Conversational grammar-feminine grammar? A sociopragmatic corpus study

Journal of English Linguistics

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 56-87

  Rühlemann, Christoph ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Conversational grammar; Conversational situation; Corpus linguistics; Gender; Sociolinguistics; Speaker sex

Indexed keywords

EID: 77649289343     PISSN: 00754242     EISSN: 15525457     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0075424209347175     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Adolphs, Svenia. 2008. Corpus and context: Investigating pragmatic functions in spoken discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
2. Adolphs, Svenia & Ron Carter. 2003. And she's like it's terrible, like: Spoken discourse, grammar, and corpus analysis. International Journal of English Studies 3(1). 45-56.
3. Aijmer, Karin. 1989. Themes and tails: the discourse functions of dislocated elements. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 12. 137-154.
4. Allwood, Jens, Joakim Nivre & Elisabeth Ahlsén 1990. Speech management: On the non-written life of speech. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 13. 3-48.
5. Ameka, Felix. 1992. Interjections: The universal yet neglected part of speech. Journal of Pragmatics 18. 101-118.
6. Andersen, Gisle. 1998. The pragmatic marker like from a relevance-theoretic perspective. In Andreas H. Jucker & Yael Ziv (eds.), Discourse markers: Descriptions and theory, 147-170. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
7. Andersen, Gisle. 2001. Pragmatic markers and sociolinguistic variation: A relevance-theoretic approach to the language of adolescents. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
8. Anderwald, Lieselotte. 2004. The varieties of English spoken in the southeast of England: Morphology and syntax. In Bernd Kortmann & Edgar Werner Schneider (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English: A multimedia reference tool, vol. 2, 175-195. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
9. Arndt, Horst & Richard W. Janney. 1987. InterGrammar: Toward an integrative model of verbal, prosodic and kinesic choices in speech. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
10. Arndt, Horst & Richard W. Janney. 1991. Verbal, prosodic, and kinesic emotive contrasts in speech. Journal of Pragmatics 15. 521-549.
11. Aston, Guy & Lou Burnard. 1998. The BNC handbook: Exploring the British National Corpus with SARA. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
12. Barbieri, Federica. 2007. Older men and younger women: A corpus-based study of quotative use in American English. English World-Wide 28(1). 23-45.
13. Barbieri, Federica. 2008. Patterns of age-based linguistic variation in American English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(1). 58-88.
14. Biber, Douglas & Edward Finegan. 1988. Adverbial stance types in English. Discourse Processes 11. 1-34.
15. Biber, Douglas & Edward Finegan. 1989. Styles of stance in English: Lexical and grammatical marking of evidentiality and affect. Text 9(1). 93-124.
16. Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad & Edward Finegan. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow, UK: Pearson.
17. BNC Consortium, Oxford University Computing Services. 2001. The British National Corpus version 2 (BNC World). http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk (2 July 2009).
18. Brown, Penelope & Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Bybee, Joan & Joanne Scheibman. 1999. The effect of usage on degrees of constituency: The reduction of don't in English. Linguistics 37(4). 575-596.
20. Carter, Ron & Michael J. McCarthy. 1995. Grammar and the spoken language. Applied Linguistics 16(2). 141-158.
21. Carter, Ron & Michael J. McCarthy. 2006. Cambridge grammar of English. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
22. Coates, Jennifer. 1993. Women, men and language. A sociolinguistic account of sex differences in language, 2nd edn. Harlow, UK: Longman.
23. Coates, Jennifer. 2006. It was so funny: Gender and humour in everyday talk. Harrogate, UK: 40th IATEFL Annual Conference paper.
24. Conrad. Susan. 2004. Corpus linguistics, language variation, and language teaching. In John M. Sinclair (ed.), How to use corpora in language teaching, 67-85. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
25. Crowdy, Steve. 1994. Spoken corpus transcription. Literary and Linguistic Computing 9(1). 25-28.
26. Diani, Guliana. 2004. The discourse functions of I don't know in English conversation. In Karin Aijmer & Anna-Brita Stenström (eds.), Discourse patterns in spoken and written corpora, 157-171. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
27. Fairclough, Norman. 1995. Media discourse. London: Arnold.
28. Fairon, Cédrick & John V. Singler. 2006. I'm like, Hey, it works!: Using GlossaNet to find attestations of the quotative (be) like in English-language newspapers. In Antoinette J. Renouf & Andrew Kehoe (eds.), The changing face of corpus linguistics, 325-336. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
29. Ferrara, Kathleen & Barbara Bell. 1995. Sociolinguistic variation and discourse function of constructed dialogue introducers: The case of be + like. American Speech 70(3). 265-290.
30. Fraser, Bruce. 1990. An approach to discourse markers. Journal of Pragmatics 14. 383-395.
31. Goffman, Ervin. 1981. Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.
32. Grice, Paul H. 1975. Logic and conversation. In Peter Cole & Jerry L. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and semantics III, 43-58. New York: Academic Press.
33. Günther, Ulrike. 2003. What's in a laugh? Humour, jokes and laughter in the conversational subcorpus of the BNC. Freiburg, Germany: University of Freiburg dissertation. http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/735/ (2 July 2009).
34. Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
35. Halliday, M.A.K. 2006. Afterwords. In Geoff Thompson & Susan Hunston (eds.), System and corpus: Exploring connections, 293-299. London: Equinox.
36. Halliday, M.A.K. & Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. 2004. An introduction to functional grammar, 3rd edn. London: Edward Arnold.
37. Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa. 2004. Shared syntax: The grammar of co-constructions. Journal of Pragmatics 36. 1315-1336.
38. Hollmann, Willem & Anna Siewierska. 2007. A construction grammar account of possessive constructions in Lancashire dialect: Some advantages and challenges. English Language and Linguistics 11(2). 407-424.
39. Holmes, Janet. 1995. Women, men and politeness. Harlow, UK: Longman.
40. Holmes, Janet. 1997. Women, language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 1(2). 195-223.
41. Holmes, Janet & Maria Stubbe. 1997. Good listeners: Gender differences in New Zealand conversation. Women and Language 20(2). 7-14.
42. Hughes, Rebecca. 2002. Teaching and researching speaking. Harlow, UK: Pearson.
43. Hunston, Susan & Geoff Thompson. (eds.) 2000. Evaluation in text: Authorial stance and the construction of discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
44. Johnstone, Barbara. 1993. Community and contest: Midwestern men and women creating their worlds in conversational storytelling. In Deborah Tannen (ed.), Gender and conversational interaction, 63-80. New York: Oxford University Press.
45. Kaltenböck, Gunther. 2004. Using non-extraposition in spoken and written texts. In Karin Aijmer & Anna-Brita Stenström (eds.), Discourse patterns in spoken and written corpora, 219-242. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
46. Kilgarriff, Adam. 1998. BNC database and word frequency lists. http://www.kilgarriff.co.uk/bnc-readme.html (2 July 2009).
47. Labov, William. 1990. The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change 2. 205-254.
48. Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
49. Leech, Geoffrey. 1999. The distribution and function of vocatives in American and British English. In Hilde Hasselgard & Signe Oksefjell (eds.), Out of corpora: Studies in honour of Stig Johansson, 107-118. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
50. Leech, Geoffrey. 2000. Grammars of spoken English: New outcomes of corpus-oriented research. Language Learning 50(4). 675-724.
51. Leech, Geoffrey & Roger Fallon. 1992. Computer corpora-What do they tell us about culture? ICAME Journal 16. 29-50.
52. Lerner, Gene. H. 1991. On the syntax of sentences-in-progress. Language in Society 20. 441-458.
53. Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1923. The problem of meaning in primitive languages. In Charles K. Ogden & Ivor A. Richards (eds.), The meaning of meaning, 296-336. London: Routledge.
54. McCarthy, Michael J. & Ron Carter. 2004. There's millions of them: Hyperbole in everyday conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 36. 149-184.
55. McCarthy, Michael J. & Anne O'Keeffe. 2003. What's in a name? Vocatives in casual conversation and radio-phone-in calls. In Pepi Leistyna & Charles F. Meyer (eds.), Corpus analysis: Language structure and language use, 153-185. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
56. McEnery, Tony & Andrew Wilson. 1996. Corpus linguistics. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
57. McEnery, Tony & Richard Xiao. 2004. Swearing in modern British English: The case of fuck in the BNC. Language and Literature 13(3). 235-268.
58. Miller, Jim & Regina Weinert. 1998. Spontaneous spoken language: Syntax and discourse. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
59. O'Keeffe, Anne. 2004. Like the wise virgin and all that jazz: Using a corpus to examine vague categorisation and shared knowledge. In Ulla Connor & Thomas A. Upton (eds.), Applied corpus linguistics: A multidimensional perspective, 1-20. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
60. Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech & Jan Svartvik. 1985. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.
61. Rayson, Paul, Geoffrey Leech & Mary Hodges. 1997. Social differentiation in the use of English vocabulary: Some analyses of the conversational component of the British National Corpus. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 2(1). 133-152.
62. Reid, Julie. 1995. A study of gender differences in minimal responses. Journal of Pragmatics 24. 489-512.
63. Romaine, Suzanne & Deborah Lange. 1991. The use of like as a marker of reported speech and thought: A case of ongoing grammaticalization in progress. American Speech 66(3). 227-279.
64. Rühlemann, Christoph. 2007. Conversation in context: A corpus-driven approach. London: Continuum.
65. Rühlemann, Christoph. 2008. Conversational grammar-bad grammar? A situation-based description of quotative I goes in the BNC. ICAME Journal 32. 157-177.
66. Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel A. Schegloff & Gail Jefferson. 1974. A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50(4). 696-735.
67. Schegloff, E.A. 1979. The relevance of repair for syntax-in-conversation. In Talmy Givón (ed.), Discourse syntax, 261-286. New York: Academic Press.
68. Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse markers. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
69. Schleppegrell, Mary J. 1991. Paratactic because. Journal of Pragmatics 16. 323-337.
70. Schmid, Hans-Jörg. 2003. Do women and men really live in different cultures? Evidence from the BNC. In Andrew Wilson, Paul Rayson & Tony McEnery (eds.), Corpus linguistics by the lune: A festschrift for Geoffrey Leech, 185-221. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang.
71. Schmid, Hans-Jörg. 2008. Investigating style. Lexico-grammatical corpus evidence for the socio-situational construction of discourse identities. Freiburg, Germany: First Conference of the International Society of the Linguistics of English paper.
72. Stenström, Anna-Brita. 1998. From sentence to discourse: Cos (because) in teenage talk. In Andreas H. Jucker & Yael Ziv (eds.), Discourse markers: Description and theory, 127-146. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
73. Stenström, Anna-Brita, Gisle Andersen & Ingrid K. Hasund. 2002. Trends in teenage talk. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
74. Stenström, Anna-Brita & Jan Svartvik. 1994. Imparsable speech: Repeats and other nonfluencies in spoken English. In Nelleke Oostdijk & Pieter de Hahn (eds.), Corpus-based research into language: In honour of Jan Aarts, 241-254. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
75. Tagliamonte, Sali & Alex D'Arcy. 2004. He's like, she's like: The quotative system in Canadian youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics 8(4). 493-514.
76. Tagliamonte, Sali & Rachel Hudson. 1999. Be likeet al.beyond America: The quotative system in British and Canadian youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3(2). 147-172.
77. Tannen, Deborah. 1990. You just don't understand. New York: William Morrow.
78. Thompson, Geoff & Susan Hunston. (eds.). 2006. System and corpus: Exploring connections. London: Equinox.
79. Torgersen, Eivind & Costas Gabrielatos. 2009. A corpus-based study of invariant tags in London English. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/26026 (2 July 2009).
80. Tottie, Gunnel. 1991. Negation in English speech and writing: A study in variation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
81. Tottie, Gunnel & Sebastian Hoffmann. 2006. Tag questions in British and American English. Journal of English Linguistics 34. 283-311.
82. West, Candace & Don H. Zimmermann. 1987. Doing gender. Gender & Society 1(2). 125-151.
83. Wichmann, Anne. 2004. The intonation of please-requests: A corpus-based study. Journal of Pragmatics 36. 1521-1549.
84. Wong, Deanna. 2008. A corpus based analysis of the pragmatic dimensions of backchannels in Australian English telephone conversations. Ascona, Switzerland: 29th ICAME conference paper.
85. Wong, Deanna & Pam Peters. 2007. A study of backchannels in regional varieties of English, using corpus mark-up as means of identification. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 12(4). 479-509.
86. Xiao, Richard & Hongyin Tao. 2007. A corpus-based sociolinguistic study of amplifiers in British English. Sociolinguistic Studies 1(2). 241-273.