Smart density: A more accurate method of measuring rural residential density for health-related research

International Journal of Health Geographics

Volumn 9, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Owens, Peter M ^a   Titus Ernstoff, Linda ^b   Gibson, Lucinda ^a   Beach, Michael L ^b,c   Beauregard, Sandy ^a   Dalton, Madeline A ^b  

^a Smart Mobility Inc   (United States)

^b DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c DARTMOUTH HITCHCOCK MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CENSUS; DATABASE; GIS; NEIGHBORHOOD; RURAL AREA;

UNITED STATES;

ARTICLE; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FACTUAL DATABASE; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; HUMAN; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION RESEARCH; REPRODUCIBILITY; RURAL POPULATION; SCHOOL; UNITED STATES;

BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CENSUSES; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; DATABASES, FACTUAL; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; HUMANS; POPULATION DENSITY; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RURAL POPULATION; SCHOOLS; VERMONT;

EID: 77949454615     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1476072X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1476-072X-9-8     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Booth KM, Pinkston MM, Poston WSC. Obesity and the built environment. J Am Diet Assoc 2005, 105(5):S110-7. 10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.045, 15867906.
2. Egger G, Swinburn B. An "ecological" approach to the obesity pandemic. BMJ 1997, 315(7106):477-480. 2127317, 9284671.
3. Papas MA, Alberg AJ, Ewing R, Helzlsouer KJ, Gary TL, Klassen AC. The built environment and obesity. Epidemiol Rev 2007, 29:129-143. 10.1093/epirev/mxm009, 17533172.
4. Cervero R, Gorham R. Commuting in transit versus automobile neighborhoods. J Am Plann Assoc 1995, 61(2):210.
5. Ewing R, Cervero R. Travel and the Built Environment: A Synthesis. Transp Res Rec 2001, 1780(1):87-114.
6. Frank LD, Pivo G. Impacts of mixed use and density on utilization of three modes of travel: single-occupant vehicle, transit, and walking. Transp Res Rec 1994, 1466:44-52.
7. Greenwald M, Boarnet M. Built Environment as Determinant of Walking Behavior: Analyzing Nonwork Pedestrian Travel in Portland, Oregon. Transp Res Rec 2001, 1780(1):33-41.
8. Handy SL. Understanding the link between urban form and nonwork travel behavior. J Plann Educ Res 1996, 15:183-198.
9. Handy S. Urban Form and Pedestrian Choices: Study of Austin Neighborhoods. Transp Res Rec 1996, 1552(1):135-144.
10. Hess P, Moudon A, Snyder M, Stanilov K. Site Design and Pedestrian Travel. Transp Res Rec 1999, 1674(1):9-19.
11. Moudon A, Hess P, Snyder M, Stanilov K. Effects of Site Design on Pedestrian Travel in Mixed-Use, Medium-Density Environments. Transp Res Rec 1997, 1578(1):48-55.
12. Shriver K. Influence of Environmental Design on Pedestrian Travel Behavior in Four Austin Neighborhoods. Transp Res Rec 1997, 1578(1):64-75.
13. Ewing R, Schmid T, Killingsworth R, Zlot A, Raudenbush S. Relationship Between Urban Sprawl and Physical Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity. Am J Health Promot 2003, 18(1):47-57.
14. Frank LD, Andresen MA, Schmid TL. Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. Am J Prev Med 2004, 27(2):87-96. 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.04.011, 15261894.
15. Lopez-Zetina J, Lee H, Friis R. The link between obesity and the built environment. Evidence from an ecological analysis of obesity and vehicle miles of travel in California. Health Place 2006, 12(4):656-664. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.09.001, 16253540.
16. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Frank LD. Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Ann Behav Med 2003, 25(2):80-91. 10.1207/S15324796ABM2502_03, 12704009.
17. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, Chen D. Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. Am J Public Health 2003, 93(9):1552-1558. 10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1552, 1448009, 12948979.
18. Lopez R. Urban sprawl and risk for being overweight or obese. Am J Public Health 2004, 94(9):1574-1579. 10.2105/AJPH.94.9.1574, 1448496, 15333317.
19. Owens PM. Neighborhood form and pedestrian life: Taking a closer look. Landscape Urban Plann 1993, 26(1-4):115-135.
20. Owens PM. Beyond Density: Measuring Neighborhood Form 2008, Sarrbrucken, Germany: VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG.
21. Vermont Center for Geographic Information. , http://www.vcgi.org
22. ESRI website. , http://www.esri.com/data/download/census2000-tigerline/index.html
23. Google Maps. , http://maps.google.com/maps
24. US Census 2000., http://factfinder.census.gov/jsp/saff/SAFFInfo.jsp?_pageId=sp4_decennial&_submenuId=
25. Hall S, Kaufman J, Ricketts T. Defining Urban and Rural Areas in U.S. Epidemiologic Studies. J Urban Health 2006, 83(2):162-175. 10.1007/s11524-005-9016-3, 2527174, 16736366.
26. Openshaw S. Developing GIS-relevant zone-based spatial analysis methods. Spatial analysis: modelling in a GIS environment 1996, 55-73. Cambridge: GeoInformation International, Longley P, Batty M.
27. Berke EM, Gottlieb LM, Moudon AV, Larson EB. Protective Association Between Neighborhood Walkability and Depression in Older Men. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007, 55(4):526-533. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01108.x, 17397430.