A global analysis of the effectiveness of marine protected areas in preventing coral loss

PLoS ONE

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2010, Pages

  Selig, Elizabeth R ^a,b,c   Bruno, John F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^c Center for Applied Biodiversity Science   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CORAL; CORAL REEF; DATA BASE; ECONOMICS; FISH; FISHERY; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; FISHING; HUMAN ACTIVITIES; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OPTIMISM; THREAT; ANIMAL; ANTHOZOA; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGY; CENTRAL AMERICA; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FOOD INDUSTRY; GEOGRAPHY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HUMAN; INDIAN OCEAN; METHODOLOGY; PACIFIC OCEAN; POPULATION DENSITY; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANTHOZOA;

ANIMALS; ANTHOZOA; BIODIVERSITY; CARIBBEAN REGION; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FISHERIES; FISHES; GEOGRAPHY; HUMANS; INDIAN OCEAN; MARINE BIOLOGY; PACIFIC OCEAN; POPULATION DENSITY; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 77949503917     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009278     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Sebens KP (1994) Biodiversity of coral-reefs - what are we losing and why. American Zoologist 34: 115-133.
2. Hughes TP, Baird AH, Bellwood DR, Card M, Connolly SR, et al. (2003) Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science 301: 929-933.
3. Bellwood DR, Hughes TP, Folke C, Nystrom M (2004) Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429: 827-833.
4. Halpern BS (2003) The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter? Ecological Applications 13: S117-S137.
5. Mumby PJ, Dahlgren CP, Harborne AR, Kappel CV, Micheli F, et al. (2006) Fishing, trophic cascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs. Science 311: 98-101.
6. Pandolfi JM, Bradbury RH, Sala E, Hughes TP, Bjorndal KA, et al. (2003) Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems. Science 301: 955-958.
7. Jones GP, McCormick MI, Srinivasan M, Eagle JV (2004) Coral decline threatens fish biodiversity in marine reserves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 8251-8253.
8. Cinner JE, McClanahan TR, Graham NAJ, Pratchett MS, Wilson SK, et al. (2009) Gear-based fisheries management as a potential adaptive response to climate change and coral mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 724-732.
9. Roberts CM, Bohnsack JA, Gell F, Hawkins JP, Goodridge R (2001) Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. Science 294: 1920-1923.
10. Knowlton N, Jackson JBC (2008) Shifting baselines, local impacts, and global change on coral reefs. PloS Biology 6: 215-220.
11. Sweatman H (2008) No-take reserves protect coral reefs from predatory starfish. Current Biology 18: R598-R599.
12. Mumby PJ, Harborne AR, Williams J, Kappel CV, Brumbaugh DR, et al. (2007) Trophic cascade facilitates coral recruitment in a marine reserve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 8362-8367.
13. Hughes TP, Rodrigues MJ, Bellwood DR, Ceccarelli D, Hoegh-Guldberg O, et al. (2007) Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Current Biology 17: 360-365.
14. Aronson RB, Precht WF (2006) Conservation, precaution, and Caribbean reefs. Coral Reefs 25: 441-450.
15. Graham NAJ, McClanahan TR, MacNeil MA, Wilson SK, Polunin NVC, et al. (2008) Climate warming, marine protected areas and the ocean-scale integrity of coral reef ecosystems. PLoS ONE 3: e3039.
16. McClanahan TR (2008) Response of the coral reef benthos and herbivory to fishery closure management and the 1998 ENSO disturbance. Oecologia 155: 169-177.
17. Kramer KL, Heck KL (2007) Top-down trophic shifts in Florida Keys patch reef marine protected areas. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 349: 111-123.
18. Bruno JF, Selig ER, Casey KS, Page CA, Willis BL, et al. (2007) Thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks. PloS Biology 5: 1220-1227.
19. Willis TJ, Millar RB, Babcock RC, Tolimieri N (2003) Burdens of evidence and the benefits of marine reserves: putting Descartes before des horse? Environmental Conservation 30: 97-103.
20. Osenberg CW, Schmitt RJ, Holbrook SJ, Abu-Saba KE, Flegal AR (1994) Detection of environmental impacts: natural variability, effect size, and power analysis. Ecological Applications 4: 16-30.
21. Toms JD, Lesperance ML (2003) Piecewise regression: a tool for identifying ecological thresholds. Ecology 84: 2034-2041.
22. Lunn DJ, Thomas A, Best N, Spiegelhalter D (2000) WinBUGS - a Bayesian modelling framework: concepts, structure, and extensibility. Statistics and Computing 10: 325-337.
23. McMahon SM, Diez JM (2007) Scales of association: hierarchical linear models and the measurement of ecological systems. Ecology Letters 10: 437-452.
24. Claudet J, Osenberg CW, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Domenici P, Garcia-Charton JA, et al. (2008) Marine reserves: size and age do matter. Ecology Letters 11: 481-489.
25. Edgar GJ, Barrett NS, Stuart-Smith RD (2009) Exploited reefs protected from fishing transform over decades into conservation features otherwise absent from seascapes. Ecological Applications 19: 1967-1974.
26. McClanahan TR, Graham NAJ, Calnan JM, MacNeil MA (2007) Toward pristine biomass: reef fish recovery in coral reef marine protected areas in Kenya. Ecological Applications 17: 1055-1067.
27. Abesamis RA, Russ GR (2005) Density-dependent spillover from a marine reserve: long-term evidence. Ecological Applications 15: 1798-1812.
28. Maliao RJ, Webb EL, Jensen KR (2004) A survey of stock of the donkey's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina L. in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines: evaluating the effectiveness of marine protected area enforcement. Fisheries Research 66: 343-353.
29. Halford A, Cheal AJ, Ryan D, Williams DM (2004) Resilience to large-scale disturbance in coral and fish assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef. Ecology 85: 1892-1905.
30. Aronson RB, MacIntyre IG, Wapnick CM, O'Neill MW (2004) Phase shifts, alternative states, and the unprecedented convergence of two reef systems. Ecology 85: 1876-1891.
31. Berkelmans R, De'ath G, Kininmonth S, Skirving WJ (2004) A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns, and predictions. Coral Reefs 23: 74-83.
32. Jameson SC, Tupper MH, Ridley JM (2002) The three screen doors: can marine "protected" areas be effective? Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: 1177-1183.
33. Jones PJS (2001) Marine protected area strategies: issues, divergences and the search for middle ground. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 11: 197-216.
34. Edgar GJ, Bustamante RH, Farina JM, Calvopina M, Martinez C, et al. (2004) Bias in evaluating the effects of marine protected areas: the importance of baseline data for the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Environmental Conservation 31: 212-218.
35. Airame S, Dugan JE, Lafferty KD, Leslie H, McArdle DA, et al. (2003) Applying ecological criteria to marine reserve design: A case study from the California Channel Islands. Ecological Applications 13: S170-S184.
36. Roberts CM (2000) Selecting marine reserve locations: Optimality versus opportunism. Bulletin of Marine Science 66: 581-592.
37. Keller BD, Causey BD (2005) Linkages between the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Initiative. Ocean & Coastal Management 48: 869-900.
38. Ault JS, Bohnsack JA, Smith SG, Luo JG (2005) Towards sustainable multispecies fisheries in the Florida, USA, coral reef ecosystem. Bulletin of Marine Science 76: 595-622.
39. Fernandes L, Day J, Lewis A, Slegers S, Kerrigan B, et al. (2005) Establishing representative no-take areas in the Great Barrier Reef: Large-scale implementation of theory on marine protected areas. Conservation Biology 19: 1733-1744.
40. West JM, Salm RV (2003) Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: implications for coral reef conservation and management. Conservation Biology 17: 956-967.
41. McLeod E, Salm R, Green A, Almany J (2009) Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7: 362-370.
42. Bruno JF, Selig ER (2007) Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLoS ONE 2: e711.
43. Edmunds PJ, Bruno JF (1996) The importance of sampling scale in ecology: kilometer-wide variation in coral reef communities. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 143: 165-171.
44. McClanahan TR (1999) Is there a future for coral reef parks in poor tropical countries? Coral Reefs 18: 321-325.
45. Mora C, Andrefouet S, Costello MJ, Kranenburg C, Rollo A, et al. (2006) Coral reefs and the global network of marine protected areas. Science 312: 1750-1751.
46. Graham NAJ, Wilson SK, Jennings S, Polunin NVC, Robinson J, et al. (2007) Lag effects in the impacts of mass coral bleaching on coral reef fish, fisheries, and ecosystems. Conservation Biology 21: 1291-1300.
47. Alvarez-Filip L, Dulvy NK, Gill JA, Cote IM, Watkinson AR (2009) Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: region-wide declines in architectural complexity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 276: 3019-3025.
48. Aronson RB, Precht WF (2001) White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs. Hydrobiologia 460: 25-38.
49. McClanahan TR, McField M, Huitric M, Bergman K, Sala E, et al. (2001) Responses of algae, corals and fish to the reduction of macroalgae in fished and unfished patch reefs of Glovers Reef Atoll, Belize. Coral Reefs 19: 367-379.
50. Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, Steneck RS, Greenfield P, et al. (2007) Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318: 1737-1742.