메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 137, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 3717-3743

The Impact of horizontal grid spacing on the microphysical and kinematic structures of strong tropical cyclones simulated with the WRF-ARW model

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AREAL COVERAGE; EYEWALL; GRID-SPACINGS; HORIZONTAL GRID SPACING; HURRICANE RITA; INITIAL CONDITIONS; INPUT DATAS; INTENSITY FORECASTS; KINEMATIC STRUCTURES; MASS FLUX; MICROPHYSICS; MINIMUM SURFACES; NUMERICAL MODELS; NUMERICAL SIMULATION; PHASE PARTICLES; PHYSICAL PARAMETERIZATION; RADIAL GRADIENT; SECONDARY CIRCULATION; SIMULATED STORMS; STORM INTENSITY; STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES; SURFACE FLUX; TROPICAL CYCLONE; WAVE NUMBERS; WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECASTING; WIND SPEED;

EID: 77649291904     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2009MWR2946.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (137)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 33748360695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hurricane Isabel (2003): New insights into the physics of intense storms. Part II: Extreme localized wind
    • Aberson, S. D., M. T. Montgomery, M. Bell, and M. Black, 2006: Hurricane Isabel (2003): New insights into the physics of intense storms. Part II: Extreme localized wind. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1349-1354.
    • (2006) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.87 , pp. 1349-1354
    • Aberson, S.D.1    Montgomery, M.T.2    Bell, M.3    Black, M.4
  • 2
    • 0030449116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical motion characteristics of tropical cyclones determined with airborne Doppler radial velocities
    • Black, M. L., R. W. Burpee, and F. D. Marks, 1996: Vertical motion characteristics of tropical cyclones determined with airborne Doppler radial velocities. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1887-1909.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 1887-1909
    • Black, M.L.1    Burpee, R.W.2    Marks, F.D.3
  • 3
    • 0025679641 scopus 로고
    • Radar reflectivity-ice water content relationships for use above the melting layer in hurricanes
    • Black, R. A., 1990: Radar reflectivity-ice water content relationships for use above the melting layer in hurricanes. J. Appl. Meteor., 29, 955-961.
    • (1990) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.29 , pp. 955-961
    • Black, R.A.1
  • 4
    • 0022830684 scopus 로고
    • Observations of the distribution of ice in hurricanes
    • Black, R. A., and J. Hallett, 1986: Observations of the distribution of ice in hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 802-822.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 802-822
    • Black, R.A.1    Hallett, J.2
  • 5
    • 0032717721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrification of the hurricane
    • Black, R. A., and J. Hallett, 1999: Electrification of the hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2004-2028.
    • (1999) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.56 , pp. 2004-2028
    • Black, R.A.1    Hallett, J.2
  • 6
    • 0036612047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storm structure and eyewall buoyancy
    • A cloud-resolving simulation of Hurricane Bob (1991)
    • Braun, S. A., 2002: A cloud-resolving simulation of Hurricane Bob (1991): Storm structure and eyewall buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1573-1592.
    • (2002) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 1573-1592
    • Braun, S.A.1
  • 7
    • 0034351538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of high-resolution simulations of Hurricane Bob (1991) to planetary boundary layer parameterizations
    • Braun, S. A., and W.-K. Tao, 2000: Sensitivity of high-resolution simulations of Hurricane Bob (1991) to planetary boundary layer parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3941-3961.
    • (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 3941-3961
    • Braun, S.A.1    Tao, W.-K.2
  • 9
    • 33745263044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical convergence in simulated moist absolutely unstable layers
    • Preprints, 11th Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, 1M.6. [Available online at]
    • Bryan, G. H., and R. Rotunno, 2005: Statistical convergence in simulated moist absolutely unstable layers. Preprints, 11th Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Albuquerque, NM, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1M.6. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/32Rad11Meso/techprogram/paper_96719.htm.]
    • (2005) Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Bryan, G.H.1    Rotunno, R.2
  • 10
    • 0242583091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution requirements for the simulation of deep moist convection
    • Bryan, G. H., J. C. Wyngaard, and J. M. Fritsch, 2003: Resolution requirements for the simulation of deep moist convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2394-2416.
    • (2003) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.131 , pp. 2394-2416
    • Bryan, G.H.1    Wyngaard, J.C.2    Fritsch, J.M.3
  • 11
    • 34247624180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CBLAST-Hurricane Programand the next-generation fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean models for hurricane research and prediction
    • Chen, S. S., J. F. Price, W. Zhao, M. A. Donelan, and E. J. Walsh, 2007: The CBLAST-Hurricane Programand the next-generation fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean models for hurricane research and prediction. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 311-317.
    • (2007) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.88 , pp. 311-317
    • Chen, S.S.1    Price, J.F.2    Zhao, W.3    Donelan, M.A.4    Walsh, E.J.5
  • 12
    • 33845437156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure and evolution of Hurricane Elena (1985). Part II: Convective asymmetries and evidence for vortex Rossby waves
    • Corbosiero, K. L., J. Molinari, A. R. Aiyyer, and M. L. Black, 2006: The structure and evolution of Hurricane Elena (1985). Part II: Convective asymmetries and evidence for vortex Rossby waves. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 3073-3091.
    • (2006) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.134 , pp. 3073-3091
    • Corbosiero, K.L.1    Molinari, J.2    Aiyyer, A.R.3    Black, M.L.4
  • 13
    • 43149087692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of landfalling hurricanes with the Advanced Hurricane WRF Model
    • and Coauthors
    • Davis, C., and Coauthors, 2008: Prediction of landfalling hurricanes with the Advanced Hurricane WRF Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 1990-2005.
    • (2008) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.136 , pp. 1990-2005
    • Davis, C.1
  • 14
    • 75149177267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sensitivity of hurricane simulations to the distribution of vertical levels
    • Preprints, 27th Conf. on Tropical Meteorology, Monterey, CA
    • Dougherty, F., and S. Kimball, 2006: The sensitivity of hurricane simulations to the distribution of vertical levels. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Tropical Meteorology, Monterey, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • (2006) Amer. Meteor. Soc
    • Dougherty, F.1    Kimball, S.2
  • 15
    • 0022848067 scopus 로고
    • An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclone. Part I: Steady state maintenance
    • Emanuel, K. A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclone. Part I: Steady state maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585-604.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 585-604
    • Emanuel, K.A.1
  • 16
    • 0024257230 scopus 로고
    • The maximum intensity of hurricanes
    • Emanuel, K. A., 1988: The maximum intensity of hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1143-1155.
    • (1988) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 1143-1155
    • Emanuel, K.A.1
  • 17
    • 33845415268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrification and lightning in an idealized boundary-crossing supercell simulation of 2 June 1995
    • Fierro, A. O., M. S. Gilmore, E. R. Mansell, L. J. Wicker, and J. M. Straka, 2006: Electrification and lightning in an idealized boundary-crossing supercell simulation of 2 June 1995. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 3149-3172.
    • (2006) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.134 , pp. 3149-3172
    • Fierro, A.O.1    Gilmore, M.S.2    Mansell, E.R.3    Wicker, L.J.4    Straka, J.M.5
  • 18
    • 35648945771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A high resolution simulation of the microphysics and electrification in an idealized hurricanelike vortex
    • doi:10.1007/s00703-006-0237-0
    • Fierro, A. O., L. M. Leslie, E. R. Mansell, J. M. Straka, D. R. MacGorman, and C. Ziegler, 2007: A high resolution simulation of the microphysics and electrification in an idealized hurricanelike vortex. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 98, 13-33, doi:10.1007/s00703-006-0237-0.
    • (2007) Meteor. Atmos. Phys. , vol.98 , pp. 13-33
    • Fierro, A.O.1    Leslie, L.M.2    Mansell, E.R.3    Straka, J.M.4    MacGorman, D.R.5    Ziegler, C.6
  • 19
    • 39749108051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulations of the electrification and microphysics of the weakly electrified 9th February 1993 TOGA COARE squall line, 2008: Comparisons with observations
    • Fierro, A. O., L. M. Leslie, E. R. Mansell, and J. M. Straka, 2008: Numerical simulations of the electrification and microphysics of the weakly electrified 9th February 1993 TOGA COARE squall line, 2008: Comparisons with observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 364-379.
    • (2008) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.136 , pp. 364-379
    • Fierro, A.O.1    Leslie, L.M.2    Mansell, E.R.3    Straka, J.M.4
  • 20
    • 73549094257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On how hot towers fuel the Hadley cell: Observational and modeling study of line-organized convection in the equatorial trough from TOGACOARE
    • Fierro, A. O., J. Simpson, M. A. LeMone, J. M. Straka, and B. F. Smull, 2009: On how hot towers fuel the Hadley cell: Observational and modeling study of line-organized convection in the equatorial trough from TOGACOARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2730-2746.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 2730-2746
    • Fierro, A.O.1    Simpson, J.2    LeMone, M.A.3    Straka, J.M.4    Smull, B.F.5
  • 21
    • 77649291360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of simulated tropical cyclone structure and intensity to horizontal resolution
    • in press
    • Gentry, M. S., and G. Lackmann, 2010: Sensitivity of simulated tropical cyclone structure and intensity to horizontal resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., in press.
    • (2010) Mon. Wea. Rev.
    • Gentry, M.S.1    Lackmann, G.2
  • 22
    • 75149153870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of tropical cyclone track forecast error for Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology
    • Monterey, CA, 11A.1
    • Goerss, J. S., 2006: Prediction of tropical cyclone track forecast error for Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma. Preprints, 27th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Monterey, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 11A.1.
    • (2006) Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Goerss, J.S.1
  • 23
    • 35648996013 scopus 로고
    • Colorado State University Rep., World Meteorological Organization
    • Gray, W. M., 1995: Tropical cyclones. Colorado State University Rep., World Meteorological Organization, 163 pp.
    • (1995) Tropical cyclones , pp. 163
    • Gray, W.M.1
  • 24
    • 33244493821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ice microphysics observations in Hurricane Humberto: Comparison with non-hurricane-generated ice cloud layers
    • Heymsfield, A. J., A. Bansemer, S. L. Durden, R. L. Herman, and T. P. Bui, 2006: Ice microphysics observations in Hurricane Humberto: Comparison with non-hurricane-generated ice cloud layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 288-308.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 288-308
    • Heymsfield, A.J.1    Bansemer, A.2    Durden, S.L.3    Herman, R.L.4    Bui, T.P.5
  • 25
    • 1842587750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation
    • Hong, S. Y., J. Dudhia, and S. H. Chen, 2004: A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 103-120.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 103-120
    • Hong, S.Y.1    Dudhia, J.2    Chen, S.H.3
  • 26
  • 27
    • 0028607757 scopus 로고
    • The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous layer, and turbulence closure schemes
    • Janjic, Z. I., 1994: The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous layer, and turbulence closure schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 927-945.
    • (1994) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.122 , pp. 927-945
    • Janjic, Z.I.1
  • 30
    • 0003506238 scopus 로고
    • On the Distribution and Continuity of Water Substance in Atmospheric Circulations
    • Meteor. Monogr., No.32 Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Kessler, E., 1969: On the Distribution and Continuity of Water Substance in Atmospheric Circulations. Meteor. Monogr., No.32, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84 pp.
    • (1969) , pp. 84
    • Kessler, E.1
  • 31
    • 7044247834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 15-year climatology of North Atlantic tropical cyclones. Part I: Size parameters
    • Kimball, S. K., and M. S. Mulekar, 2004: A 15-year climatology of North Atlantic tropical cyclones. Part I: Size parameters. J. Climate, 17, 3555-3575.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 3555-3575
    • Kimball, S.K.1    Mulekar, M.S.2
  • 32
    • 32544441035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical cyclone report: Hurricane Rita
    • National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, [Available online at]
    • Knabb, R. D., J. R. Rhome, and D. P. Brown, 2005: Tropical cyclone report: Hurricane Rita. Technical Rep., National Hurricane Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 33 pp. [Available online at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2005atlan.shtml.].
    • (2005) Technical Rep., National Hurricane Center , pp. 33
    • Knabb, R.D.1    Rhome, J.R.2    Drown, B.3
  • 33
    • 0035335547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two distinct regimes in the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the hurricane eye and eyewall
    • Kossin, J. P., and M. D. Eastin, 2001: Two distinct regimes in the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the hurricane eye and eyewall. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1079-1090.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 1079-1090
    • Kossin, J.P.1    Eastin, M.D.2
  • 34
    • 0035418486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesovortices, polygonal flow patterns, and rapid pressure falls in hurricane-like vortices
    • Kossin, J. P., and W. H. Schubert, 2001: Mesovortices, polygonal flow patterns, and rapid pressure falls in hurricane-like vortices. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2196-2209.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.58 , pp. 2196-2209
    • Kossin, J.P.1    Schubert, W.H.2
  • 36
    • 0028571914 scopus 로고
    • Velocity Track Display-A technique to extract real-time tropical cyclone circulations using a single airborne Doppler radar
    • Lee, W.-C., F. D. Marks, and R. E. Carbone, 1994: Velocity Track Display-A technique to extract real-time tropical cyclone circulations using a single airborne Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 337-356.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.11 , pp. 337-356
    • Lee, W.-C.1    Marks, F.D.2    Carbone, R.E.3
  • 37
    • 0034464558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical cyclone kinematic structure retrieved from single Doppler radar observations. Part III: Evolution and structure of Typhoon Alex (1987)
    • Lee, W.-C., B. J.-D. Jou, P.-L. Chang, and F. D. Marks, 2000: Tropical cyclone kinematic structure retrieved from single Doppler radar observations. Part III: Evolution and structure of Typhoon Alex (1987). Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3982-4001.
    • (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 3982-4001
    • Lee, W.-C.1    Jou, B.-D.2    Chang, P.-L.3    Marks, F.D.4
  • 38
    • 0019147573 scopus 로고
    • Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part I: Diameter, intensity, and mass flux
    • LeMone, M. A., and E. J. Zipser, 1980: Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part I: Diameter, intensity, and mass flux. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2444-2457.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 2444-2457
    • LeMone, M.A.1    Zipser, E.J.2
  • 39
    • 0020968202 scopus 로고
    • Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model
    • Lin, Y.-L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065-1092.
    • (1983) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.22 , pp. 1065-1092
    • Lin, Y.-L.1    Farley, R.D.2    Orville, H.D.3
  • 40
    • 0001166264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part I: Explicit simulation and verification
    • Liu, Y., D. L. Zhang, and M. K. Yau, 1997: A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part I: Explicit simulation and verification. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3073-3093.
    • (1997) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.125 , pp. 3073-3093
    • Liu, Y.1    Zhang, D.L.2    Yau, M.K.3
  • 41
    • 0033381001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amultiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part II: Kinematics and inner-core structures
    • Liu, Y., D. L. Zhang, and M. K. Yau, 1999:Amultiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part II: Kinematics and inner-core structures. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2597-2616.
    • (1999) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 2597-2616
    • Liu, Y.1    Zhang, D.L.2    Yau, M.K.3
  • 42
    • 3943071650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation distribution in tropical cyclones using the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) microwave imager: A global perspective
    • Lonfat, M., F. D. Marks, and S. Chen, 2004: Precipitation distribution in tropical cyclones using the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) microwave imager: A global perspective. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1645-1660.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 1645-1660
    • Lonfat, M.1    Marks, F.D.2    Chen, S.3
  • 43
    • 0022264264 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the structure of precipitation in Hurricane Allen (1980)
    • Marks, F. D., 1985: Evolution of the structure of precipitation in Hurricane Allen (1980). Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 909-930.
    • (1985) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.113 , pp. 909-930
    • Marks, F.D.1
  • 44
    • 0000752067 scopus 로고
    • Inner core structure of Hurricane Alicia from airborne Doppler radar observations
    • Marks, F. D., and R. A. Houze, 1987: Inner core structure of Hurricane Alicia from airborne Doppler radar observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1296-1317.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 1296-1317
    • Marks, F.D.1    Houze, R.A.2
  • 45
    • 0000241951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landfalling tropical cyclones: Forecast problems and associated research opportunities
    • Marks, F. D., and L. K. Shay, 1998: Landfalling tropical cyclones: Forecast problems and associated research opportunities. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 305-323.
    • (1998) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 305-323
    • Marks, F.D.1    Shay, L.K.2
  • 46
    • 0027009227 scopus 로고
    • Dual-aircraft investigation of the inner core of Hurricane Norbert. Part I: Kinematic structure
    • Marks, F. D., R. A. Houze, and J. F. Gamache, 1992: Dual-aircraft investigation of the inner core of Hurricane Norbert. Part I: Kinematic structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 919-942.
    • (1992) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.49 , pp. 919-942
    • Marks, F.D.1    Houze, R.A.2    Gamache, J.F.3
  • 47
    • 45749146724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of the eye and eyewall of Hurricane Hugo (1989)
    • Marks, F. D., P. G. Black, M. T. Montgomery, and R. W. Burpee, 2008: Structure of the eye and eyewall of Hurricane Hugo (1989). Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 1237-1259.
    • (2008) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.136 , pp. 1237-1259
    • Marks, F.D.1    Black, P.G.2    Montgomery, M.T.3    Burpee, R.W.4
  • 48
    • 0001677169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind profiler observations of vertical motion and precipitation microphysics of a tropical squall line
    • May, P. T., and D. K. Rajopadhyaya, 1996: Wind profiler observations of vertical motion and precipitation microphysics of a tropical squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 621-633.
    • (1996) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.124 , pp. 621-633
    • May, P.T.1    Rajopadhyaya, D.K.2
  • 49
    • 1842760676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of particle size and phase in tropical cyclones: Implications for mesoscale modeling of microphysical processes
    • McFarquhar, G. M., and R. A. Black, 2004: Observations of particle size and phase in tropical cyclones: Implications for mesoscale modeling of microphysical processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 422-439.
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.61 , pp. 422-439
    • McFarquhar, G.M.1    Black, R.A.2
  • 50
    • 33244483686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the evolution of Hurricane Erin (2001) and the distributions of hydrometeors: Role of microphysical processes
    • McFarquhar, G. M., H. Zhang, G. Heymsfield, R. Hood, J. Dudhia, J. B. Halverson, and F. Marks, 2006: Factors affecting the evolution of Hurricane Erin (2001) and the distributions of hydrometeors: Role of microphysical processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 127-150.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 127-150
    • McFarquhar, G.M.1    Zhang, H.2    Heymsfield, G.3    Hood, R.4    Dudhia, J.5    Halverson, J.B.6    Marks, F.7
  • 51
    • 0020330926 scopus 로고
    • Development of turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems
    • Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20, 851-875.
    • (1982) Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. , vol.20 , pp. 851-875
    • Mellor, G.L.1    Yamada, T.2
  • 53
    • 0026458410 scopus 로고
    • Parameterization of convective precipitation in mesoscale numerical models: A critical review
    • Molinari, J., and M. Dudek, 1992: Parameterization of convective precipitation in mesoscale numerical models: A critical review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 326-344.
    • (1992) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.120 , pp. 326-344
    • Molinari, J.1    Dudek, M.2
  • 54
    • 33748355559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hurricane Isabel (2003): New insights into the physics of intense storms. Part I: Mean vortex structure and maximum intensity estimates
    • Montgomery, M. T., M. M. Bell, S. D. Aberson, and M. L. Black, 2006: Hurricane Isabel (2003): New insights into the physics of intense storms. Part I: Mean vortex structure and maximum intensity estimates. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 1335-1347.
    • (2006) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.87 , pp. 1335-1347
    • Montgomery, M.T.1    Bell, M.M.2    Aberson, S.D.3    Black, M.L.4
  • 55
    • 34548184281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical cyclone intensification from asymmetric convection: Energetics and efficiency
    • Nolan, D. S., Y. Moon, and D. P. Stern, 2007: Tropical cyclone intensification from asymmetric convection: Energetics and efficiency. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3377-3405.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 3377-3405
    • Nolan, D.S.1    Moon, Y.2    Stern, D.P.3
  • 56
    • 0033562316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anumerical study on tropical cyclone intensification. Part I: Beta effect and mean flow effect
    • Peng, M. S., B. F. Jeng, and R. T. Williams, 1999: Anumerical study on tropical cyclone intensification. Part I: Beta effect and mean flow effect. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1404-1423.
    • (1999) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.56 , pp. 1404-1423
    • Peng, M.S.1    Jeng, B.F.2    Williams, R.T.3
  • 57
    • 0025657129 scopus 로고
    • Boundary layer structure and dynamics in outer hurricane rainbands. Part I: Mesoscale rainfall and kinematic structure
    • Powell, M. D., 1990a: Boundary layer structure and dynamics in outer hurricane rainbands. Part I: Mesoscale rainfall and kinematic structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 891-917.
    • (1990) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.118 , pp. 891-917
    • Powell, M.D.1
  • 58
    • 0025661308 scopus 로고
    • Boundary layer structure and dynamics in outer hurricane rainbands. Part II: Downdraft modification and mixed layer recovery
    • Powell, M. D., 1990b: Boundary layer structure and dynamics in outer hurricane rainbands. Part II: Downdraft modification and mixed layer recovery. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 918-938.
    • (1990) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.118 , pp. 918-938
    • Powell, M.D.1
  • 59
    • 34249042921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical cyclone destructive potential by integrated kinetic energy
    • Powell, M. D., and T. A. Reinhold, 2007: Tropical cyclone destructive potential by integrated kinetic energy. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 513-526.
    • (2007) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.88 , pp. 513-526
    • Powell, M.D.1    Reinhold, T.A.2
  • 60
    • 0033927655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-wavenumber structure and evolution of the hurricane inner core observed by airborne dual-Doppler radar
    • Reasor, P. D., M. T. Montgomery, F. D. Marks, and J. F. Gamache, 2000: Low-wavenumber structure and evolution of the hurricane inner core observed by airborne dual-Doppler radar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1653-1680.
    • (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 1653-1680
    • Reasor, P.D.1    Montgomery, M.T.2    Marks, F.D.3    Gamache, J.F.4
  • 61
    • 0141571553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A numerical study of the impact of vertical shear on the distribution of rainfall in Hurricane Bonnie (1998)
    • Rogers, R. F., S. Chen, J. Tenerelli, and H. Willoughby, 2003: A numerical study of the impact of vertical shear on the distribution of rainfall in Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1577-1599.
    • (2003) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.131 , pp. 1577-1599
    • Rogers, R.F.1    Chen, S.2    Tenerelli, J.3    Willoughby, H.4
  • 62
    • 34347404357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of microphysics fields from mesoscale model simulations of tropical cyclones. Part I: Comparisons with observations
    • Rogers, R. F., M. L. Black, S. S. Chen, and R. A. Black, 2007: An evaluation of microphysics fields from mesoscale model simulations of tropical cyclones. Part I: Comparisons with observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1811-1834.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 1811-1834
    • Rogers, R.F.1    Black, M.L.2    Chen, S.S.3    Black, R.A.4
  • 63
    • 0005677893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended Velocity Track Display (EVTD): An improved processing method for Doppler radar observations of tropical cyclones
    • Roux, F., and F. D. Marks, 1996: Extended Velocity Track Display (EVTD): An improved processing method for Doppler radar observations of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 875-899.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.13 , pp. 875-899
    • Roux, F.1    Marks, F.D.2
  • 65
    • 0020969548 scopus 로고
    • The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. VIII: A model for the "seederfeeder" process in warm-frontal rainbands
    • Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1983: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. VIII: A model for the "seederfeeder" process in warm-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185-1206.
    • (1983) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 1185-1206
    • Rutledge, S.A.1    Hobbs, P.V.2
  • 66
    • 0021505988 scopus 로고
    • The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands
    • Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1984: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands. J.Atmos. Sci., 41, 2949-2972.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 2949-2972
    • Rutledge, S.A.1    Hobbs, P.V.2
  • 67
    • 0001009650 scopus 로고
    • Secondary wind maxima in hurricanes: Airflow and relationship to rainbands
    • Samsury, C. E., and E. J. Zipser, 1995: Secondary wind maxima in hurricanes: Airflow and relationship to rainbands. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3502-3517.
    • (1995) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.123 , pp. 3502-3517
    • Samsury, C.E.1    Zipser, E.J.2
  • 69
    • 0032599676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential vorticity asymmetries and tropical cyclone motion
    • Shapiro, L. J., and J. L. Franklin, 1999: Potential vorticity asymmetries and tropical cyclone motion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 124-131.
    • (1999) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 124-131
    • Shapiro, L.J.1    Franklin, J.L.2
  • 70
    • 0001098966 scopus 로고
    • The hurricane disaster potential scale
    • Simpson, R. H., 1974: The hurricane disaster potential scale. Weatherwise, 27, 169-186.
    • (1974) Weatherwise , vol.27 , pp. 169-186
    • Simpson, R.H.1
  • 72
    • 77649289471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reexamining the vertical structure of tangential winds in tropical cyclones: Observations and theory
    • in press
    • Stern, D. P., and D. S. Nolan, 2009: Reexamining the vertical structure of tangential winds in tropical cyclones: Observations and theory. J. Atmos. Sci., in press.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Sci.
    • Stern, D.P.1    Nolan, D.S.2
  • 73
    • 50049126340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary eyewall formation in two idealized, full-physics modeled hurricanes
    • doi:10.1029/2007JD008897
    • Terwey, W. D., and M. T. Montgomery, 2008: Secondary eyewall formation in two idealized, full-physics modeled hurricanes. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12112, doi:10.1029/2007JD008897.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Terwey, W.D.1    Montgomery, M.T.2
  • 74
    • 1542645674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part I: Description and sensitivity analysis
    • Thompson, G., R. M. Rasmussen, and K. Manning, 2004: Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part I: Description and sensitivity analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 519-542.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 519-542
    • Thompson, G.1    Rasmussen, R.M.2    Manning, K.3
  • 75
    • 0030430752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and evolution of the 22 February 1993 TOGA COARE squall Line: Numerical simulations
    • Trier, S., W. Skamarock, M. LeMone, D. Parsons, and D. Jorgensen, 1996: Structure and evolution of the 22 February 1993 TOGA COARE squall Line: Numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2861-2886.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 2861-2886
    • Trier, S.1    Skamarock, W.2    LeMone, M.3    Parsons, D.4    Jorgensen, D.5
  • 76
    • 0036965890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An explicit simulation of tropical cyclones with a triply nested movable mesh primitive equation model: TCM3. Part II: Model refinements and sensitivity to cloud microphysics parameterization
    • Wang, Y., 2002a: An explicit simulation of tropical cyclones with a triply nested movable mesh primitive equation model: TCM3. Part II: Model refinements and sensitivity to cloud microphysics parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 3022-3036.
    • (2002) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 3022-3036
    • Wang, Y.1
  • 77
    • 0036540721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part II: The role in tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes
    • Wang, Y., 2002b: Vortex Rossby waves in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone. Part II: The role in tropical cyclone structure and intensity changes. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1239-1262.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 1239-1262
    • Wang, Y.1
  • 78
    • 0001093825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The resolution dependence of explicitly modeled convective systems
    • Weisman, M. L., W. C. Skamarock, and J. B. Klemp, 1997: The resolution dependence of explicitly modeled convective systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 527-548.
    • (1997) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.125 , pp. 527-548
    • Weisman, M.L.1    Skamarock, W.C.2    Klemp, J.B.3
  • 79
    • 31144457936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 29 June 2000 Supercell observed during STEPS. Part II: Lightning and charge structure
    • Wiens, K. C., S. A. Rutledge, and S. A. Tessendorf, 2005: The 29 June 2000 Supercell observed during STEPS. Part II: Lightning and charge structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4151-4177.
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 4151-4177
    • Wiens, K.C.1    Rutledge, S.A.2    Tessendorf, S.A.3
  • 80
    • 0025625237 scopus 로고
    • Temporal changes of the primary circulation in tropical cyclones
    • Willoughby, H. E., 1990a: Temporal changes of the primary circulation in tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 242-264.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 242-264
    • Willoughby, H.E.1
  • 81
    • 0025657968 scopus 로고
    • Gradient balance in tropical cyclones
    • Willoughby, H. E., 1990b: Gradient balance in tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 265-274.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 265-274
    • Willoughby, H.E.1
  • 82
    • 0032999098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical cyclone eye thermodynamics
    • Willoughby, H. E., 1998: Tropical cyclone eye thermodynamics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 3053-3067.
    • (1998) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.126 , pp. 3053-3067
    • Willoughby, H.E.1
  • 83
    • 0020332207 scopus 로고
    • Concentric eyewalls, secondary wind maxima, and the evolution of the hurricane vortex
    • Willoughby, H. E., J. A. Clos, and M. G. Shoreibah, 1982: Concentric eyewalls, secondary wind maxima, and the evolution of the hurricane vortex. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 395-411.
    • (1982) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 395-411
    • Willoughby, H.E.1    Clos, J.A.2    Shoreibah, M.G.3
  • 84
    • 12144261487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of environmentally induced asymmetries on hurricane intensity: Anumerical study
    • Wu, L., and S. A. Braun, 2004: Effects of environmentally induced asymmetries on hurricane intensity: Anumerical study. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 3065-3081.
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.61 , pp. 3065-3081
    • Wu, L.1    Braun, S.A.2
  • 85
    • 33846689495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of internally generated inner-core asymmetries on tropical cyclone potential intensity
    • Yang, B., Y. Wang, and B. Wang, 2007: The effect of internally generated inner-core asymmetries on tropical cyclone potential intensity. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1165-1188.
    • (2007) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 1165-1188
    • Yang, B.1    Wang, Y.2    Wang, B.3
  • 86
    • 3142716031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part VI: Small scale inner-core structures and wind streaks
    • Yau, M. K., Y. Liu, D. L. Zhang, and Y. Chen, 2004: A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part VI: Small scale inner-core structures and wind streaks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1410-1433.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 1410-1433
    • Yau, M.K.1    Liu, Y.2    Zhang, D.L.3    Chen, Y.4
  • 87
    • 68249160487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud-resolving hurricane initialization and prediction through assimilation of Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter
    • Zhang, F., Y. Weng, Z. Meng, J. A. Sippel, and C. H. Bishop, 2009: Cloud-resolving hurricane initialization and prediction through assimilation of Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 2105-2125.
    • (2009) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.137 , pp. 2105-2125
    • Zhang, F.1    Weng, Y.2    Meng, Z.3    Sippel, J.A.4    Bishop, C.H.5
  • 88
    • 0036601806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of three physical processes in a three-dimensional tropical cyclone model
    • Zhu, H., and R. K. Smith, 2002: The importance of three physical processes in a three-dimensional tropical cyclone model. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1825-1840.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 1825-1840
    • Zhu, H.1    Smith, R.K.2
  • 89
    • 33244493374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part II: Sensitivity to varying cloud microphysical processes
    • Zhu, T., and D. L. Zhang, 2006: Numerical simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part II: Sensitivity to varying cloud microphysical processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 109-126.
    • (2006) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.63 , pp. 109-126
    • Zhu, T.1    Zhang, D.L.2
  • 90
    • 2442595535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some views on "hot towers" after 50 years of tropical field programs and two years of TRMM data
    • Cloud Systems, Hurricanes, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-A Tribute to Dr. Joanne Simpson, Meteor. Monogr., No. 29
    • Zipser, E. J., 2003: Some views on "hot towers" after 50 years of tropical field programs and two years of TRMM data. Cloud Systems, Hurricanes, and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-A Tribute to Dr. Joanne Simpson, Meteor. Monogr., No. 29, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 49-58.
    • (2003) Amer. Meteor. Soc , pp. 49-58
    • Zipser, E.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.