMETRIC RELATIONSHIP; LEAF MASS PER AREA; MODEL COMPARISON; SPECIFIC LEAF AREA; TREE SIZE;

DROUGHT; OCEAN CURRENTS; PLANTS (BOTANY);

FORESTRY;

ALLOMETRY; CARBON BUDGET; CLONAL GROWTH; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; EVERGREEN FOREST; FORESTRY MODELING; LEAF AREA; PARAMETERIZATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANTATION FORESTRY; SAMPLE PREPARATION; SEASONAL VARIATION; STAND DYNAMICS; WATER STORAGE; WET SEASON;

DROUGHT; EUCALYPTUS; FORESTRY; PLANTS; SIZE; TREES;

CONGO;

EUCALYPTUS;

EID: 77949655960     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.05.023     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Almeida A.C., Landsberg J.J., and Sands P.J. Parameterisation of 3-PG model for fast-growing Eucalyptus grandis plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 193 (2004) 179-195
2. Aranda I., Pardo F., Gil L., and Pardos J.A. Anatomical basis of the change in leaf mass per area and nitrogen investment with relative irradiance within the canopy of eight temperate tree species. Acta Oecologica 25 (2004) 187-195
3. Bartelink H.H. Allometric relationships for biomass and leaf area of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Annals of Forest Science 54 (1997) 39-50
4. Battaglia M., Sands P., White D., and Mummery D. CABALA: a linked carbon, water and nitrogen model of forest growth for silvicultural decision support. Forest Ecology and Management 193 (2004) 251-282
5. Bennett L.T., Weston C.J., and Attiwill P.M. Biomass, nutrient content and growth response to fertilisers of six-year-old Eucalyptus globulus plantations at three contrasting sites in Gippsland, Victoria. Australian Journal of Botany 45 (1997) 103-121
6. Binkley D., Stape J.L., Ryan M.G., Barnard H.R., and Fownes J. Age-related decline in forest ecosystem growth: an individual-tree, stand-structure hypothesis. Ecosystems 5 (2002) 58-67
7. Burgess S.O., and Dawson T.E. Predicting the limits to tree height using statistical regressions of leaf traits. New Phytologist 174 (2007) 626-636
8. Cavaleri M.A., Oberbauer S.F., and Ryan M.G. Foliar and ecosystem respiration in an old-growth tropical rain forest. Plant, Cell and Environment 31 (2008) 473-483
9. Cavaleri, M.A., Oberbauer, S.F., Clark, D.B., Clark, D.A., Ryan, M.G. Height 1 is the 2 primary determinant of leaf morphology in a tropical rain forest canopy. Ecology, Submitted for publication.
10. Corbeels M., McMurtrie R.E., Pepper D.A., Mendham D.S., Grove T.S., and O'Connell A.M. Long-term changes in productivity of eucalypt plantations under different harvest residue and nitrogen management practices: a modelling analysis. Forest Ecology and Management 217 (2005) 1-18
11. Costa e Silva F., Shvaleva A., Maroco J.P., Almeida M.H., Chaves M.M., and Pereira J.P. Responses to water stress in two Eucalyptus globulus clones differing in drought tolerance. Tree Physiology 24 (2004) 1165-1172
12. D'Annunzio R., Conche S., Landais D., Saint-André L., Joffre R., and Barthes B. Pairwise comparison of soil organic particle-size distributions in native savannas and Eucalyptus plantations in Congo. Forest Ecology and Management 255 (2008) 1050-1056
13. Davi H., Barbaroux C., Dufrêne E., François C., Montpied P., Bréda N., and Badeck F. Modelling leaf mass per area in forest canopy as affected by prevailing radiation conditions. Ecological Modelling 211 (2008) 339-349
14. Day M.E., Greenwood M.S., and White A. Age-related changes in foliar morphology and physiology in red spruce and their influence on declining photosynthetic rates and productivity with tree age. Tree Physiology 21 (2001) 1195-1204
15. Dovey S.B., and Du Toit B. Calibration of LAI-2000 canopy analyser with leaf area index in a young eucalypt stand. Trees 20 (2006) 273-277
16. Du N., Fan J., Chen S., and Liu Y. A hydraulic-photosynthetic model based on extended HLH and its application to Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Journal of Theoretical biology 253 (2008) 393-400
17. Dufrêne E., Davi H., François C., Le Maire G., Le Dantec V., and Granier A. Modelling carbon and water cycles in a beech forest. Part I: model description and uncertainty analysis on modelled NEE. Ecological Modelling 185 (2005) 407-436
18. Dye P.J., Jacobs S., and Drew D. Verification of 3-PG growth and water-use predictions in twelve Eucalyptus plantation stands in Zululand, South Africa. Forest Ecology and Management 193 (2004) 197-218
19. England J.R., and Attiwill P.M. Changes in leaf morphology and anatomy with tree age and height in the broadleaved evergreen species, Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. Trees 20 (2006) 79-90
20. England J.R., and Attiwill P.M. Patterns of growth and nutrient accumulation in expanding leaves of Eucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 56 (2008) 44-50
21. Epron D., Nouvellon Y., Roupsard O., Mouvondy W., Mabiala A., Saint-André L., Joffre R., Jourdan C., Bonnefond J.-M., Berbigier P., and Hamel O. Spatial and temporal variation of soil respiration in an Eucalyptus plantation in Congo. Forest Ecology and Management 202 (2004) 149-160
22. Esprey L.J., Sands P.J., and Smith C.W. Understanding 3-PG using a sensitivity analysis. Forest Ecology and Management 193 (2004) 235-250
23. Faria T., Silvério D., Breia E., Cabral R., Abadia A., Abadia J., Pereira J.S., and Chaves M.M. Differences in the response of carbon assimilation to summer stress (water deficits, high light and temperature) in four Mediterranean tree species. Physiologia Plantarum 102 (1998) 419-428
24. Fisher, J.B., Malhi, Y., de Araújo, A.C., Bonal, D., Gamo, M., Goulden, M.L., Hirano, T., Huete, A.R., Kondo, H., Kumagai, T., Loescher, H.W., Miller, S., Nobre, A.D., Nouvellon, Y., Oberbauer, S.F., Panuthai, S., von Randow, C., da Rocha, H.R., Roupsard, O., Saleska, S., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, N., Tu, K.P. The land-atmosphere water flux in the tropics. Global Change Biology, in press, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01813.x.
25. Fontes L., Landsberg J., Tomé J., Tomé M., Pacheco C.A., Soares P., and Araujo C. Calibration and testing of a generalized process-based model for use in Portuguese Eucalyptus plantations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36 (2006) 3209-3221
26. Grassi G., Vicinelli E., Ponti F., Cantoni L., and Magnani F. Seasonal and interannual variability of photosynthetic capacity in relation to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest plantation in northern Italy. Tree Physiology 25 (2005) 348-360
27. Grigg A.H., MacFarlane C., Evangelista C., Eamus D., and Adams M.A. Does initial spacing influence crown and hydraulic architecture of Eucalyptus marginata?. Tree Physiology 28 (2008) 753-760
28. Han Q., Kawasaki T., Katahata S., Mukai Y., and Chiba Y. Horizontal and vertical variations in photosynthetic capacity in a Pinus densiflora crown in relation to leaf nitrogen allocation and acclimation to irradiance. Tree Physiology 23 (2003) 851-857
29. He C.-X., Li J.-Y., Zhou P., Guo M., and Zheng Q.-S. Changes of leaf morphological, anatomical structure and carbon isotope ratio with the height of the wangtian tree (Parashorea chinensis) in Xishuangbanna, China. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50 (2008) 168-173
30. Hervé, J.C., 1999. Mixed-effects modelling of between-tree and within-tree variations: application to wood basic density in the Stem. FAIR CT96-1915. Product properties prediction-improved utilization in the forestry-wood chain applied on spruce sawnwood. Subtask 2.1. CPL, Newbury, pp. 25-42.
31. Holdaway R.J., Allen R.B., Clinton P.W., Davis M.R., and Coomes D.A. Intraspecific changes in forest canopy allometries during self-thinning. Functional Ecology 22 (2008) 460-469
32. Ishii H., Ford E.D., Boscolo M.E., Manriquez A.C., Wilson M.E., and Hinckley T.M. Variation in specific needle area of old-growth douglas-fir in relation to needle age, within-crown position and epicornic shoot production. Tree Physiology 22 (2002) 31-40
33. Ishii H.T., Jennings G.M., Sillett S.C., and Koch G.W. Hydrostatic constraints on morphological exploitation of light in tall Sequoia sempervirens trees. Oecologia 156 (2008) 751-763
34. Kenzo T., Ichie T., Watanabe Y., Yoneda R., Ninomiya I., and Koike T. Changes in photosynthesis and leaf characteristics with tree height in five dipterocarp species in a tropical rain forest. Tree Physiology 26 (2006) 865-873
35. King D.A. The functional significance of leaf angle in Eucalyptus. Australian Journal of Botany 45 (1997) 619-639
36. King D.A. Juvenile foliage and the scaling of tree proportions, with emphasis on Eucalyptus. Ecology 80 (1999) 1944-1954
37. Koch G.W., Sillett S.C., Jennings G.M., and Davis S.D. The limits of tree height. Nature 428 (2004) 851-854
38. Korner C. Carbon limitation in trees. Journal of Ecology 91 (2003) 4-17
39. Laclau, J.-P., 2001. Dynamique du fonctionnement minéral d'une plantation d'Eucalyptus. Effets du reboisement sur un sol de savane du littoral congolais; conséquences pour la gestion des plantations industrielles. Ph.D. Thesis. Institut National Agronomique Paris Grignon, Paris, 146 pp.
40. Laclau J.-P., Sama-Poumba W., Nzila J.D.D., Bouillet J.-P., and Ranger J. Biomass and nutrient dynamics in a littoral savannah subjected to annual fires in Congo. Acta Oecologica 23 (2002) 41-50
41. Laclau J.-P., Ranger J., Deleporte P., Nouvellon Y., Saint-André L., Marlet S., and Bouillet J.-P. Nutrient cycling in a clonal stand of Eucalyptus and adjacent savanna ecosystem in Congo. 3. Input-output budgets and consequences for the sustainability of the plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 210 (2005) 375-391
42. Laclau J.-P., Almeida J.C.R., Gonçalves J.L.M., Saint-André L., Ventura M., Ranger J., Moreira R.M., and Nouvellon Y. Influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on leaf lifespan and allocation of above-ground growth in Eucalyptus plantations. Tree Physiology 29 (2009) 111-124
43. Landsberg J.J., and Waring R.H. A generalised model of forest productivity using simplified concepts of radiation-use efficiency, carbon balance and partitioning. Forest Ecology and Management 95 (1997) 209-228
44. Lebon E., Pellegrino A., Louarn G., and Lecoeur J. Branch development controls leaf area dynamics in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) growing in drying soil. Annals of Botany 98 (2006) 175-185
45. Le Roux X., Sinoquet H., and Vandame M. Spatial distribution of leaf dry weight per area and leaf nitrogen concentration in relation to local radiation regime within an isolated tree crown. Tree Physiology 19 (1999) 181-188
46. Leuning R., Cromer R.N., and Rance S. Spatial distributions of foliar nitrogen and phosphorus in crowns of Eucalyptus grandis. Oecologia 88 (1991) 504-510
47. Li C., Berninger F., Koskela J., and Sonninen E. Drought responses of Eucalyptus microtheca provenances depend on seasonality of rainfall in their place of origin. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 27 (2000) 231-238
48. Macfarlane C., Hoffman M., Eamus D., Kerp N., Higginson S., Mcmurtrie R.E., and Adams M. Estimation of leaf area index in eucalypt forest using digital photography. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 143 (2007) 176-188
49. Marron N., Dreyer E., Boudouresque E., Delay D., Petit J.-M., Delmotte F.M., and Brignolas F. Impact of successive drought and re-watering cycles on growth and specific leaf area of two Populus × canadensis (Moench) clones, 'Dorskamp' and 'Luisa_Avanzo'. Tree Physiology 23 (2003) 1225-1235
50. Marsden C., Nouvellon Y., Thongo M'Bou A., Saint-André L., Jourdan C., Kinana A., and Epron D. Two independent estimations of stand-level root respiration on clonal Eucalyptus stands in Congo: up scaling of direct measurements on roots versus the trenched-plot technique. New Phytologist 177 (2008) 676-687
51. Marshall J.D., and Monserud R.A. Foliage height influences specific leaf area of three conifer species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33 (2003) 164-170
52. Medhurst J.L., Battaglia M., Cherry M.L., Hunt M.A., White D.A., and Beadle C.L. Allometric relationships for Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden plantations. Trees 14 (1999) 91-101
53. Medhurst J.L., and Beadle C.L. Sapwood hydraulic conductivity and leaf area - sapwood area relationships following thinning of a Eucalyptus nitens plantation. Plant, Cell and Environment 25 (2002) 1011-1019
54. Medlyn B.E. A MAESTRO retrospective. In: Mencuccini M., Grace J., Moncrieff J.B., and McNaughton K. (Eds). Forests at the Land-Atmosphere Interface (2004), CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 105-121
55. Medlyn B.E., Pepper D.A., O'Grady A.P., and Keith H. Linking leaf and tree water use with an individual-tree model. Tree Physiology 27 (2007) 1687-1699
56. Meir P., Grace J., and Miranda A.C. Leaf respiration in two tropical rainforests: constraints on physiology by phosphorus, nitrogen and temperature. Functional Ecology 15 (2001) 378-387
57. Meir P., Kruijt B., Broadmeadow M., Barbosa E., Kull O., Carswell F., Nobre A., and Jarvis P.G. Acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to irradiance in tree canopies in relation to leaf nitrogen concentration and leaf mass per unit area. Plant, Cell and Environment 25 (2002) 343-357
58. Misson L., Tu K.P., Boniello R.A., and Goldstein A.H. Seasonality of photosynthetic parameters in a multi-specific and vertically complex forest ecosystem in the Sierra Nevada of California. Tree Physiology 26 (2006) 729-741
59. Niinemets U. Distribution patterns of foliar carbon and nitrogen as affected by tree dimensions and relative light conditions in the canopy of Picea abies. Trees 11 (1997) 144-154
60. Niinemets U. Research review: Components of leaf dry mass per area - thickness and density - alter leaf photosynthetic capacity in reverse directions in woody plants. New Phythologist 144 (1999) 35-47
61. Niinemets U. Global - scale climatic controls of leaf dry mass per area, density, and thickness in trees and shrubs. Ecology 82 (2001) 453-469
62. Niinemets U. Photosynthesis and resource distribution through plant canopies. Plant, Cell and Environment 30 (2007) 1052-1071
63. Niklas K.J., and Cobb E.D. Evidence for "Diminishing returns" from the scaling of stem diameter and specific leaf area. American Journal of Botany 95 (2008) 549-557
64. 2 effluxes, soil carbon balance, and early tree growth following savannah afforestation in Congo: comparison of two site preparation treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 255 (2008) 1926-1936
65. Nzila J.-D.-D., Bouillet J.-P., Laclau J.-P., and Ranger J. The effects of slash management on nutrient cycling and tree growth in Eucalyptus plantations in the Congo. Forest Ecology and Management 171 (2002) 209-221
66. O'Grady A.P., Chen X., Eamus D., and Hutley L.B. Composition, leaf area index and standing biomass of eucalyptus open forests near Darwin in the Northern Territory, Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 48 (2000) 629-638
67. O'Grady A.P., Worledge D., and Battaglia M. Above- and below-ground relationships, with particular reference to fine roots, in a young Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) stand in southern Tasmania. Trees 20 (2006) 531-538
68. O'Grady A.P., Worledge D., Wilkinson A., and Battaglia M. Photosynthesis and respiration decline with light intensity in dominant and suppressed Eucalyptus globulus canopies. Functional Plant Biology 35 (2008) 439-447
69. Paul K.I., Booth T.H., Jovanovic T., Sands P.J., and Morris J.D. Calibration of the forest growth model 3-PG to eucalypt plantations growing in low rainfall regions of Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 243 (2007) 237-247
70. Pinkard E.A., Battaglia M., and Mohammed C. Defoliation and nitrogen effects on photosynthesis and growth of Eucalyptus globulus. Tree Physiology 27 (2007) 1053-1063
71. Pinkard E.A., and Neilsen W.A. Crown and stand characteristics of Eucalyptus nitens in response to initial spacing: implications for thinning. Forest Ecology and Management 172 (2003) 215-227
72. Pita P., and Pardos J.A. Growth, leaf morphology, water use and tissue water relations of Eucalyptus globulus clones in response to water deficit. Tree Physiology 21 (2001) 599-607
73. Pook E.W. Canopy dynamics of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. I. Distribution and dynamics of leaf populations. Australian Journal of Botany 32 (1984) 387-403
74. Poorter L., and Rozendaal D.M.A. Leaf size and leaf display of thirty-eight tropical tree species. Oecologia 158 (2008) 35-46
75. Prior L.D., Bowman D.M.J.S., and Eamus D. Seasonal differences in leaf attributes in Australian tropical tree species: family and habitat comparisons. Functional Ecology 18 (2004) 707-718
76. Prior L.D., Bowman D.M.J.S., and Eamus D. Intra-specific variation in leaf attributes of four savanna tree species across a rainfall gradient in tropical Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 53 (2005) 323-335
77. Rambal S., Damesin C., Joffre R., Méthy M., and Lo Seen D. Optimization of carbon gain in canopies of Mediterranean evergreen oaks. Annals of Forest Science 53 (1996) 547-560
78. Reich P.B., Ellsworth D.S., Walters M.B., Vose J.M., Gresham C., Violin J.C., and Bowman W.D. Generality of leaf trait relationships: a test across six biomes. Ecology 80 (1999) 1955-1969
79. Rijkers T., Pons T.L., and Bongers F. The effect of tree height and light availability on photosynthetic leaf traits of four neotropical species differing in shade tolerance. Functional Ecology 14 (2000) 77-86
80. Roberts S., Vertessy R., and Grayson R. Transpiration from Eucalyptus sieberi (L. Johnson) forests of different age. Forest Ecology and Management 143 (2001) 153-161
81. Roderick M.L., Berry S.L., and Noble I.R. A framework for understanding the relationship between environment and vegetation based on the surface area to volume ratio of leaves. Functional Ecology 14 (2000) 423-437
82. Rozendaal D.M.A., Hurtado V.H., and Poorter L. Plasticity in leaf traits of 38 tropical tree species in response to light; relationships with light demand and adult stature. Functional Ecology 20 (2006) 207-216
83. Ryan M.G., Phillips N., and Bond B.J. The hydraulic limitation hypothesis revisited. Plant, Cell and Environment 29 (2006) 367-381
84. Sack L., Melcher P.J., Liu W.H., Middleton E., and Pardee T. How strong is intracanopy leaf plasticity in temperate deciduous trees?. American Journal of Botany 93 (2006) 829-839
85. Sala A., Sabaté S., Gracia C., and Tenhunen J.D. Canopy structure within a Quercus ilex forested watershed: variations due to location, phenological development, and water availability. Trees 8 (1994) 254-261
86. Sala A., and Hoch G. Height-related growth declines in ponderosa pine are not due to carbon limitation. Plant, Cell and Environment 32 (2009) 22-30
87. Sands P.J., and Landsberg J.J. Parameterisation of 3-PG for plantation grown Eucalyptus globulus. Forest Ecology and Management 163 (2002) 273-292
88. SAS Institute, 1999. SAS/STAT software and enhancement, release 6.11, Edition Cary.
89. 2 assimilation rates. Australian Journal of Botany 50 (2002) 301-310
90. Sellin A., and Kupper P. Spatial variation in sapwood area to leaf area ration and specific leaf area within a crown of silver birch. Trees 20 (2006) 311-319
91. Shipley B., Vile D., Garnier E., Wright I.J., and Poorter H. Functional linkages between leaf traits and net photosynthetic rate: reconciling empirical and mechanistic models. Functional ecology 19 (2005) 602-615
92. Simioni G., Gignoux J., Le Roux X., Appé R., and Benest D. Spatial and temporal variations in leaf area index, specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen of two co-occurring savanna tree species. Tree Physiology 24 (2004) 205-216
93. Soares P., and Tomé M. A tree crown ratio prediction equation for eucalypt plantations. Annals of Forest Science 58 (2001) 193-202
94. Stape J.L., Ryan M.G., and Binkley D. Testing the utility of the 3-PG model for growth of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla with natural and manipulated supplies of water and nutrients. Forest Ecology and Management 193 (2004) 219-234
95. Tardieu F., Granier C., and Muller B. Modelling leaf expansion in a fluctuating environment: are changes in specific leaf area a consequence of changes in expansion rate?. New Phythologist 143 (1999) 33-43
96. Trouvé C., Mariotti A., Schwartz D., and Guillet B. Soil organic carbon dynamics under Eucalyptus and Pinus planted on savannas in the Congo. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 26 (1994) 287-295
97. Turner N.C., Schulze E.-D., Nicolle D., Schumacher J., and Kuhlmann I. Annual rainfall does not directly determine the carbon isotope ratio of leaves of Eucalyptus species. Physiologia Plantarum 132 (2008) 440-445
98. Vertessy R.A., Benyon R.G., O'Sullivan S.K., and Gribben P.R. Relationships between stem diameter, sap wood area, leaf area, and transpiration in a young mountain ash forest. Tree Physiology 15 (1995) 559-567
99. Warren C.R., Dreyer E., Tausz M., and Adams M.A. Ecotype adaptation and acclimation of leaf traits to rainfall in 29 species of 16-year-old Eucalyptus at two common gardens. Functional Ecology 20 (2006) 929-940
100. Weiskittel A.R., Temesgen H., Wilson D., and Maguire D.A. Sources of within- and between-stand variability in specific leaf area of three ecologically distinct conifer species. Annals of Forest Science 65 103 (2008) 1-110
101. Whitehead D., and Beadle C.L. Physiological regulation of productivity and water use in Eucalyptus: a review. Forest Ecology and Management 193 (2004) 113-140
102. White J.D., and Scott N.A. Specific leaf area and nitrogen distribution in New Zealand forest species independently respond to intercepted light. Forest Ecology and Management 226 (2006) 319-329
103. Wilson K.B., Baldocchi D.D., and Hanson P.J. Spatial and seasonal variability of photosynthetic parameters and their relationship to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest. Tree Physiology 20 (2000) 565-578
104. Wilson K.B., Baldocchi D.D., and Hanson P.J. Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest. Plant, Cell and Environment 24 (2001) 571-583
105. Woodruff D.R., Bond B.J., and Meinzer F.C. Does turgor limit growth in tall trees?. Plant, Cell and Environment 27 (2004) 229-236
106. Wright I.J., Reich P.B., Westoby M., Ackerly D.D., Baruch Z., Bongers F., Cavender-Bares J., Chapin T., Cornelissen J.H.C., Diemer M., Flexas J., Garnier E., Groom P.K., Gulias J., Hikosaka K., Lamont B.B., Lee T., Lee W., Lusk C., Midgley J.J., Navas M.-L., Niinemets U., Oleksyn J., Osada N., Poorter H., Poot P., Prior L., Pyankov V.I., Roumet C., Thomas S.C., Tjoelker M.G., Veneklaas E.J., and Villar R. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428 (2004) 821-827
107. Xiao C.-W., Janssens I.A., Yuste J.C., and Ceulemans R. Variation of specific leaf area and upscaling to leaf area index in mature Scots pine. Trees 20 (2006) 304-310
108. Xu L., and Baldocchi D.D. Seasonal trend of photosynthetic parameters and stomatal conductance of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) under prolonged summer drought and high temperature. Tree Physiology 23 (2003) 865-877