Congenital urinary bladder outlet obstruction

Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 55-73

  Farrugia, Marie Klaire ^a   Woolf, Adrian S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMNIOINFUSION; BLADDER NECK STENOSIS; DOWN SYNDROME; EDWARDS SYNDROME; FETUS BLADDER; FETUS ECHOGRAPHY; GOLDENHAR SYNDROME; HUMAN; KIDNEY MALFORMATION; MEDICAL PRACTICE; NONHUMAN; PATAU SYNDROME; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; PERINATAL PERIOD; PREGNANCY TERMINATION; PRUNE BELLY SYNDROME; REVIEW; SHUNTING; TOWNES BROCKS SYNDROME; URETER MALFORMATION;

EID: 77949597920     PISSN: 09655395     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0965539509990192     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Anumba DO, Scott JE, Plant ND, Robson SC. Diagnosis and outcome of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction in the northern region of England. Prenat Diagn 2005; 25: 7-13.
2. Morris RK, KilbyMD. An overview of the literature on congenital lower urinary tract obstruction and introduction to the PLUTO trial: percutaneous shunting in lower urinary tract obstruction. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 49: 6-10.
3. Woolf AS, Thiruchelvam N. Congenital obstructive uropathy: its origin and contribution to end-stage renal disease in children. Adv Ren Replace Ther 2001; 8: 157-163
4. Krishnan A, de Souza A, Konijeti R, Baskin LS. The anatomy and embryology of posterior urethral valves. J Urol 2006; 175: 1214-1220
5. Becker A, Baum M. Obstructive uropathy. Early Hum Dev 2006; 82: 15-22.
6. Lissauer D, Morris RK, Kilby MD. Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007; 12: 464-470
7. Morris RK, Kilby MD. Congenital urinary tract obstruction. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 22: 97-122.
8. Kerecuk L, Schreuder MF, Woolf AS. Renal tract malformations: perspectives for nephrologists. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2008; 4: 312-325
9. Woolf AS, Jenkins D. Chapter 2. Development of the kidney. In: Jennette JC, Olson JL, Schwartz MM, Silva FG(eds). Heptinstall's Pathology of the Kidney. 6th edition. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia-New York, USA. 2006; 71-95.
10. Woolf AS, Pitera JE. Embryology. In: Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P. (eds) Pediatric Nephrology. 6th Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2009: 3-30.
11. Jenkins D, Winyard PJ, Woolf AS. Immunohistochemical analysis of Sonic hedgehog signalling in normal human urinary tract development. J Anat 2007; 211: 620-629
12. Tacciuoli M, Lotti T, de Matteis A, Laurenti C. Development of the smooth muscle of the ureter and vesical trigone: histological investigation in human fetus. Eur Urol 1975; 1: 282-286
13. Matsuno T, Tokunaka S, Koyanagi T. Muscular development in the urinary tract. J Urol 1984; 132: 148-152.
14. Caubit X, Lye CM, Martin E, CoŕeN, Long DA, Vola C et al. Teashirt 3 is necessary for ureteral smooth muscle differentiation downstream of SHH and BMP4. Development 2008; 135: 3301-3310
15. Seifert AW, Harfe BD, Cohn MJ. Cell lineage analysis demonstrates an endodermal origin of the distal urethra and perineum. Dev Biol 2008; 318: 143-152
16. Lee SM, Park SK, Shim SS, Jun JK, Park JS, Syn HC. Measurement of fetal urine production by three-dimensional ultrasonography in normal pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 30: 281-286
17. Wiesel A, Queisser-Luft A, Clementi M, Bianca S, Stoll C; EUROSCAN Study Group. Prenatal detection of congenital renal malformations by fetal ultrasonographic examination: an analysis of 709,030 births in 12 European countries. Eur J Med Genet 2005; 48: 131-144
18. Lewis MA, Shaw J, Sinha M, Adalat S, Hussain F, Inward C. UK Renal Registry 11th Annual Report: Chapter 13 Demography of the UK paediatric renal replacement therapy population. Nephron Clin Pract 2009; 111 (Suppl 1): c257-c267.
19. Toiviainen-Salo S, Garel L, Grignon A, Dubois J, Rypens F, Boisvert J et al. Fetal hydronephrosis: is there hope for consensus? Pediatr Radiol 2004; 34: 519-529
20. Gunn TR, Mora JD, Pease P. Antenatal diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities by ultrasonography after 28 weeks' gestation: incidence and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 479-486
21. Gonźalez R, De Filippo R, Jednak R, Barthold JS. Urethral atresia: long-term outcome in 6 children who survived the neonatal period. J Urol 2001; 165: 2241-2244
22. Eagle JF, Barrett MD. Congenital deficiency of abdominal musculature with associated genitourinary abnormalities: a syndrome. Pediatrics 1950; 6: 721-736
23. Stephens FD, Gupta D. Pathogenesis of the prune belly syndrome. J Urol 1994; 152: 2328-2331
24. Volmar KE, Fritsch MK, Perlman EJ, Hutchins GM. Patterns of congenital lower urinary tract obstructive uropathy: relation to abnormal prostate and bladder development and the prune belly syndrome. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2001; 4: 467-472
25. Nouaili EB, Chaouachi S, Nouira F, Benmassoud I, Laabidi K, Chaouachi B et al. Concordant posterior urethral valves in male monochorionic twins with secondary prune belly syndrome. Tunis Med 2008; 86: 1086-1088.
26. Weber S, Mir S, Schlingmann KP, Nürnberg G, Becker C, Kara PE et al. Gene locus ambiguity in posterior urethral valves/prune-belly syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20: 1036-1042.
27. Yiee J, Wilcox D. Abnormalities of the fetal bladder. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 13: 164-170
28. Lashley DB, Masliah E, Kaplan GW, McAleer IM. Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome: bladder distension and pyelectasis in the fetus without anatomic outflow obstruction. Urology 2000; 55: 774.
29. Levin TL, Soghier L, Blitman NM, Vega-Rich C, Nafday S. Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis and prune belly: overlapping syndromes. Pediatr Radiol 2004; 34: 995-998
30. Schreuder MF, Van Der Horst HJ, Bökenkamp A, Beckers GM, van Wijk JA. Posterior urethral valves in three siblings: a case report and review of the literature. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2008; 82: 232-235
31. Donnenfeld AE, Lockwood D, Custer T, Lamb AN. Prenatal diagnosis from fetal urine in bladder outlet obstruction: success rates for traditional cytogenetic evaluation and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genet Med 2002; 4: 444-447
32. Liao AW, Sebire NJ, Geerts L, Cicero S, Nicolaides KH. Megacystis at 10-14 weeks of gestation: chromosomal defects and outcome according to bladder length. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 21: 338-341
33. Palacios A, PedroCarvalhoA, deCastro R, Reis A. Goldenhar syndrome associated to posterior urethral valves. Arch Esp Urol 2007; 60: 69-71.
34. Salerno A, Kohlhase J, Kaplan BS. Townes-Brockes syndrome and renal dysplasia: a novel mutation in the SALL1 gene. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 14: 25-28.
35. Krapp M, Geipel A, Germer U, Krokowski M, Gembruch U. First-trimester sonographic diagnosis of distal urethral atresia with megalourethra in VACTERL association. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22: 422-424
36. Sinico M, Touboul C, Haddad B, Encha-Razavi F, Paniel JB, Gicquel C et al. Giant omphalocele and "prune belly" sequence as components of the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.Am JMed Genet 2004; 129A: 198-200.
37. Workman SJ, Kogan BA. Fetal bladder histology in posterior urethral valves and the prune belly syndrome. J Urol 1990; 144: 337-339
38. Dumez Y, GublerMC. Development of human fetal kidney in obstructive uropathy: correlations with ultrasonography and urine biochemistry. Kidney Int 1997; 52: 21-32.
39. Poucell-Hatton S, Huang M, Bannykh S, Benirschke K, Masliah E. Fetal obstructive uropathy: patterns of renal pathology. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2000; 3: 223-231
40. Shimada K, Hosokawa S, Tohda A,Matsumoto F, Johnin K.Histology of the fetal prune belly syndrome with reference to the efficacy of prenatal decompression. Int J Urol 2000; 7: 161-166
41. Farrugia MK, Long DA, Godley ML, Peebles DM, Fry CH, Cuckow PM et al. Experimental shortterm fetal bladder outflow obstruction: I. Morphology and cell biology associated with urinary flow impairment. J PediatrUrol 2006; 2: 243-253
42. Farrugia MK, Godley ML, Woolf AS, Peebles DM, Cuckow PM, Fry CH. Experimental short-term partial fetal bladder outflow obstruction: II. Compliance and contractility associated with urinary flow impairment. J PediatrUrol 2006; 2: 254-260
43. Thiruchelvam N, Wu C, David A, Woolf AS, Cuckow PM, Fry CH. Neurotransmission and viscoelasticity in the ovine fetal bladder after in utero bladder outflow obstruction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 284: R1296-R1305.
44. Thiruchelvam N, Nyirady P, PeeblesDM, FryCH, Cuckow PM,WoolfAS. Urinary outflow obstruction increases apoptosis and deregulates Bcl-2 and Bax expression in the fetal ovine bladder. Am J Pathol 2003; 162: 1271-1282
45. Gonzalez R, Reinberg Y, Burke B, Wells T, Vernier RL. Early bladder outlet obstruction in fetal lambs induces renal dysplasia and the prune-belly syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 1990; 25: 342-345
46. FarrugiaMK,WoolfAS, FryCH, PeeblesDM, Cuckow PM,Godley ML. Radiotelemetered urodynamics of obstructed ovine fetal bladders: correlations with ex vivo cystometry and renal histopathology. BJU Int 2007; 99: 1517-1522
47. Peters CA, Carr MC, Lais A, Retik AB, Mandell J. The response of the fetal kidney to obstruction. J Urol 1992; 148: 503-509.
48. Kitagawa H, Pringle KC, Koike J, Zuccollo J, Seki Y, Wakisaka M et al. Vesicoamniotic shunt for complete urinary tract obstruction is partially effective. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41: 394-402.
49. Yang SP, Woolf AS, Quinn F, Winyard PJ. Deregulation of renal transforming growth factor-b1 after experimental short-term ureteric obstruction in fetal sheep. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 109-117
50. Yang SP, Woolf AS, Yuan HT, Scott RJ, Risdon RA, O'Hare MJ et al. Potential biological role of transforming growth factor-b1 in human congenital kidney malformations. Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1633-1647
51. Moessinger AC, Harding R, Adamson TM, Singh M, Kiu GT. Role of lung fluid volume in growth and maturation of the fetal sheep lung. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1270-1277
52. Edouga D, Hugueny B, Gasser B, Bussìeres L, Laborde K. Recovery after relief of fetal urinary obstruction: morphological, functional and molecular aspects. Am J Physiol 2007; 281: F26-F37.
53. Pathak S, Lees C. Ultrasound structural fetal anomaly screening: an update. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2009; 94: F384-F390.
54. Sebire NJ, Von Kaisenberg C, Rubio C, Snijders RJ, Nicolaides KH. Fetal megacystis at 10-14 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996; 8: 387-390
55. Matsui F, Shimada K, Matsumoto F, Obara T. Prenatal resolution of megacystis possibly caused by spontaneous rupture of posterior urethral valves. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43: 2285-2287
56. Robyr R, Benachi A, Daikha-Dahmane F, Martinovich J, Dumez Y, Ville Y. Correlation between ultrasound and anatomical findings in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction in the first half of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 25: 478-482
57. Montemarano H, Bulas DI, Rushton HG, Selby D. Bladder distention and pyelectasis in themale fetus: causes, comparisons, and contrasts. J Ultrasound Med 1998; 17: 743-749
58. Kaefer M, Barnewolt C, Retik AB, Peters CA. The sonographic diagnosis of infravesical obstruction in children: evaluation of bladder wall thickness indexed to bladder filling. J Urol 1997; 157: 989-991
59. Abbott JF, Levine D,Wapner R. Posterior urethral valves: inaccuracy of prenatal diagnosis. Fetal Diagn Ther 1998; 13:179-183
60. Ismaili K, Hall M, Piepsz A, Wissing KM, Collier F, Schulman C et al. Primary vesicoureteral reflux detected in neonates with a history of fetal renal pelvis dilatation: a prospective clinical and imaging study. J Pediatr 2006; 148: 222-227
61. Ek S, Lidefeldt KJ, Varricio L. Fetal hydronephrosis; prevalence, natural history and postnatal consequences in an unselected population. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007; 86: 1463-1466
62. Paduano L,Giglio L, Bembi B, Peratoner L, D'OttavioG, Benussi G. Clinical outcome of fetal uropathy. I. Predictive value of prenatal echography positive for obstructive uropathy. J Urol 1991; 146: 1094-1096.
63. Kaefer M, Peters CA, Retik AB, Benacerraf BB. Increased renal echogenicity: a sonographic sign for differentiating between obstructive and nonobstructive etiologies of in utero bladder distension. J Urol 1997; 158: 1026-1029.
64. de Jong TP, Radmayr C, Dik P, Chrzan R, Klijn AJ, de Kort L. Posterior urethral valves: search for a diagnostic reference standard. Urology 2008; 72: 1022-1025.
65. Heikkilä J, Taskinen S, Rintala R. Urinomas associated with posterior urethral valves. J Urol 2008; 180: 1476-1478
66. Kihara T, Nakai H, Mori K, Sato R, Kitahara S, Yasuda K. Variety of congenital urethral lesions in boys with lower urinary tract symptoms and the results of endoscopic treatment. Int J Urol 2008; 15: 235-240
67. Schober JM, Dulabon LM, Woodhouse CR. Outcome of valve ablation in late-presenting posterior urethral valves. BJU Int 2004; 94: 616-619
68. Ziylan O, Oktar T, Ander H, Korgali E, Rodoplu H, Kocak T. The impact of late presentation of posterior urethral valves on bladder and renal function. J Urol 2006; 175: 1894-1897
69. Köksal IT, Usta M, Erdoǧru T, AteşM, Kukul E, Baykara M. Incidental adult posterior urethral valve without clinical features. Int Urol Nephrol 2003; 35: 227-229
70. Maranya GA. Posterior urethral valves in the adult: report of two cases. East Afr Med J 2004; 81: 430-432
71. Parkhouse HF, Barratt TM, Dillon MJ, Duffy PG, Fay J, Ransley PG et al. Long-term outcome of boys with posterior urethral valves. Br J Urol 1988 62: 59-62.
72. Ghanem MA, Wolffenbuttel KP, De Vylder A, Nijman RJ. Long-term bladder dysfunction and renal function in boys with posterior urethral valves based on urodynamic findings. J Urol 2004; 171: 2409-2412
73. De Gennaro M, Capitanucci ML, Mosiello G, Caione P, Silveri M. The changing urodynamic pattern from infancy to adolescence in boys with posterior urethral valves. BJU Int 2000; 85: 1104-1108
74. Holmdahl G, Sillén U, Hanson E, Hermansson G, Hjälmas K. Bladder dysfunction in boys with posterior urethral valves before and after puberty. J Urol 1996; 155: 694-698
75. Hale JM, Wood DN, Hoh IM, Neild GH, Bomanji JB, Chu A et al. Stabilization of renal deterioration caused by bladder volume dependent obstruction. J Urol 2009; 182 (4 Suppl): 1973-1977
76. Warren J, Pike JG, Leonard MP. Posterior urethral valves in Eastern Ontario - a 30 year perspective. Can J Urol 2004; 11: 2210-2215
77. Gonzá lez Celedón C, Bitsori M, Tullus K. Progression of chronic renal failure in children with dysplastic kidneys. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22: 1014-1020.
78. Roth KS, Carter WH Jr, Chan JC. Obstructive nephropathy in children: long-term progression after relief of posterior urethral valve. Pediatrics 2001; 107: 1004-1010.
79. Kousidis G, Thomas DF, Morgan H, Haider N, Subramaniam R, Feather S. The long-term outcome of prenatally detected posterior urethral valves: a 10 to 23-year follow-up study. BJU Int 2008; 102: 1020-1024.
80. Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G et al. Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Kidney Int 2009; 76: 528-533
81. Ylinen E, Ala-Houhala M, Wikström S. Prognostic factors of posterior urethral valves and the role of antenatal detection. Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19: 874-879
82. DeFoor W, Clark C, Jackson E, Reddy P, Minevich E, Sheldon C. Risk factors for end stage renal disease in children with posterior urethral valves. J Urol 2008; 180: 1705-1708
83. HolmdahlG, Sillén U. Boys with posterior urethral valves: outcome concerning renal function, bladder function and paternity at ages 31 to 44 years. J Urol 2005; 174:1031-1034.
84. Neild GH. What do we know about chronic renal failure in young adults? II. Adult outcome of pediatric renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2009; 24: 1921-1928
85. Hutton KA, Thomas DF, Arthur RJ, Irving HC, Smith SE. Prenatally detected posterior urethral valves: is gestational age at detection a predictor of outcome? J Urol 1994; 152: 698-701.
86. Sarhan O, Zaccaria I, Macher MA, Muller F, Vuillard E, Delezoide AL et al. Long-term outcome of prenatally detected posterior urethral valves: single center study of 65 cases managed by primary valve ablation. J Urol 2008; 179: 307-312
87. Morris RK, Malin GL, Khan KS, Kilby MD. Antenatal ultrasound to predict postnatal renal function in congenital lower urinary tract obstruction: systematic review of test accuracy. BJOG 2009; 116: 1290-1299
88. Desai D, Godley M, Ransley P, Nicolaides K, Chitty L, Dhillon H. Posterior urethral valves (PUV): prenatal ultrasound findings and their correlation with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at 1 year of age. J PediatrUrol 2008; 4: S68.
89. Johnson MP, Bukowski TP, Reitleman C, Isada NB, Pryde PG, Evans MI. In utero surgical treatment of fetal obstructive uropathy: a new comprehensive approach to identify appropriate candidates for vesicoamniotic shunt therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1770-1776
90. Favre R, Kohler M, Gasser B, Muller F, Nisand I. Early fetal megacystis between 11 and 15 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999; 14: 402-406.
91. Jouannic JM, Hyett JA, Pandya PP, Gulbis B, Rodeck CH, Jauniaux E. Perinatal outcome in fetuses with megacystis in the first half of pregnancy. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23: 340-344
92. Rees L. Management of the infant with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17: 1564-1567
93. Klaassen I, Neuhaus TJ, Mueller-Wiefel DE, Kemper MJ. Antenatal oligohydramnios of renal origin: long-term outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 432-439
94. McMann LP, Kirsch AJ, Scherz HC, Smith EA, Jones RA, Shehata BM et al. Magnetic resonance urography in the evaluation of prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis and renal dysgenesis. J Urol 2006; 176: 1786-1792
95. Craparo FJ, RusticoM, Tassis B, Coviello D, Nicolini U. Fetal serumb2-microglobulin before and after bladder shunting: a 2-step approach to evaluate fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction. J Urol 2007; 178: 2576-2579
96. Morris RK, Quinlan-Jones E, KilbyMD, Khan KS. Systematic review of accuracy of fetal urine analysis to predict poor postnatal renal function in cases of congenital urinary tract obstruction. Prenat Diagn 2007; 27: 900-911
97. Quintero RA, Johnson MP, Romero R, Smith C, Arias F, Guevara-Zuloaga F, Cotton DB, EvansMI. Inutero percutaneous cystoscopy in the management of fetal lower obstructive uropathy. Lancet 1995; 346: 537-540
98. Welsh A, Agarwal S, Kumar S, Smith RP, Fisk NM. Fetal cystoscopy in the management of fetal obstructive uropathy: experience in a single European centre. Prenat Diagn 2003; 23: 1033-1041.
99. Holmes N, Harrison MR, Baskin LS. Fetal surgery for posterior urethral valves: long-term postnatal outcomes. Pediatrics 2001; 108: E7.
100. Freedman AL, Johnson MP, Smith CA, Gonzalez R, Evans MI. Long-term outcome in children after antenatal intervention for obstructive uropathies. Lancet 1999; 354: 374-377
101. Clark TJ, Martin WL, Divakaran TG,WhittleMJ, KilbyMD, Khan KS. Prenatal bladder drainage in the management of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 367-382
102. National Instiute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Fetal vesico-amniotic shunt for lower urinary tract outflow obstruction. December 2006 http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/ IPG202guidance.pdf
103. PLUTO Trial website http://www.pluto.bham.ac.uk/Accessed 5 October 2009.
104. Pluto Collaborative Study Group , KilbyM, Khan K,Morris K, Daniels J, Gray R, Magill L et al. PLUTO trial protocol: percutaneous shunting for lower urinary tract obstruction randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2007; 114: 904-905.
105. Mukherjee S, Joshi A, Carroll D, Chandran H, Parashar K, McCarthy L. What is the effect of circumcision on risk of urinary tract infection in boys with posterior urethral valves? J Pediat Surg 2009; 44: 417-421
106. Godbole P, Wade A, Mushtaq I, Wilcox DT. Vesicostomy vs primary ablation for posterior urethral valves: Always a difference in outcome? J PediatrUrol 2007; 3: 273-275
107. Kajbafzadeh AM, Payabvash S, Karimian G. The effects of bladder neck incision on urodynamic abnormalities of children with posterior urethral valves. J Urol 2007; 178: 2142-2217
108. Wühl E, Mehls O, Schaefer F; ESCAPE Trial Group. Antihypertensive and antiproteinuric efficacy of ramipril in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 768-776
109. ArdissinoG, Viganò S, Testa S,Daccò V, Paglialonga F, LeoniAet al.No clear evidence ofACEi efficacy on the progression of chronic kidney disease in children with hypodysplastic nephropathy-report from the ItalKid Project database. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 2525-2530
110. Kramer A, Stel VS, Tizard J, Verrina E, Rönnholm K, Pá lsson R et al. Characteristics and survival of young adults who started renal replacement therapy during childhood. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 926-933
111. Woodhouse CR. The fate of the abnormal bladder in adolescence. J Urol 2001; 166: 2396-2400
112. Hellström AL, Berg M, Sölsnes E, Holmdahl G, Sillén U. Feeling good in daily life: from the point of view of boys with posterior urethral valves. J Urol 2006; 176: 1742-1746
113. Abraham MK, Nasir AR, Sudarsanan B, Puzhankara R, Kedari PM, Unnithan GR et al. Role of alpha adrenergic blocker in the management of posterior urethral valves. Pediatr Surg Int 2009 [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19727771.
114. JohalNS, Hamid R, Aslam Z, Carr B, Cuckow PM, Duffy PG. Ureterocystoplasty: long-termfunctional results. J Urol 2008; 179: 2373-2375
115. Peters CA, Bolkier M, Bauer SB, Hendren WH, Colodny AH, Mandell J et al. The urodynamic consequences of posterior urethral valves. J Urol 1990; 144: 122-126
116. Neild GH, Dakmish A, Wood S, Nauth-Misir R, Woodhouse CR. Renal transplantation in adults with abnormal bladders. Transplantation 2004; 77: 1123-1127
117. Otukesh H, Basiri A, Simfroosh N, Hoseini R, Fereshtehnejad SM, ChalianM. Kidney transplantation in children with posterior urethral valves. Pediatr Transplant 2008; 12: 516-519
118. Djakovic N, Wagener N, Adams J, Gilfrich C, Haferkamp A, Pfitzenmaier J et al. Intestinal reconstruction of the lower urinary tract as a prerequisite for renal transplantation. BJU Int 2009; 103: 1555-1560