Taking treatment decisions in non-melanoma skin cancer-The place for topical photodynamic therapy (PDT)

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 24-32

  Sidoroff, A ^a   Thaler, P ^a  

^a INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

Author keywords

Actinic keratosis; Basal cell carcinoma; Bowen's disease; Non melanoma skin cancer; Photodynamic therapy

Indexed keywords

2 HYDROXYACID; AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; AMINOLEVULINIC ACID METHYL ESTER; CALCITRIOL; DICLOFENAC; FLUOROURACIL; IMIQUIMOD; INTERFERON; LEVULAN KERASTIC; NORDIHYDROGUAIARETIC ACID; RETINOID; SALICYLIC ACID; SOLASODINE; TEMOPORFIN; TUBERCIDIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACTINIC KERATOSIS; ARTICLE; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; BOWEN DISEASE; CRYOSURGERY; DECISION MAKING; ELECTROSURGERY; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LASER SURGERY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SELECTION; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHYSICIAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION;

ADMINISTRATION, TOPICAL; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; DERMATOLOGY; DICLOFENAC; HUMANS; MELANOMA; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 77949270299     PISSN: 15721000     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.12.004     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Roewert-Huber J., Stockfleth E., and Kerl H. Pathology and pathobiology of actinic (solar) keratosis-an update. Br J Dermatol 157 Suppl. 2 (2007) 18-20
2. Lober B.A., Lober C.W., and Accola J. Actinic keratosis is squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 43 5 Pt 1 (2000) 881-882
3. Stockfleth E., and Kerl H. Guidelines for the management of actinic keratoses. Eur J Dermatol 16 6 (2006) 599-606
4. Ackerman A.B. Solar keratosis is squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 139 9 (2003) 1216-1217
5. Yantsos V.A., Conrad N., Zabawski E., et al. Incipient intraepidermal cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for reclassifying and grading solar (actinic) keratoses. Semin Cutan Med Surg 18 1 (1999) 3-14
6. Cockerell C.J. Histopathology of incipient intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma ("actinic keratosis"). J Am Acad Dermatol 42 1 Pt 2 (2000) 11-17
7. Fu W., and Cockerell C.J. The actinic (solar) keratosis: a 21st-century perspective. Arch Dermatol 139 1 (2003) 66-70
8. Rowert-Huber J., Patel M.J., Forschner T., et al. Actinic keratosis is an early in situ squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for reclassification. Br J Dermatol 156 Suppl. 3 (2007) 8-12
9. Anwar J., Wrone D.A., Kimyai-Asadi A., et al. The development of actinic keratosis into invasive squamous cell carcinoma: evidence and evolving classification schemes. Clin Dermatol 22 3 (2004) 189-196
10. Frost C.A., Green A.C., and Williams G.M. The prevalence and determinants of solar keratoses at a subtropical latitude (Queensland, Australia). Br J Dermatol 139 6 (1998) 1033-1039
11. Frost C.A., and Green A.C. Epidemiology of solar keratoses. Br J Dermatol 131 4 (1994) 455-464
12. Lira M.G., Mazzola S., Tessari G., et al. Association of functional gene variants in the regulatory regions of COX-2 gene (PTGS2) with nonmelanoma skin cancer after organ transplantation. Br J Dermatol 157 1 (2007) 49-57
13. Salmon-Ehr V., Grosieux C., Potron G., et al. Multiple actinic keratosis and skin tumors secondary to hydroxyurea treatment. Dermatology 196 2 (1998) 274
14. Braakhuis B.J., Tabor M.B., Kummer J.A., et al. A genetic explanation of Slaughter's concept of field cancerization: evidence and clinical implications. Cancer Res 63 8 (2003) 1727-1730
15. Glogau R.G. The risk of progression to invasive disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 42 1 Pt 2 (2000) 23-24
16. Marks R., Rennie G., and Selwood T.S. Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet 1 8589 (1988) 795-797
17. Callen J.P., Bickers D.R., and Moy R.L. Actinic keratoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 36 4 (1997) 650-653
18. Mullen J.T., Feng L., Xing Y., et al. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: defining a high-risk group. Ann Surg Oncol 13 7 (2006) 902-909
19. Perrem K., Lynch A., Al Nooh F., et al. The different telomere lengths in basal and squamous cell carcinomas also differ between the nontransplant and renal transplant population. Hum Pathol 39 7 (2008) 1034-1041
20. Kossard S., and Rosen R. Cutaneous Bowen's disease. An analysis of 1001 cases according to age, sex, and site. J Am Acad Dermatol 27 3 (1992) 406-410
21. Leibovitch I., Huilgol S.C., Selva D., et al. Cutaneous squamous carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease): treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 6 (2005) 997-1002
22. Reizner G.T., Chuang T.Y., Elpern D.J., et al. Bowen's disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ) in Kauai, Hawaii. A population-based incidence report. J Am Acad Dermatol 31 4 (1994) 596-600
23. Cox N.H., Eedy D.J., and Morton C.A. Guidelines for management of Bowen's disease. British Association of Dermatologists. Br J Dermatol 141 4 (1999) 633-641
24. Management of Bowen's disease of the skin. Drug Ther Bull 2004;42(2):13-6.
25. Foote J.A., Harris R.B., Giuliano A.R., et al. Predictors for cutaneous basal-and squamous-cell carcinoma among actinically damaged adults. Int J Cancer 95 1 (2001) 7-11
26. Cox N.H., Eedy D.J., and Morton C.A. Guidelines for management of Bowen's disease: 2006 update. Br J Dermatol 156 1 (2007) 11-21
27. Jaeger A.B., Gramkow A., Hjalgrim H., et al. Bowen disease and risk of subsequent malignant neoplasms: a population-based cohort study of 1147 patients. Arch Dermatol 135 7 (1999) 790-793
28. Jacobs D.M., Sandles L.G., and Leboit P.E. Sebaceous carcinoma arising from Bowen's disease of the vulva. Arch Dermatol 122 10 (1986) 1191-1193
29. Kao G.F. Carcinoma arising in Bowen's disease. Arch Dermatol 122 10 (1986) 1124-1126
30. Lear J.T., and Smith A.G. Basal cell carcinoma. Postgrad Med J 73 863 (1997) 538-542
31. Owens D.M., and Watt F.M. Contribution of stem cells and differentiated cells to epidermal tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 3 6 (2003) 444-451
32. Roewert-Huber J., Lange-Asschenfeldt B., Stockfleth E., et al. Epidemiology and aetiology of basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 157 Suppl. 2 (2007) 47-51
33. Cunneen T.S., Yong J.L., and Benger R. Lung metastases in a case of metatypical basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid: an illustrative case and literature review to heighten vigilance of its metastatic potential. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 36 5 (2008) 475-477
34. Buljan M., Bulat V., Situm M., et al. Variations in clinical presentation of basal cell carcinoma. Acta Clin Croat 47 1 (2008) 25-30
35. Lear W., Dahlke E., and Murray C.A. Basal cell carcinoma: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and associated risk factors. J Cutan Med Surg 11 1 (2007) 19-30
36. Scrivener Y., Grosshans E., and Cribier B. Variations of basal cell carcinomas according to gender, age, location and histopathological subtype. Br J Dermatol 147 1 (2002) 41-47
37. Swanbeck G., and Hillstrom L. Analysis of etiological factors of squamous cell skin cancer of different locations. 4. Concluding remarks. Acta Derm Venereol 51 2 (1971) 151-156
38. Wong C.S., Strange R.C., and Lear J.T. Basal cell carcinoma. BMJ 327 7418 (2003) 794-798
39. Marcil I., and Stern R.S. Risk of developing a subsequent nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a critical review of the literature and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol 136 12 (2000) 1524-1530
40. Ramachandran S., Fryer A.A., and Strange R.C. Genetic factors determining cutaneous basal cell carcinoma phenotype. Med Pediatr Oncol 36 5 (2001) 559-563
41. Ramachandran S., Fryer A.A., Smith A.G., et al. Basal cell carcinoma. Cancer 89 5 (2000) 1012-1018
42. Schmieder G.J., Yoshikawa T., Mata S.M., et al. Cumulative sunlight exposure and the risk of developing skin cancer in Florida. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 18 6 (1992) 517-522
43. Clairmont A., Sies H., Ramachandran S., et al. Association of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) null with numbers of basal cell carcinomas: use of a multivariate model to rank the relative importance of this polymorphism and those at other relevant loci. Carcinogenesis 20 7 (1999) 1235-1240
44. Lear J.T., Heagerty A.H., Smith A., et al. Multiple cutaneous basal cell carcinomas: glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1, GSTT1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP2D6, CYP1A1) polymorphisms influence tumour numbers and accrual. Carcinogenesis 17 9 (1996) 1891-1896
45. Ramachandran S., Hoban P.R., Ichii-Jones F., et al. Glutathione S-transferase GSTP1 and cyclin D1 genotypes: association with numbers of basal cell carcinomas in a patient subgroup at high-risk of multiple tumours. Pharmacogenetics 10 6 (2000) 545-556
46. von Domarus H., and Stevens P.J. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma. Report of five cases and review of 170 cases in the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 10 6 (1984) 1043-1060
47. Ting P.T., Kasper R., and Arlette J.P. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: report of two cases and literature review. J Cutan Med Surg 9 1 (2005) 10-15
48. Karthiga K.S., Sivapatha Sundharam B., and Manikandan R. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Indian J Dent Res 17 1 (2006) 50-53
49. Ahmed N., Salman M., and Mansoor M.A. Gorlin-Goltz syndrome. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 17 9 (2007) 568-569
50. Evans D.G., Ladusans E.J., Rimmer S., et al. Complications of the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: results of a population based study. J Med Genet 30 6 (1993) 460-464
51. Ortega Garcia de Amezaga A., Garcia Arregui O., Zepeda Nuno S., et al. Gorlin-Goltz syndrome: clinicopathologic aspects. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 13 6 (2008) E338-E343
52. Maroto M.R., Porras J.L., Saez R.S., et al. The role of the orthodontist in the diagnosis of Gorlin's syndrome. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 115 1 (1999) 89-98
53. Hansen J.P., Drake A.L., and Walling H.W. Bowen's Disease: a four-year retrospective review of epidemiology and treatment at a university center. Dermatol Surg 34 7 (2008) 878-883
54. McIntyre W.J., Downs M.R., and Bedwell S.A. Treatment options for actinic keratoses. Am Fam Physician 76 5 (2007) 667-671
55. Lawrence N., Cox S.E., Cockerell C.J., et al. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of Jessner's solution and 35% trichloroacetic acid vs 5% fluorouracil in the treatment of widespread facial actinic keratoses. Arch Dermatol 131 2 (1995) 176-181
56. Breuninger H., Sebastian G., Kortmann R.D., et al. Brief guidelines: basal cell carcinoma of the skin. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 4 5 (2006) 441-443
57. Jeffes E.W. Levulan: the first approved topical photosensitizer for the treatment of actinic keratosis. J Dermatolog Treat 13 Suppl. 1 (2002) S19-S23
58. Jeffes E.W., McCullough J.L., Weinstein G.D., et al. Photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses with topical aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride and fluorescent blue light. J Am Acad Dermatol 45 1 (2001) 96-104
59. Jeffes III E.W., and Tang E.H. Actinic keratosis. Current treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol 1 3 (2000) 167-179
60. Piacquadio D.J., Chen D.M., Farber H.F., et al. Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid topical solution and visible blue light in the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: investigator-blinded, phase 3, multicenter trials. Arch Dermatol 140 1 (2004) 41-46
61. Klein A., Babilas P., Karrer S., et al. Photodynamic therapy in dermatology-an Update 2008. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges (2008)
62. Morton C., Campbell S., Gupta G., et al. Intraindividual, right-left comparison of topical methyl aminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy and cryotherapy in subjects with actinic keratoses: a multicentre, randomized controlled study. Br J Dermatol 155 5 (2006) 1029-1036
63. Morton C., Horn M., Leman J., et al. Comparison of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy with cryotherapy or Fluorouracil for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in situ: results of a multicenter randomized trial. Arch Dermatol 142 6 (2006) 729-735
64. Morton C.A. Methyl aminolevulinate (Metvix) photodynamic therapy-practical pearls. J Dermatolog Treat 14 Suppl. 3 (2003) 23-26
65. Morton C.A. Methyl aminolevulinate: actinic keratoses and Bowen's disease. Dermatol Clin 25 1 (2007) 81-87
66. Braathen L.R., Szeimies R.M., Basset-Seguin N., et al. Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: an international consensus. International Society for Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology, 2005. J Am Acad Dermatol 56 1 (2007) 125-143
67. Patel G.K., Goodwin R., Chawla M., et al. Imiquimod 5% cream monotherapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 54 6 (2006) 1025-1032
68. Baptista J., Martinez C., Leite L., et al. Our PDT experience in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer over the last 7 years. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20 6 (2006) 693-697
69. 2 laser and a long-pulsed (810 nm) diode laser for squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Dermatol Surg 28 1 (2002) 97-99 [discussion 100]
70. Szeimies R.M., Karrer S., Radakovic-Fijan S., et al. Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl 5-aminolevulinate compared with cryotherapy for actinic keratosis: a prospective, randomized study. J Am Acad Dermatol 47 2 (2002) 258-262
71. de Berker D., McGregor J.M., and Hughes B.R. Guidelines for the management of actinic keratoses. Br J Dermatol 156 2 (2007) 222-230
72. Chiarello S.E. Cryopeeling (extensive cryosurgery) for treatment of actinic keratoses: an update and comparison. Dermatol Surg 26 8 (2000) 728-732
73. Freeman R.G., Knox J.M., and Heaton C.L. The treatment of skin cancer. A statistical study of 1,341 skin tumors comparing results obtained with irradiation, surgery, and curettage followed by electrodesiccation. Cancer 17 (1964) 535-538
74. Zide M.F. Actinic keratosis: from the skin to the lip. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66 6 (2008) 1162-1176
75. Spira M., Freeman R., Arfai P., et al. Clinical comparison of chemical peeling dermabrasion, and 5-fu for senile keratoses. Plast Reconstr Surg 46 1 (1970) 61-66
76. Winton G.B., and Salasche S.J. Dermabrasion of the scalp as a treatment for actinic damage. J Am Acad Dermatol 14 4 (1986) 661-668
77. Trimas S.J., Ellis D.A., and Metz R.D. The carbon dioxide laser. An alternative for the treatment of actinically damaged skin. Dermatol Surg 23 10 (1997) 885-889
78. Rivers J.K., Arlette J., Shear N., et al. Topical treatment of actinic keratoses with 3.0% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel. Br J Dermatol 146 1 (2002) 94-100
79. Witheiler D.D., Lawrence N., Cox S.E., et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of Jessner's solution and 35% trichloroacetic acid vs 5% fluorouracil in the treatment of widespread facial actinic keratoses. Dermatol Surg 23 3 (1997) 191-196
80. Misiewicz J., Sendagorta E., Golebiowska A., et al. Topical treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face with arotinoid methyl sulfone (Ro 14-9706) cream versus tretinoin cream: a double-blind, comparative study. J Am Acad Dermatol 24 3 (1991) 448-451
81. Olsen E.A., Abernethy M.L., Kulp-Shorten C., et al. A double-blind, vehicle-controlled study evaluating masoprocol cream in the treatment of actinic keratoses on the head and neck. J Am Acad Dermatol 24 5 Pt 1 (1991) 738-743
82. Burgess G.H., Bloch A., Stoll H., et al. Effect of topical tubercidin on basal cell carcinomas and actinic keratoses. Cancer 34 2 (1974) 250-253
83. Edwards L., Levine N., and Smiles K.A. The effect of topical interferon alpha 2b on actinic keratoses. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 16 5 (1990) 446-449
84. Edwards L., Levine N., Weidner M., et al. Effect of intralesional alpha 2-interferon on actinic keratoses. Arch Dermatol 122 7 (1986) 779-782
85. Cham B.E., Daunter B., and Evans R.A. Topical treatment of malignant and premalignant skin lesions by very low concentrations of a standard mixture (BEC) of solasodine glycosides. Cancer Lett 59 3 (1991) 183-192
86. Moon T.E., Levine N., Cartmel B., et al. Effect of retinol in preventing squamous cell skin cancer in moderate-risk subjects: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, Southwest Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6 11 (1997) 949-956
87. Alberts D., Ranger-Moore J., Einspahr J., et al. Safety and efficacy of dose-intensive oral vitamin A in subjects with sun-damaged skin. Clin Cancer Res 10 6 (2004) 1875-1880
88. Stritt A., Merk H.F., Braathen L.R., et al. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratosis. Photochem Photobiol 84 2 (2008) 388-398
89. Morton C.A., Brown S.B., Collins S., et al. Guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy: report of a workshop of the British Photodermatology Group. Br J Dermatol 146 4 (2002) 552-567
90. Naylor M.F., Boyd A., Smith D.W., et al. High sun protection factor sunscreens in the suppression of actinic neoplasia. Arch Dermatol 131 2 (1995) 170-175
91. Moriarty M., Dunn J., Darragh A., et al. Etretinate in treatment of actinic keratosis. A double-blind crossover study. Lancet 1 8268 (1982) 364-365
92. Morton C.A., Whitehurst C., Moseley H., et al. Comparison of photodynamic therapy with cryotherapy in the treatment of Bowen's disease. Br J Dermatol 135 5 (1996) 766-771
93. Ahmed I., Berth-Jones J., Charles-Holmes S., et al. Comparison of cryotherapy with curettage in the treatment of Bowen's disease: a prospective study. Br J Dermatol 143 4 (2000) 759-766
94. Blank A.A., and Schnyder U.W. Soft-X-ray therapy in Bowen's disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat. Dermatologica 171 2 (1985) 89-94
95. Dupree M.T., Kiteley R.A., Weismantle K., et al. Radiation therapy for Bowen's disease: lessons for lesions of the lower extremity. J Am Acad Dermatol 45 3 (2001) 401-404
96. Tantikun N. Treatment of Bowen's disease of the digit with carbon dioxide laser. J Am Acad Dermatol 43 6 (2000) 1080-1083
97. Ormerod A.D. Recommendations in British Association of Dermatologists guidelines. Br J Dermatol 153 3 (2005) 477-478
98. Smith C.H., Anstey A.V., Barker J.N., et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for use of biological interventions in psoriasis 2005. Br J Dermatol 153 3 (2005) 486-497