State-of-the art of non-hormonal methods of contraception: VI. Male sterilisation

European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 136-149

  Michielsen, Dirk ^a   Beerthuizen, Rob ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BRUSSELS   (Belgium)

^b Stichting Anticonceptie Nederland   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Complications; Male sterilisation; Reversal; Technique; Vasectomy

Indexed keywords

NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; SPERM ANTIBODY;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; CAUTERIZATION; CLIP; CONTRACEPTION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; COUNSELING; GRANULOMA; HEMATOMA; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; INCISION; INJURY; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; MALE STERILIZATION; MALE STERILIZATION REVERSAL; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MOOD; MORTALITY; OUTPATIENT CARE; PAIN; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SAFETY; SCALPEL; SEMEN ANALYSIS; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; VAS DEFERENS; VASECTOMY; WOUND INFECTION;

COUNSELING; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; VASECTOMY; VASOVASOSTOMY;

EID: 77949560827     PISSN: 13625187     EISSN: 14730782     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/13625181003682714     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Schwingl PJ, Guess HA. Safety and effectiveness of vasectomy. Fertil Steril 2000;73:923-936
2. Liskin I, Renoir E, Blackburn R. Vasectomy - new opportunities. Popul Rep 1992;5:1-23.
3. Liu X, Li S. Vasal sterilization in China. Contraception 1993;48:255-265
4. Rowlands S, Hannaford P. The incidence of sterilisation in the UK. BJOG 2003;110:819-824
5. United Nations. World Population Monitoring. New York: United Nations, 2002.
6. Alyea EP. Vaso-ligation: a preventive of epididymitis before and after prostatectomy. J Urol 1928;19: 65-80.
7. Anonymous. Why not ligate the vas deferens? Med Rec 1891;39:266.
8. Sheynkin YR. History of vasectomy. Urol Clin North Am 2009;36:285-294
9. Wood AC. The results of castration and vasectomy in hypertrophy of prostate gland. Ann Surg 1900;32:309-350
10. Meltzer M. Bilateral vasectomy for prevention of epididymitis in prostatism. NY State J Med 1928;28: 1290-1292
11. Steinach E. Verjüngung durch experimentelle Neubelebung der alternden Pubertätsdrü se. (Rejuvenation by experimental revitalisation of the ageing puberty gland). Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen 1920;46: 557-610.
12. Poffenberger T, Poffenberger SB. Vasectomy as a preferred method of birth control: a preliminary investigation. Marriage and Family Living 1963;25:326-330
13. Krishnakumar S. Kerala's pioneering experiment in massive vasectomy camps. Stud FamPlann 1972;3:177-185
14. Schlegel PN, Goldstein M. Vasectomy. In Shoupe D, Haseltine FP, eds. Contraception. New-York: Springer- Verlag, 1993:181-191
15. Pile JM, Barone MA. Demographics of vasectomy - USA and international. Urol Clin North Am 2009; 36:295-305.
16. Forste R, Tanfer K, Tedrow L. Sterilization among currently married men in the United States, 1991. Fam Plann Perspect 1995;27:100-107
17. Massey FJ, Jr., Bernstein GS, O'Fallon WM, et al. Vasectomy and health-results from a large cohort study. JAMA 1984;252:1023-1029
18. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Male and female sterilisation. Evidence-based clinical guideline Nr. 4. London: RCOG 2004. http://www.rcog.org. uk/files/rcog-corp/uploaded-files/ NEBSterilisationFull060607.pdf (Accessed September 2009).
19. Dassow P, Bennett JM. Vasectomy: An update.AmFam Physician 2006;74:2069-2074
20. Sharlip ID. What is the best pregnancy rate that may be expected from vasectomy reversal? J Urol 1993;149: 1469-1471
21. Potts JM, Pasqualotto FF, Nelson D, et al. Patient characteristics associated with vasectomy reversal. J Urol 1999;161:1835-1839
22. Goldstein M. Vasectomy reversal. Compr Ther 1993; 19:37-41.
23. Kaplan AI, Rappaport JA. The law and vasectomy. Urol Clin North Am 2009; 36:347-357
24. Improving access to quality care in family planning. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. 4th edn. Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization 2009. http://www.who.int/ reproductivehealth/publications/family-planning/ 9789241563888/en/ (Accessed December 2009).
25. Alexander JW, Fischer JE, Boyajian M, et al. The influence of hair-removal methods on wound infections. Arch Surg 1983;118:347-352
26. Li SQ, Goldstein M, Zhu J, et al. The no-scalpel vasectomy. J Urol 1991;145:341-344
27. Davis LE, Stockton MD. No-scalpel vasectomy. Prim Care 1997;24:433-461
28. Li S. Ligation of vas deferens by clamping method under direct vision. Chin Med J 1976;4:213-214
29. Witt MA, Heron S, Lipshultz LI. The post-vasectomy length of the testicular vasal remnant: a predictor of surgical outcome in microscopic vasectomy reversal. J Urol 1994;151:892-894
30. Sokal D, McMullen S, Gates D, Dominik R for the Male Sterilization Investigator Team. A comparative study of the no-scalpel and standard incision approaches to vasectomy in 5 countries. J Urol 1999;162:1621-1625
31. Sandlow JI, Winfield HN, Goldstein M. Surgery of the scrotum and seminal vesicles. In Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, NovickAC, PartinAW, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology, 9th edn. Philadelphia:WB Saunders, 2007;1098-1127.
32. Babayan RK, Krane RJ. Vasectomy: What are community standards? Urology 1986;27:328-330
33. Aradhya KW, Best K, Sokal DC. Recent developments in vasectomy. BMJ 2005;330:296-299
34. Kotwal S, Sundaram SK, Rangaiah CS, et al. Does the type of suture material used for ligation of the vas deferens affect vasectomy success? Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2008;13:25-30.
35. Moss WM. Sutureless vasectomy, an improved technique; 1300 cases performed without failure. Fertil Steril 1976;27:1040-1045
36. Bennett AH. Vasectomy without complication. Urology 1976;7:184-185
37. Schmidt SS. Vasectomy. Urol Clin North Am 1987;14:149-154
38. Barone MA, Irsula B, Chen-Mok M, et al. Effectiveness of vasectomy using cautery. BMC Urol 2004;4:10.
39. Esho JO, Cass AS. Recanalization rate following methods of vasectomy using interposition of fascial sheath of vas deferens. J Urol 1978;120:178-179
40. Sokal D, Irsula B, Hays M, et al. Vasectomy by ligation and excision, with or without fascial interposition: A randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN77781689). BMC Med 2004;2:6.
41. Labrecque M, Nazerali H, Mondor M, et al. Effectiveness and complications associated with 2 vasectomy occlusion techniques. J Urol 2002;168:2495-8; discussion 2498.
42. Chen-Mok M, Bangdiwala SI, Dominik R, et al. Termination of a randomized controlled trial of two vasectomy techniques. ControlClin Trials 2003;24:78-84.
43. Li SQ, Xu B, Hou YH, et al. Relationship between vas occlusion techniques and recanalisation. Adv Contracept Deliv Syst 1994;10:153-159
44. Intra Vas Device (IVD). http://www.malecontracepti ves.org/methods/shug. php (Accessed December 2009).
45. Song L, Gu Y, Lu W, et al. A phase II randomized controlled trial of a novel male contraception, an intravas device. Int J Androl 2006;29:489-495
46. GriffinT, Tooher R, Nowakowski K, et al.Howlittle is enough? The evidence for post-vasectomy testing. J Urol 2005;174:29-36.
47. Bradshaw HD, Rosario DJ, James MJ, et al. Review of current practice to establish success after vasectomy. Br J Surg 2001;88:290-293
48. Belker AM, Sexter MS, Sweitzer SJ, et al. The high rate of noncompliance for post-vasectomy semen examination: Medical and legal considerations. J Urol 1990;144:284-286
49. Edwards IS. Earlier testing after vasectomy, based on the absence of motile sperm. Fertil Steril 1993;59:431-436
50. Arango Toro O, Andolz Peitivi P, Llado Carbonell C, et al. Post-vasectomy semen in 313 males. Statistical analysis, medical aspects, legal implications. Arch Esp Urol 1993;46:29-34.
51. Smith AG, Crooks J, Singh NP, et al. Is the timing of post-vasectomy seminal analysis important. Br J Urol 1998;81:458-460
52. Maatman TJ, Aldrin L, Carothers GG. Patient noncompliance after vasectomy. Fertil Steril 1997;68:552-555
53. Liskin L, Pile JM, Quillan F. Vasectomy safe and simple. Popul Rep 1983;4:61-100.
54. Philp T, Guillebaud J, Budd D. Complications of vasectomy: review of 16,000 patients. Br J Urol 1984;56:745-748
55. Davies AH, Sharp RJ, Cranston D, et al. The long-term outcome following 'special clearance' after vasectomy. Br J Urol 1990;66:211-212
56. Edwards IS, Farlow JL. Non-motile sperms persisting after vasectomy: Do they matter? Br Med J 1979;1:87-88
57. Sokal DC, Labrecque M. Effectiveness of vasectomy techniques. Urol Clin North Am 2009;36:317-329
58. Deneux-Tharaux C, Kahn E, Nazerali H, et al. Pregnancy rates after vasectomy: A survey of US urologists. Contraception 2004;69:401-406
59. Jamieson DJ, Costello C, Trussell J, et al. The risk of pregnancy after vasectomy. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:848-850
60. Wang D. Contraceptive failure in China. Contraception 2002;66:173-178
61. Nazerali H, Thapa S, Hays M, et al. Vasectomy effectiveness in Nepal: a retrospective study. Contraception 2003;67:397-401.
62. Hieu DT, Luong TT, Anh PT, et al. The acceptability, efficacy and safety of quinacrine non-surgical sterilization (QS), tubectomy and vasectomy in 5 provinces in the Red River Delta, Vietnam: a follow-up of 15,190 cases. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003;83(Suppl 2):S77-85.
63. Barone MA, Nazerali H, Cortes M, et al. A prospective study of time and number of ejaculations to azoospermia after vasectomy by ligation and excision. J Urol 2003;170:892-896
64. Labrecque M, Dufresne C, Barone MA, et al. Vasectomy surgical techniques: A systematic review. BMC Med 2004;2:21.
65. Silber SJ. Sperm granuloma and reversibility of vasectomy. Lancet 1977;2:588-589
66. Philp T, Guillebaud J, Budd D. Late failure of vasectomy after two documented analyses showing azoospermic semen. Br Med J 1984;289:77-79
67. Kendrick JS, Gonzales B, Huber DH, et al. Complications of vasectomies in the United States. J Fam Pract 1987;25:245-248
68. Goldstein M. Surgical management of male infertility and other scrotal disorders. In: Walsh PC, Retnik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ, eds. Campbell's Urology, 8th edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1998;1533-1587
69. Appell RA, Evans PR. Vasectomy: Etiology of infectious complications. Fertil Steril 1980;33:52-53
70. Randall PE, Ganguli L, Marcuson RW. Wound infection following vasectomy. Br J Urol 1983;55:564-567
71. Lema VM. Fournier's gangrene complicating vasectomy. East Afr Med J 2003;80:492-496
72. Viddeleer AC, Lycklama à Nijeholt GAB. Lethal Fournier's gangrene following vasectomy. J Urol 1992;147:1613-1614
73. Patel A, Ramsay JW, Whitfield HN. Fournier's gangrene of the scrotum following day case vasectomy. J R Soc Med 1991;84:49-50.
74. Goyette M. Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis Fournier's gangrene - Quebec. Can Commun Dis Rep 1997;23:101-103
75. De Diego Rodriguez E, Correas Gomez MA, Martin Garcia B, et al. Fournier's gangrene after vasectomy. Arch Esp Urol 2000;53:275-278
76. Kuo CF, Wang WS, Lee CM, et al. Fournier's gangrene: Ten year experience in a medical center in northern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2007; 40:500-506
77. Bai KV. Primary chancres on vasectomy wounds. Br J Clin Pract 1974;28:172-173
78. Dan M, Marien GJ, Goldsand G. Endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus warneri on a normal aortic valve following vasectomy. Can Med Assoc J 1984;131:211-213
79. Lessing MP, Crook DW, Bowler IC, et al. Native-valve endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis. QJM 1996;89:855-858
80. Kessler RB, Kimbrough RC, 3rd, Jones SR. Infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus hominis after vasectomy. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:216-217
81. Fervenza FC, Contreras GE, Garratt KN, et al. Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis: a complication of vasectomy? Mayo Clin Proc 1999;74:1227-1230
82. Seidi J, Brotzman G. The rate of hydrocele perforation during vasectomy. Is perforation dangerous? J Fam Pract 2000;49:537-540
83. Balogh K, Argényi ZB. Vasitis nodosa and spermatic granuloma of the skin: An histologic study of a rare complication of vasectomy. J Cutan Pathol 1985;12: 528-533
84. Peterson HB, Xia Z, Hughes JM, et al. The risk of pregnancy after tubal sterilization: findings from the U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1161-8; discussion 1168-1170
85. Moss WM. A comparison of open-end versus closedend vasectomies: A report on 6220 cases. Contraception 1992;46:521-525
86. Silber SJ. Vasectomy and vasectomy reversal. Fertil Steril 1978;29:125-140
87. Shapiro EI, Silber SJ. Open-ended vasectomy, sperm granuloma, and postvasectomy orchialgia. Fertil Steril 1979;32:546-550
88. Chen TF, Ball RY. Epididymectomy for post-vasectomy pain: histological review. Br J Urol 1991;68:407-413
89. Nangia AK, Myles JL, Thomas AJ, Jr. Vasectomy reversal for the postvasectomy pain syndrome: A clinical and histological evaluation. J Urol 2000;164: 1939-1942
90. Choe JM, Kirkemo AK. Questionnaire-based outcomes study of nononcological post-vasectomy complications. J Urol 1996;155:1284-1286
91. Freund MJ, Weidmann JE, Goldstein M, et al. Microrecanalization after vasectomy in man. J Androl 1989;10:120-132
92. Christiansen CG, Sandlow JI. Testicular pain following vasectomy: A review of postvasectomy pain syndrome. J Androl 2003;24:293-298
93. Davis BE, Noble MJ, Weigel JW, et al. Analysis and management of chronic testicular pain. J Urol 1990;143:936-939
94. Raspa RF. Complications of vasectomy. Am Fam Physician 1993;48:1264-1268
95. Schmidt SS. Vasectomy by section, luminal fulguration and fascial interposition: results from 6248 cases. Br J Urol 1995;76:373-374
96. McMahon AJ, Buckley J, Taylor A, et al. Chronic testicular pain following vasectomy. Br J Urol 1992;69:188-191
97. West AF, Leung HY, Powell PH. Epididymectomy is an effective treatment for scrotal pain after vasectomy. BJU Int 2000;85:1097-1099
98. Selikowitz SM, Schned AR. A late post-vasectomy syndrome. J Urol 1985;134:494-497
99. Macrae B. Pain - new thoughts on an old problem. Urol News 2000;4:6-8.
100. Yamamoto M, Hibi H, Katsuno S, et al.Management of chronic orchialgia of unknown etiology. Int J Urol 1995;2:47-49
101. Cohen SP, Foster A. Pulsed radiofrequency as a treatment for groin pain and orchialgia. Urology 2003;61:645.
102. Schmidt SS. Spermatic granuloma: An often painful lesion. Fertil Steril 1979;31:178-181
103. Myers SA, Mershon CE, Fuchs EF. Vasectomy reversal for treatment of the post-vasectomy pain syndrome. J Urol 1997;157:518-520
104. Levine LA, Matkov TG. Microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord as primary surgical treatment of chronic orchialgia. J Urol 2001;165:1927-1929
105. Cadeddu JA, Bishoff JT, Chan DY, et al. Laparoscopic testicular denervation for chronic orchalgia. J Urol 1999;162:733-735
106. Strom KH, Levine LA. Microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic orchialgia: Longterm results from a single center. J Urol 2008;180: 949-953
107. Granitsiotis P, Kirk D. Chronic testicular pain: An overview. Eur Urol 2004;45:430-436
108. Giovannucci E, Tosteson TD, Speizer FE, et al. A retrospective cohort study of vasectomy and prostate cancer in US men. JAMA 1993;269:873-877
109. Bernal-Delgado E, Latour-Pérez J, Pradas-Arnal F, et al. The association between vasectomy and prostate cancer: A systematic review of the literature. Fertil Steril 1998;70:191-200.
110. Schuman LM, Coulson AH, Mandel JS, et al. Health status of American men - a study of post-vasectomy sequelae. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46:697.
111. HealyB.Does vasectomy cause prostate cancer? Fromthe National Institutes of Health. JAMA 1993;269:2620.
112. AmericanUrologicalAssociation.Vasectomy and prostate cancer. http://www.auanet.org/content/guidelines-andquality-care/policy-statements/v/ vasectomy-and-prostatecancer. cfm (Accessed December 2009).
113. Moller H, Knudsen LB, Lynge E. Risk of testicular cancer after vasectomy: Cohort study of over 73,000 men. BMJ 1994;309:295-299
114. Strader CH, Weiss NS, Daling JR. Vasectomy and the incidence of testicular cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128:56-63.
115. Fuchs EF, Alexander NJ. Immunologic considerations before and after vasovasostomy. Fertil Steril 1983;40: 497-499
116. Giovannucci E, Tosteson TD, Speizer FE, et al. A longterm study of mortality in men who have undergone vasectomy. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1392-1398
117. Petitti DB, Klein R, Kipp H, et al. A survey of personal habits, symptoms of illness, and histories of disease in man with and without vasectomies. Am J Public Health 1982;72:476-480
118. Walker AM, Jick H, Hunter JR, et al. Hospitalization rates in vasectomized men. JAMA 1981;245:2315-2317
119. Alexander NJ, Clarkson TB. Vasectomy increases the severity of diet-induced atherosclerosis in Macaca fascicularis. Science 1978;201:538-541
120. Clarkson TB, Alexander NJ, Morgan TM. Atherosclerosis of cynomolgus monkeys hyper- and hyporesponsive to dietary cholesterol.Lack of effect of vasectomy. Arteriosclerosis 1988;8:488-498
121. Coady SA, Sharrett AR, Zheng ZJ, et al. Vasectomy, inflammation, atherosclerosis and long-term follow-up for cardiovascular diseases: no associations in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. J Urol 2002;167:204-207
122. Alexander NJ, Senner JW, Hoch EJ. Evaluation of blood pressure in vasectomized and nonvasectomized men. Int J Epidemiol 1981;10:217-222
123. Goldacre MJ, Holford TR, Vessey MP. Cardiovascular disease and vasectomy. Findings from two epidemiologic studies. N Engl J Med 1983;308:805-808
124. Goldacre MJ,Clarke JA, Heasman MA, et al. Follow-up of vasectomy using medical record linkage. Am J Epidemiol 1978;108:176-180
125. Rimm AA, Hoffmann RG, Anderson AJ, et al. The relationship between vasectomy and angiographically determined atherosclerosis in men. Prev Med 1983;12: 262-273
126. Rosenberg L, Schwingl PJ, Kaufman DW, et al. The risk of myocardial infarction 10 or more years after vasectomy in men under 55 years of age. Am J Epidemiol 1986;123:1049-1056
127. Perrin EB, Woods JS, Namekata T, et al. Long-term effect of vasectomy on coronary heart disease. Am J Public Health 1984;74:128-132
128. Mullooly JP, Wiest WM, Alexander NJ, et al. Vasectomy, serum assays, and coronary heart disease symptoms and risk factors. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46:101-109
129. Luo L, Wu SZ, Zhu C, et al. Psychological long-term effects of sterilization on anxiety and depression. Contraception 1996;54:345-357
130. Weintraub S, Fahey C, Johnson N, et al. Vasectomy in men with primary progressive aphasia. Cogn Behav Neurol 2006;4:190-193
131. Mesulam MM. Slowly progressive aphasia without dementia. Ann Neurol 1982;11:592-598
132. Decker DA, HeilmanKM.Steroid treatment of primary progressive aphasia. Arch Neurol 2008;65:1533-1535
133. Köhler TS, Fazili AA, Brannigan RE. Putative health risks associated with vasectomy. Urol Clin North Am 2009;36:337-345
134. Rubin GL, Ory HW, Layde PM. The mortality risk of voluntary surgical contraception. Biomed Bull 1982; 3:1-5.
135. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Vasectomy reversal. Fertil Steril 2008;90(Suppl. 5):S78-82.
136. Ross JA, Huber DH. Acceptance and prevalence of vasectomy in developing countries. Stud Fam Plann 1983;14:67-73.
137. Pavlovich CP, Schlegel PN. Fertility options after vasectomy: A cost-effectiveness analysis. Fertil Steril 1997;67:133-141
138. Kolettis PN, Thomas AJ, Jr. Vasoepididymostomy for vasectomy reversal: A critical assessment in the era of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J Urol 1997;158:467-470
139. Nagler HM, Jung H. Factors predicting successful microsurgical vasectomy reversal. Urol Clin North Am 2009;36:383-390
140. Belker AM, Thomas AJ, Jr., Fuchs EF, et al. Results of 1,469 microsurgical vasectomy reversals by the Vasosvasostomy Study Group. J Urol 1991;145:505-511
141. Thomas AJ, Jr., Pontes JE, Rose NR, et al. Microsurgical vasovasostomy: immunologic consequences and subsequent fertility. Fertil Steril 1981;35:447-450
142. Linnet L, Hjort T, Fogh-Andersen P. Association between failure to impregnate after vasovasostomy and sperm agglutinins in semen. Lancet 1981;1:117-119
143. Linnet L. Clinical immunology of vasectomy and vasovasostomy. Urology 1983;22:101-114
144. Belker AM. Microsurgical vasectomy reversal. In Lytton B, Catalona WJ, Lipshultz LI, McGuire EJ, eds. Advances in Urology. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers 1988:193-230.
145. Vrijhof HJ, Delaere KP. Vasovasostomy results in 66 patients related to obstructive intervals and serum agglutinin titres. Urol Int 1994;53:143-146
146. Eggert-Kruse W, Christmann M, Gerhard I, et al. Circulating antisperm antibodies and fertility prognosis: A prospective study. Hum Reprod 1989;4:513-520
147. Witkin SS, David SS. Effect of sperm antibodies on pregnancy outcome in a subfertile population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;158:59-62.
148. Gerrard ER, Jr., Sandlow JI, Oster RA, et al. Effect of female partner age on pregnancy rates after vasectomy reversal. Fertil Steril 2007;87:1340-1344
149. Nagler HM, Jung H. Factors predicting successful microsurgical vasectomy reversal. Urol Clin North Am 2009;36:383-390