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Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 63-80

On international arbitrations for the settlement of boundary maritime delimitation disputes and disputes from joint development agreements for the exploitation of offshore natural resources

Author keywords

Arbitration; Maritime boundary delimitation; Natural resources

Indexed keywords

EXPLOITATION; INTERNATIONAL LAW; MARITIME BOUNDARY; NATURAL RESOURCE; SEAFLOOR; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 77649301200     PISSN: 09273522     EISSN: 15718085     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/092735210X12589554057569     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (7)

References (117)
  • 3
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    • A Broad Framework for the Exploration of South China Sea Hydrocarbon Deposits in the Context of the Trans-Asean Gas Pipeline: An Exploration Framework for the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline
    • at
    • C.M. Flynn, 'A Broad Framework for the Exploration of South China Sea Hydrocarbon Deposits in the Context of the Trans-Asean Gas Pipeline: An Exploration Framework for the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline', (2004) 5 Melbourne Journal of International Law 66-107 at 66.
    • (2004) Melbourne Journal of International Law , vol.5
    • Flynn, C.M.1
  • 4
    • 77649276781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Especially in the case of hydrocarbon deposits
    • Especially in the case of hydrocarbon deposits.
  • 5
    • 84964338720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, in 1995 the armed forces of Eritrea and Yemen clashed on Greater Hanish Island, situated in the Red Sea between their mainland coasts, and one of a number of barren and uninhabited islands, islets and rocks over which sovereignty was contended. The parties agreed to settle the dispute peaceably and in October 1996 concluded an arbitration agreement establishing a five-member arbitral tribunal to rule in accordance with international law. This was the first case adjudicating maritime delimitation by applying the LOSC as conventional law; see M.D. Evans, 'The Maritime Delimitation Between Eritrea and Yemen', (2001) 14 Leiden Journal of International Law 141-170 at 141;
    • For example, in 1995 the armed forces of Eritrea and Yemen clashed on Greater Hanish Island, situated in the Red Sea between their mainland coasts, and one of a number of barren and uninhabited islands, islets and rocks over which sovereignty was contended. The parties agreed to settle the dispute peaceably and in October 1996 concluded an arbitration agreement establishing a five-member arbitral tribunal to rule in accordance with international law. This was the first case adjudicating maritime delimitation by applying the LOSC as conventional law; see M.D. Evans, 'The Maritime Delimitation Between Eritrea and Yemen', (2001) 14 Leiden Journal of International Law 141-170 at 141;
  • 6
    • 85015626576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N.S. Marques Antunes, 'The 1999 Eritrea-Yemen Maritime Delimitation Award and the Development of International Law', (2001) 50(2) ICLQ 299-344 at 312.
    • N.S. Marques Antunes, 'The 1999 Eritrea-Yemen Maritime Delimitation Award and the Development of International Law', (2001) 50(2) ICLQ 299-344 at 312.
  • 7
    • 77649296600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In accordance with Article 38 of the statute of the ICJ
    • In accordance with Article 38 of the statute of the ICJ.
  • 8
    • 77649331795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 77-79;
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 77-79;
  • 9
    • 15044351369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifting the Veils of Equity in Maritime Entitlements: Equidistance with Proportionality Around the Islands
    • at
    • Ph. Kozyris, 'Lifting the Veils of Equity in Maritime Entitlements: Equidistance with Proportionality Around the Islands', (1998) 26 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 319-388 at 338.
    • (1998) Denver Journal of International Law and Policy , vol.26
    • Kozyris, P.1
  • 10
    • 84962120860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T.A. Mensah, 'Joint Development Zones as an Alternative Dispute Settlement Approach in Maritime Boundary Delimitation', in R. Lagoni, D. Vignes (eds.), Maritime Delimitation (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden and Boston, 2006), 143-151 at 145.
    • T.A. Mensah, 'Joint Development Zones as an Alternative Dispute Settlement Approach in Maritime Boundary Delimitation', in R. Lagoni, D. Vignes (eds.), Maritime Delimitation (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden and Boston, 2006), 143-151 at 145.
  • 12
    • 77649279906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A.E. Batista, A. Ifesi-Okoye, S. Mahmud, J. Ross, T. Walde, 'Cross-Border Unitization and Joint Development Agreements: An International Law Perspective', (2007) 29(2) Houston Journal of International Law 355-422 at 370-371.
    • A.E. Batista, A. Ifesi-Okoye, S. Mahmud, J. Ross, T. Walde, 'Cross-Border Unitization and Joint Development Agreements: An International Law Perspective', (2007) 29(2) Houston Journal of International Law 355-422 at 370-371.
  • 13
    • 77649311794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 90-91.
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 90-91.
  • 14
    • 77649279024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Batista et al., op. cit., supra note 9 at 370-371.
    • Batista et al., op. cit., supra note 9 at 370-371.
  • 15
    • 77649301589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 90-91.
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 90-91.
  • 16
    • 77649328329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 17
    • 77649295983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Batista et al., op. cit., supra note 9 at 419.
    • Batista et al., op. cit., supra note 9 at 419.
  • 18
    • 77649295348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations, Handbook on the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs (United Nations, New York, 2000), at 3 (hereinafter UN Handbook).
    • United Nations, Handbook on the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs (United Nations, New York, 2000), at 3 (hereinafter UN Handbook).
  • 19
    • 77649306058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 1.
  • 20
    • 77649286922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 3.
  • 21
    • 77649318044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 1.
  • 22
    • 77649312410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 85.
  • 23
    • 77649283695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 1.
  • 24
    • 77649295660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ways for parties to have an exchange of views include: via the diplomatic channels, or via the simple exchange of views by any other peaceful means of their choice; ibid., at 86.
    • Ways for parties to have an "exchange of views" include: via the diplomatic channels, or via the simple exchange of views by any other peaceful means of their choice; ibid., at 86.
  • 25
    • 77649281421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Good offices is a procedure under international law, contemplated in international instruments such as the 1948 American Treaty on Pacific Settlement of Disputes (Pact of Bogotá), which shares characteristics with mediation in that its aim is basically to facilitate the negotiations between the parties to a dispute; ibid., at 86.
    • "Good offices" is a procedure under international law, contemplated in international instruments such as the 1948 American Treaty on Pacific Settlement of Disputes (Pact of Bogotá), which shares characteristics with mediation in that its aim is basically to facilitate the negotiations between the parties to a dispute; ibid., at 86.
  • 26
    • 77649283049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Although recourse to enquiry by a third party cannot be expected to play a significant role in the specific context of disputes concerning maritime boundary delimitation, nevertheless, and due to the technical expertise of the party selected, it may constitute an effective means of resolving discrepancies related to questions of fact which may have a direct bearing on the drawing of the line of delimitation; ibid, at 87-88
    • Although recourse to "enquiry" by a third party cannot be expected to play a significant role in the specific context of disputes concerning maritime boundary delimitation, nevertheless, and due to the technical expertise of the party selected, it may constitute an effective means of resolving discrepancies related to questions of fact which may have a direct bearing on the drawing of the line of delimitation; ibid., at 87-88.
  • 27
    • 77649325821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 85-89.
  • 28
    • 77649333961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 85.
  • 29
    • 77649310000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • Ibid., at 18.
  • 30
    • 77649333049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Weil, The Law of Maritime Delimitation - Reflections (Cambridge, Grotius Publications Ltd., 1989), at 7.
    • P. Weil, The Law of Maritime Delimitation - Reflections (Cambridge, Grotius Publications Ltd., 1989), at 7.
  • 31
    • 77649326726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.;
  • 32
    • 77649326434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Handbook, op. cit., supra note 15 at 18.
    • UN Handbook, op. cit., supra note 15 at 18.
  • 33
    • 77649315561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Handbook, ibid., at 18;
    • UN Handbook, ibid., at 18;
  • 34
    • 77649298216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case Concerning the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, Decision of 14 February 1985, p. 193 §120, in UNRIAA, XIX;
    • Case Concerning the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, Decision of 14 February 1985, p. 193 §120, in UNRIAA, Vol. XIX;
  • 35
    • 77649322514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Sea Continental Shelf Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 48 § 88;
    • North Sea Continental Shelf Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 48 § 88;
  • 36
    • 77649309656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 60 § 71.
    • Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 60 § 71.
  • 37
    • 77649305175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Handbook, ibid., at 18.
    • UN Handbook, ibid., at 18.
  • 38
    • 77649320610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Sea Continental Shelf Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 51 § 96.
    • North Sea Continental Shelf Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 51 § 96.
  • 39
    • 77649330900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Handbook, op. cit., supra note 15 at 25, 35;
    • UN Handbook, op. cit., supra note 15 at 25, 35;
  • 40
    • 77649287888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Weil, 'Geographical Considerations in Maritime Delimitation', in J.I. Charney, L.M. Alexander (eds.), International Maritime Boundaries, The American Society of International Law, I, 115-126 at 115;
    • P. Weil, 'Geographical Considerations in Maritime Delimitation', in J.I. Charney, L.M. Alexander (eds.), International Maritime Boundaries, The American Society of International Law, Vol. I, 115-126 at 115;
  • 41
    • 0041565670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Use of Geophysical Factors in the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries', in Charney and Alexander
    • at
    • K. Highet, 'The Use of Geophysical Factors in the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries', in Charney and Alexander, ibid., 163-202 at 163.
    • , vol.163-202 , pp. 163
    • Highet, K.1
  • 42
    • 77649286301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Handbook, ibid., at 37;
    • UN Handbook, ibid., at 37;
  • 43
    • 0038882924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic and Environmental Considerations in Maritime Boundary Delimitations', in Charney and Alexander
    • at
    • B. Kwiatkowska, 'Economic and Environmental Considerations in Maritime Boundary Delimitations', in Charney and Alexander, ibid., 75-114 at 75.
    • , vol.75-114 , pp. 75
    • Kwiatkowska, B.1
  • 44
    • 77649281100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Handbook, ibid., at 42;
    • UN Handbook, ibid., at 42;
  • 45
    • 77649281740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political, Strategic and Historical Considerations', in Charney and Alexander
    • at
    • B.H. Oxman, 'Political, Strategic and Historical Considerations', in Charney and Alexander, ibid., 3-41 at 41.
    • , vol.3-41 , pp. 41
    • Oxman, B.H.1
  • 46
    • 77649316506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UN Handbook, ibid., at 44.
    • UN Handbook, ibid., at 44.
  • 48
    • 77649286601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 98.
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 98.
  • 51
    • 77649310554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The incorporation of private rights into international dispute resolution mechanisms can actually strengthen the integrity of the underlying agreement, rather than weaken it; see G. McKenzie, ICSID Arbitration as a Strategy for Leveling the Playing Field between International Non-Governmental Organizations and Host States, 1993 19 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 197-234 at 217;
    • The incorporation of private rights into international dispute resolution mechanisms can actually strengthen the integrity of the underlying agreement, rather than weaken it; see G. McKenzie, 'ICSID Arbitration as a Strategy for Leveling the Playing Field between International Non-Governmental Organizations and Host States', (1993) 19 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 197-234 at 217;
  • 52
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    • Democracy and Dispute Resolution: Individual Rights in International Trade Organizations
    • A. Schneider, 'Democracy and Dispute Resolution: Individual Rights in International Trade Organizations', (1998) 19 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law 587-638;
    • (1998) University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law , vol.19 , pp. 587-638
    • Schneider, A.1
  • 54
    • 77649280509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the Energy Charter Treaty, Energy Charter Secretariat, 'The Energy Charter Treaty and Related Documents', Belgium, 2004, available at: www.encharter.org.
    • For example, the Energy Charter Treaty, Energy Charter Secretariat, 'The Energy Charter Treaty and Related Documents', Belgium, 2004, available at: www.encharter.org.
  • 56
  • 57
    • 77649329365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article ()d
    • Ibid., Article 13(1)(d).
    • Ibid , vol.13 , Issue.1
  • 58
    • 77649296901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICSID Convention, Regulations and Rules
    • International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, /April, Washington, DC, U.S.A, available at
    • International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, 'ICSID Convention, Regulations and Rules' ICSID 15/April 2006, Washington, DC, U.S.A., available at: http://icsid.world-bank.org/ICSID/StaticFiles/basicdoc/ CCR-English-final.pdf.
    • (2006) ICSID 15
  • 59
    • 77649288854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 103-105.
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 103-105.
  • 60
    • 77649304603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, op. cit., supra note 45.
    • International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, op. cit., supra note 45.
  • 61
    • 77649304279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 62
    • 77649313036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
  • 63
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    • The Legal Reasoning of ICSID Tribunals - An Empirical Analysis
    • at
    • O.K. Fauchald, 'The Legal Reasoning of ICSID Tribunals - An Empirical Analysis', (2008) Eur. J. Int'l L. 19:301-368 at 305.
    • (2008) Eur. J. Int'l L , vol.19 , Issue.301-368 , pp. 305
    • Fauchald, O.K.1
  • 64
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    • H. Fox QC, P. McDade et al., 'Joint Development of Offshore Oil and Gas', I, January 1989, BIICL, http://www.biicl.org/publications/view/-/ id/33/.
    • H. Fox QC, P. McDade et al., 'Joint Development of Offshore Oil and Gas', Vol. I, January 1989, BIICL, http://www.biicl.org/publications/view/-/ id/33/.
  • 65
    • 77649333671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • But it is not the only means. States may accept the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice as the numerous examples of joint development agreements (Kuwait/Saudi Arabia and Sudan/Saudi Arabia joint development agreements) have demonstrated; Bathurst, op. cit., supra note 1 at 288.
    • But it is not the only means. States may accept the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice as the numerous examples of joint development agreements (Kuwait/Saudi Arabia and Sudan/Saudi Arabia joint development agreements) have demonstrated; Bathurst, op. cit., supra note 1 at 288.
  • 67
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    • UN Handbook, op. cit., supra note 15 at 90-92.
    • UN Handbook, op. cit., supra note 15 at 90-92.
  • 68
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    • T. Treves, 'What Have the United Nations Convention and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to Offer as Regards Maritime Delimitation Disputes?', in Lagoni and Vignes, op. cit., supra note 7, 63-78 at 69.
    • T. Treves, 'What Have the United Nations Convention and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to Offer as Regards Maritime Delimitation Disputes?', in Lagoni and Vignes, op. cit., supra note 7, 63-78 at 69.
  • 69
    • 77649324639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the early 1970s
    • From the early 1970s.
  • 70
    • 77649280796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bathurst, op. cit., supra note 1 at 289;
    • Bathurst, op. cit., supra note 1 at 289;
  • 71
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    • UN Handbook, op. cit., supra note 15 at 90-92.
    • UN Handbook, op. cit., supra note 15 at 90-92.
  • 72
    • 77649313355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are numerous other examples of arbitrations conducted to resolve maritime boundary delimitation issues. To name but a few: the Guinea-Guinea Bissau arbitration, the North Sea arbitration, the Tunisia-Libya arbitration, the Libya-Malta arbitration, and the Anglo-French arbitration
    • There are numerous other examples of arbitrations conducted to resolve maritime boundary delimitation issues. To name but a few: the Guinea-Guinea Bissau arbitration, the North Sea arbitration, the Tunisia-Libya arbitration, the Libya-Malta arbitration, and the Anglo-French arbitration.
  • 73
    • 77649320316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rendered unanimously by the arbitral tribunal
    • Rendered unanimously by the arbitral tribunal.
  • 74
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    • The Eritrea/Yemen Arbitration: Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation
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    • B. Kwiatkowska, 'The Eritrea/Yemen Arbitration: Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation', (2000) IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin 65-86 at 65.
    • (2000) IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin , vol.65-86 , pp. 65
    • Kwiatkowska, B.1
  • 75
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    • It confirmed the pre-eminence of evidence of actual and effective occupation as a source of title to territory over claims of historic title, as developed by the ICJ and other courts and tribunals; ibid., at 78.
    • It confirmed the pre-eminence of evidence of actual and effective occupation as a source of title to territory over claims of historic title, as developed by the ICJ and other courts and tribunals; ibid., at 78.
  • 78
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    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 95.
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 95.
  • 79
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    • In either case, parties can agree on various details, such as the date and venue of the proceedings, the possibility of an appellate procedure following the award by the arbitral tribunal, the imposition of tight limits for the introduction of the pleadings, the oral proceedings and the delivery of the award, the creation of exceptional procedures as regards documents and witnesses, the elimination of incidental proceedings such as provisional measures, and the prevention of third-party intervention which entails delays; see UN Handbook, op. cit., supra note 15 at 90-92;
    • In either case, parties can agree on various details, such as the date and venue of the proceedings, the possibility of an appellate procedure following the award by the arbitral tribunal, the imposition of tight limits for the introduction of the pleadings, the oral proceedings and the delivery of the award, the creation of exceptional procedures as regards documents and witnesses, the elimination of incidental proceedings such as provisional measures, and the prevention of third-party intervention which entails delays; see UN Handbook, op. cit., supra note 15 at 90-92;
  • 80
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    • Bathurst, op. cit., supra note 1 at 289.
    • Bathurst, op. cit., supra note 1 at 289.
  • 81
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    • Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration
    • Summer, at
    • D. Rushworth, 'Mapping in Support of Frontier Arbitration', (Summer 1996) IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin, 60-61 at 60.
    • (1996) IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin , vol.60-61 , pp. 60
    • Rushworth, D.1
  • 82
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    • See, accessed 26 February 2009
    • See www.worldbank.org/icsid/highlights/bluefintuna/main.htm, accessed 26 February 2009.
  • 83
    • 77649283990 scopus 로고
    • Commission for the Conservation of Southern BlueFin Tuna, 10 May, Canberra, Australia, available at
    • Commission for the Conservation of Southern BlueFin Tuna, Text of the Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna, 10 May 1993, Canberra, Australia, available at: http://www.ccsbt.org/docs/pdf/about-the-commission/ convention.pdf.
    • (1993) Text of the Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
  • 84
    • 77649306056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The arbitral tribunal noted that whilst in its view the case involved fell within the provisions of the 1993 CCSBT, some provisions of the 1982 LOSC, such as Article 117 (on state parties' obligations to take measures against their nationals necessary for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas in general, or Article 119 (barring discrimination in form or fact against the fishermen of any state, had no corresponding provision in the 1993 CCBST, and, therefore, the dispute arose under both conventions; H. Fujita, Chevauchements Jurisdic-tionels et Tribunaux Internationaux, in N. Ando, E. McWhinney, R. Wolfrum (eds, Liber Amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda, I Kluwer Law International, Leiden, 2002, 575-586;
    • The arbitral tribunal noted that whilst in its view the case involved fell within the provisions of the 1993 CCSBT, some provisions of the 1982 LOSC, such as Article 117 (on state parties' obligations to take measures against their nationals necessary for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas in general, or Article 119 (barring discrimination in form or fact against the fishermen of any state), had no corresponding provision in the 1993 CCBST, and, therefore, the dispute arose under both conventions; H. Fujita, 'Chevauchements Jurisdic-tionels et Tribunaux Internationaux', in N. Ando, E. McWhinney, R. Wolfrum (eds.), Liber Amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda, Vol. I (Kluwer Law International, Leiden, 2002), 575-586;
  • 85
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    • R. Wolfrum, 'Konkurriende Zuständigkeiten internationaler Streitentscheidungsinstanzen: Notwendigkeit für Lösungsmö glichkeiten und deren Grenzen', in: Ando et al., ibid., 651-663 at 660-663;
    • R. Wolfrum, 'Konkurriende Zuständigkeiten internationaler Streitentscheidungsinstanzen: Notwendigkeit für Lösungsmö glichkeiten und deren Grenzen', in: Ando et al., ibid., 651-663 at 660-663;
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    • The Southern Bluefin Tuna Case and Dispute Settlement Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, A Japanese Perspective
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    • N. Ando, 'The Southern Bluefin Tuna Case and Dispute Settlement Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, A Japanese Perspective', in T.M. Ndiaye, R. Wolfrum (eds.), Law of the Sea, Environmental Law and Settlement of Disputes, Liber Ami-corum Judge Thomas A. Mensah (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden and Boston, 2007), 867-893;
    • (2007) Law of the Sea, Environmental Law and Settlement of Disputes, Liber Ami-corum Judge Thomas A. Mensah , pp. 867-893
    • Ando, N.1
  • 87
    • 77649318043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For further discussion of the Southern Bluefin Tuna case, see www.worldbank.org/icsid/highlights/bluefintuna/main.htm;
    • For further discussion of the Southern Bluefin Tuna case, see www.worldbank.org/icsid/highlights/bluefintuna/main.htm;
  • 89
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    • B. Kwiatkowska, 'International Decision Southern Bluefin Tuna', (2000) 94(1) American Journal of International Law 150-155;
    • B. Kwiatkowska, 'International Decision Southern Bluefin Tuna', (2000) 94(1) American Journal of International Law 150-155;
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    • B. Kwiatkowska, 'International Decision Southern Bluefin Tuna', (2001) 95(1) American Journal of International Law 162-171;
    • B. Kwiatkowska, 'International Decision Southern Bluefin Tuna', (2001) 95(1) American Journal of International Law 162-171;
  • 91
    • 77649319995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. Marr, 'The Southern Bluefin Tuna Case: the Precautionary Approach and Management of Fish Resources', (2000) 11(4) European Journal of International Law 815-831;
    • S. Marr, 'The Southern Bluefin Tuna Case: the Precautionary Approach and Management of Fish Resources', (2000) 11(4) European Journal of International Law 815-831;
  • 92
    • 77649282440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. Schwebel, 'The Bluefin Tuna Case', in Ando et al., ibid., at 743-748;
    • S. Schwebel, 'The Bluefin Tuna Case', in Ando et al., ibid., at 743-748;
  • 94
    • 77649308420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Peel, 'A Paper which Dissolves in the Rain? The Future for Resolving Fisheries under UNCLOS in the Aftermath of the Southern Bluefin Tuna Arbitration', (2002) 3(1) Melbourne Journal of International Law 53-78.
    • J. Peel, 'A Paper which Dissolves in the Rain? The Future for Resolving Fisheries under UNCLOS in the Aftermath of the Southern Bluefin Tuna Arbitration', (2002) 3(1) Melbourne Journal of International Law 53-78.
  • 95
    • 77649294741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B. Kwiatkowska, 'The Southern Bluefin Tuna Award (Jurisdiction and Admissibility)', in Ando et al., ibid., 697-730 at 705, 722;
    • B. Kwiatkowska, 'The Southern Bluefin Tuna Award (Jurisdiction and Admissibility)', in Ando et al., ibid., 697-730 at 705, 722;
  • 96
    • 77649280207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commission for the Conservation of Southern Blue-Fin Tuna, op. cit., supra note 67.
    • Commission for the Conservation of Southern Blue-Fin Tuna, op. cit., supra note 67.
  • 97
    • 77649286602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • So far as judicial settlement is concerned, the 1945 ICJ Statute and the Statute of the ITLOS (LOSC Annex VI) incorporate provisional measures and two forms of intervention in the provisions on procedure; S. Torres Bernández, 'Provisional Measures and Interventions in Maritime Delimitation Disputes', in: Lagoni and Vignes, op. cit., supra note 7, 33-62 at 35.
    • So far as judicial settlement is concerned, the 1945 ICJ Statute and the Statute of the ITLOS (LOSC Annex VI) incorporate provisional measures and two forms of intervention in the provisions on procedure; S. Torres Bernández, 'Provisional Measures and Interventions in Maritime Delimitation Disputes', in: Lagoni and Vignes, op. cit., supra note 7, 33-62 at 35.
  • 98
    • 77649305464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Articles 56, 84 of the Hague Conventions 1899 and 1907; International Commission of the Red Cross, Hague Convention II 1899 & International Commission of the Red Cross, Hague Convention III 1907, both available at: http://www.icrc.org/;
    • Articles 56, 84 of the Hague Conventions 1899 and 1907; International Commission of the Red Cross, Hague Convention II 1899 & International Commission of the Red Cross, Hague Convention III 1907, both available at: http://www.icrc.org/;
  • 100
    • 77649323372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Articles 33, 36, 37 of the General Act of 1928; 'General Act of 1928 on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes'(United Nations Treaty Series, 'General Act of 1928 on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes', United Nations, 1928, http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1-60000/26/7/00050347.pdf) revised in 1948; ibid., at 35.
    • Articles 33, 36, 37 of the General Act of 1928; 'General Act of 1928 on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes'(United Nations Treaty Series, 'General Act of 1928 on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes', United Nations, 1928, http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1-60000/26/7/00050347.pdf) revised in 1948; ibid., at 35.
  • 101
    • 77649296599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Law Commission, 'Model Rules on Arbitral Procedure with a General Commentary', 1958, U.N., 2005, available at: http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/ texts/instruments/english/commentaries/10-1-1958.pdf
    • International Law Commission, 'Model Rules on Arbitral Procedure with a General Commentary', 1958, U.N., 2005, available at: http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/ texts/instruments/english/commentaries/10-1-1958.pdf
  • 102
    • 77649314911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article 20;
    • Article 20;
  • 103
    • 77649283380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • at
    • ibid., at 35-36.
  • 104
    • 77649327348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Torres Bernández, op. cit., supra note 70, at 36.
    • Torres Bernández, op. cit., supra note 70, at 36.
  • 105
    • 77649311176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As per the ICJ case law records, such interim, provisional measures and intervention were sought in some of its cases; for example, in the El Salvador/Honduras dispute and in the Cameroon v Nigeria dispute; see ICJ Reports 1990, p. 92 and ICJ Reports 1999, p. 1029;
    • As per the ICJ case law records, such interim, provisional measures and intervention were sought in some of its cases; for example, in the El Salvador/Honduras dispute and in the Cameroon v Nigeria dispute; see ICJ Reports 1990, p. 92 and ICJ Reports 1999, p. 1029;
  • 106
    • 77649295347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • see also, at
    • see also Torres Bernández, in ibid., at 36-37.
    • ibid , pp. 36-37
    • Bernández, T.1
  • 107
    • 84972474738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J.G. Merrills, 'Interim Measures of Protection in the Recent Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice', (1995) 44(1) ICLQ 90-146 at 96-97.
    • J.G. Merrills, 'Interim Measures of Protection in the Recent Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice', (1995) 44(1) ICLQ 90-146 at 96-97.
  • 108
    • 77649333959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, op. cit., supra note 45, Articles 53(1), 54(1).
    • International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, op. cit., supra note 45, Articles 53(1), 54(1).
  • 110
    • 77649297224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 66.
    • Flynn, op. cit., supra note 2 at 66.
  • 111
    • 77649327961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lagoni and Vignes, op. cit., supra note 7 at Preface, p. vii.
    • Lagoni and Vignes, op. cit., supra note 7 at Preface, p. vii.
  • 112
    • 77649333672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the words of Ambassador Tommy Koh; see, at
    • In the words of Ambassador Tommy Koh; see Mensah, in ibid., at 143.
    • ibid , pp. 143
    • Mensah1
  • 113
    • 33751517976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) shall be addressed to the interested coastal state and the limits established on the basis of these recommendations shall be final and binding. With reference to legal rules, there is no doubt that many of them dealing with the continental shelf were or became customary. A few of them remain conventional because of their nature and multilateral implications, as, for example, those related to the access of non-states parties to the procedures on the delimitation of their own continental shelf; see V. Marotta Rangel, 'Settlement of Disputes Relating to the Delimitation of the Outer Continental Shelf: The Role of International Courts and Arbitral Tribunals,' (2006) 21(3) IJMCL 347-362 at 361-362.
    • The recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) shall be addressed to the interested coastal state and the limits established on the basis of these recommendations shall be final and binding. With reference to legal rules, there is no doubt that many of them dealing with the continental shelf were or became customary. A few of them remain conventional because of their nature and multilateral implications, as, for example, those related to the access of non-states parties to the procedures on the delimitation of their own continental shelf; see V. Marotta Rangel, 'Settlement of Disputes Relating to the Delimitation of the Outer Continental Shelf: The Role of International Courts and Arbitral Tribunals,' (2006) 21(3) IJMCL 347-362 at 361-362.
  • 114
    • 77649285258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CLCS is intended to act as an independent body, and it is composed of highly qualified scientists but not of legal experts
    • The CLCS is intended to act as an independent body, and it is composed of highly qualified scientists but not of legal experts.
  • 115
    • 77649299133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to the LOSC, the CLCS intends to accomplish its task without involvement in territorial or maritime disputes between or among states. Its task can be accomplished, since these disputes are settled beforehand. Therefore, the CLCS concurs indirectly in the improvement of tribunals' and courts' duties and performance. Before and even in the course of a coastal state delimitation procedure, disputes with other states can occur and be settled regardless of this particular procedure, such as those related to freedom of the high seas, laid down in LOSC Article 87. Judicial and arbitral control are admissible even after the recommendation of the CLCS, taking into account that the CLCS is bound by the LOSC. However, lacunae and shortcomings, as mentioned above, demand revision and correction; see Marotta Rangel, op. cit, supra note 83 at 361-362
    • According to the LOSC, the CLCS intends to accomplish its task without involvement in territorial or maritime disputes between or among states. Its task can be accomplished, since these disputes are settled beforehand. Therefore, the CLCS concurs indirectly in the improvement of tribunals' and courts' duties and performance. Before and even in the course of a coastal state delimitation procedure, disputes with other states can occur and be settled regardless of this particular procedure, such as those related to freedom of the high seas, laid down in LOSC Article 87. Judicial and arbitral control are admissible even after the recommendation of the CLCS, taking into account that the CLCS is bound by the LOSC. However, lacunae and shortcomings, as mentioned above, demand revision and correction; see Marotta Rangel, op. cit., supra note 83 at 361-362.
  • 116
    • 77649305767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Among these institutions the Meeting of States Parties should be included; ibid., at 361-362.
    • Among these institutions the Meeting of States Parties should be included; ibid., at 361-362.
  • 117
    • 77649313034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Such as a relatively higher degree of control over the composition and control of the arbitral tribunal as compared to that of an established court, a relatively shorter and quicker duration of the proceedings as compared to that of an established court, and a closed and private nature of the proceedings as opposed to the open character of the established court proceedings; see M.C.W. Pinto, 'Maritime Boundary Issues and Their Resolution, An Overview', in: Ando et al., op. cit., supra note 68, II, 1115-1142 at 1126-1127.
    • Such as a relatively higher degree of control over the composition and control of the arbitral tribunal as compared to that of an established court, a relatively shorter and quicker duration of the proceedings as compared to that of an established court, and a closed and private nature of the proceedings as opposed to the open character of the established court proceedings; see M.C.W. Pinto, 'Maritime Boundary Issues and Their Resolution, An Overview', in: Ando et al., op. cit., supra note 68, Vol. II, 1115-1142 at 1126-1127.


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