Inpatient management of alcohol withdrawal: A practical approach

Signa Vitae

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 24-29

  Chabria, Shiven B ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Addiction; Critical care; Pathophysiology; Pharmacology; Substance abuse

Indexed keywords

BACLOFEN; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUTYROPHENONE DERIVATIVE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE; CLOMETHIAZOLE; DIAZEPAM; LORAZEPAM; OXAZEPAM; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE; PROPOFOL; THIAMINE;

ADD ON THERAPY; ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DELIRIUM; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; KORSAKOFF PSYCHOSIS; LUMBAR PUNCTURE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; WERNICKE ENCEPHALOPATHY; WITHDRAWAL SEIZURE;

EID: 77749287988     PISSN: 13345605     EISSN: 1845206X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.22514/SV31.042008.3     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. Harwood HJ. Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the United States: estimates, update methods and data. Report prepared by The Lewin Group for the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2000.
2. O'Connor PG, Schottenfeld RS. Patients with alcohol problems. N Engl J Med 1998;338:592-602.
3. Isbell H, Fraser HF, Wikler A, Belleville RE, Eisenman AJ. An experimental study of the etiology of rum fits and delirium tremens. Q J Stud Alcohol 1955;16:1-33.
4. Turner RC, Lichstein PR, Peden JG Jr, Busher JT, Waivers LE. Alcohol withdrawal syndromes: A review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment. J Gen Intern Med 1989;4:432-44.
5. Hawley RJ, Major LF, Schulman EA, Linnoila M. Cerebrospinal fluid 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and norepinephrine levels in alcohol withdrawal. Correlations with clinical signs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:1056-62.
6. Mantere T, Tupala E, Hall H, Särkioja T, Räsänen P, Bergström K, et al, editors. Serotonin transporter distribution and density in the cerebral cortex of alcoholic and nonalcoholic comparison subjects: a whole-hemisphere autoradiography study. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:599-602.
7. Victor M. The role of hypomagnesemia and respiratory alkalosis in the genesis of alcohol-withdrawal symptoms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973;215:235-48.
8. Carlson RW, Keske B, Cortez A. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: alleviating symptoms, preventing progression. J Crit Illness 1998;13(5):311-7.
9. Saitz R, O'Malley SS. Pharmacotherapies for alcohol abuse. Withdrawal and treatment. Med Clin North Am 1997;81:881-907.
10. Mayo-Smith MF, Beecher LH, Fischer TL, Gorelick DA, Guillaume JL, Hill A, et al, editors. Management of alcohol withdrawal delirium: an evidence-based practice guideline. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1405-12.
11. Kirkwood CK, Melton ST. Anxiety disorders. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al, editors. Pharmacotherapy: a Pathophysiologic Approach. 5th ed. 2002;71:1289-310.
12. Daeppen JB, Gache P, Landry U, Sekera E, Schweizer V, Gloor S, et al, editors. Symptom-triggered vs fixed-schedule doses of benzodiazepine for alcohol withdrawal: a randomized treatment trial. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1117-21.
13. Sullivan JT, Sykora K, Schneiderman J, Naranjo CA, Sellers EM. Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: The revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar). Br J Addict 1989;84:1353-7.
14. Bostwick JM, Lapid MI. False positives on the clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol-revised: is this scale appropriate for use in the medically ill? Psychosomatics 2004;45:256-61.
15. Cagetti E, Liang J, Spigelman I, Olsen RW. Withdrawal from chronic intermittent ethanol treatment changes subunit composition, reduces synaptic function, and decreases behavioral responses to positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2003;63:53-64.
16. McCowan C, Marik P. Refractory delirium tremens treated with propofol: A case series. Crit Care Med 2000;28:1781-4.
17. Coomes TR, Smith SW. Successful use of propofol in refractory delirium tremens. Ann Emerg Med 1997;30:825-8.
18. Mayo-Smith MF. Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal. JAMA 1997; 278:144-51.
19. Colombo G, Serra S, Brunetti G, Vacca G, Carai MA, Gessa GL. Suppression by baclofen of alcohol deprivation effect in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;70:105-8.
20. Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, Janiri L, Bernardi M, Agabio R, et al, editors. Rapid suppression of alcohol withdrawal syndrome by baclofen. Am J Med 2002;112:226-9.
21. Stuppaeck CH, Pycha R, Miller C, Whitworth AB, Oberbauer H, Fleischhacker WW. Carbamazepine versus oxazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal: a double-blind study. Alcohol 1992;27:153-8.
22. Malcolm R, Ballenger JC, Sturgis ET, Anton R. Double-blind controlled trial comparing carbamazepine to oxazepam treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:617-21.
23. Malcolm R, Myrick H, Roberts J, Wang W, Anton RF, Ballenger JC. The effects of carbamazepine and lorazepam on single versus multiple previous alcohol withdrawals in an outpatient randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 2002;17:349-55.
24. Polycarpou A, Papanikolaou P, Ioannidis J, Contopoulos-Ioannidis D. Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3):CD005064.
25. Gasior M, Witkin JM, Goldberg SR, Munzar P. Chlormethiazole potentiates the discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;494:183-9.
26. Morgan MY. The management of alcohol withdrawal using chlormethiazole. Alcohol 1995;30:771-4.
27. Schied HW, Kimmerle K, Braunschweiger M. A retrospective comparison of delirium tremens cases before and after the availability of chlormethiazole. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1986;329:157-61.
28. Shaw GK. Chlormethiazole in the management of alcohol withdrawal. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1986;329:162-6.
29. Heinemann F, Assion HJ. Hepatotoxic side-effect of clomethiazole. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996 ;29:196-7.
30. Nimmerrichter AA, Walter H, Gutierrez-Lobos KE, Lesch OM. Double-blind controlled trial of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and clomethiazole in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol 2002;37:67-73.
31. Myrick H, Brady KT, Malcolm R. Divalproex in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2000;26:155-60.
32. Myrick H, Malcolm R, Brady KT. Gabapentin treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1632.
33. Voris J, Smith NL, Rao SM, Thorne DL, Flowers QJ. Gabapentin for the treatment of ethanol withdrawal. Subst Abus 2003;24:129-32.
34. Lieber CS. Medical disorders of alcoholism. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1058-65.