Lymph Node Drainage Patterns and Micrometastasis in Lung Cancer

Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 298-308

  Kim, Anthony W ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

lymphatic metastasis; micrometastasis; skip metastasis

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SURVIVAL; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INTRAPARENCHYMAL DRAINAGE; LUNG CANCER; LUNG LOBE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE; MEDIASTINAL DRAINAGE; METASTASIS; MICROMETASTASIS; SKIP METASTASIS;

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 77649269501     PISSN: 10430679     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2009.11.001     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Borrie J. Primary carcinoma of the bronchus; prognosis following surgical resection; a clinico-pathological study of 200 patients. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 10 (1952) 165-186
2. Nohl-Oser H.C. An investigation of the anatomy of the lymphatic drainage of the lungs as shown by the lymphatic spread of bronchial carcinoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 51 (1972) 157-176
3. Shields T.W. Lymphatics of the lungs. In: Shields T.W., Locicero III J., Reed C.E., et al. (Eds). General Thoracic Surgery Vol. 1 (2009), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 87-101
4. Mountain C.F., and Dresler C.M. Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging. Chest 111 (1997) 1718-1723
5. Asamura H., Nakayama H., Kondo H., et al. Lobe-specific extent of systematic lymph node dissection for non-small cell lung carcinomas according to a retrospective study of metastasis and prognosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117 (1999) 1102-1111
6. Watanabe S., Suzuki K., and Asamura H. Superior and basal segment lung cancers in the lower lobe have different lymph node metastatic pathways and prognosis. Ann Thorac Surg 85 (2008) 1026-1031
7. Izbicki J.R., Passlick B., Hosch S.B., et al. Mode of spread in the early phase of lymphatic metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer: Significance of nodal micrometastasis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 (1996) 623-630
8. Passlick B., Kubuschock B., Sienel W., et al. Mediastinal lymphadenectomy in non-small cell lung cancer: Effectiveness in patients with or without nodal micrometastases-Results of a preliminary study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 21 (2002) 520-526
9. Naruke T., Tsuchiya R., Kondo H., et al. Lymph node sampling in lung cancer: How should it be done?. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 16 suppl 1 (1999) S17-S24
10. Okada M., Tsubota N., Yoshimura M., et al. Proposal for reasonable mediastinal lymphadenectomy in bronchogenic carcinomas: Role of subcarinal nodes in selective dissection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 116 (1998) 949-953
11. Turna A., Solak O., Kilicgun A., et al. Is lobe-specific lymph node dissection appropriate in lung cancer patients undergoing routine mediastinoscopy?. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 55 (2007) 112-119
12. Kotoulas C.S., Foroulis C.N., Kostikas K., et al. Involvement of lymphatic metastatic spread in non-small cell lung cancer accordingly to the primary cancer location. Lung Cancer 44 (2004) 183-191
13. Ichinose Y., Kato H., Koike T., et al. Completely resected stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer: The significance of primary tumor location and N2 station. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122 (2001) 803-808
14. Watanabe Y., Shimizu J., Tsubota M., et al. Mediastinal spread of metastatic lymph nodes in bronchogenic carcinoma. Mediastinal nodal metastases in lung cancer. Chest 97 (1990) 1059-1065
15. Hata E., Hayakawa K., and Miyamoto H. Rationale for extended lymphadenectomy for lung cancer. Theor Surg 5 (1990) 19-25
16. Okada M., Sakamoto T., Yuki T., et al. Border between N1 and N2 stations in lung carcinoma: Lessons from lymph node metastatic patterns of lower lobe tumors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 129 (2005) 825-830
17. Kawano R., Hata E., Ikeda S., et al. Lobe-specific skip nodal metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 14 (2008) 9-14
18. Riquet M., Assouad J., Bagan P., et al. Skip mediastinal lymph node metastasis and lung cancer: A particular N2 subgroup with a better prognosis. Ann Thorac Surg 79 (2005) 225-233
19. Ilic N., Petricevic A., Arar D., et al. Skip mediastinal nodal metastases in the IIIa/N2 non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2 (2007) 1018-1021
20. Liptay M.J., Grondin S.C., Fry W.A., et al. Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping in non-small-cell lung cancer improves detection of micrometastases. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 1984-1988
21. Prenzel K.L., Monig S.P., Sinning J.M., et al. Role of skip metastasis to mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer. J Surg Oncol 82 (2003) 256-260
22. Riquet M., Hidden G., and Debesse B. Direct lymphatic drainage of lung segments to the mediastinal nodes. An anatomic study on 260 adults. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 97 (1989) 623-632
23. Watanabe Y., Hayashi Y., Shimizu J., et al. Mediastinal nodal involvement and the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 100 (1991) 422-428
24. Libshitz H.I., McKenna Jr. R.J., and Mountain C.F. Patterns of mediastinal metastases in bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest 90 (1986) 229-232
25. Marchevsky A.M., Qiao J.H., Krajisnik S., et al. The prognostic significance of intranodal isolated tumor cells and micrometastases in patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126 (2003) 551-557
26. Cancer AJCO. Purposes and principles of lung cancer staging, in Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al (eds): AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. New York, NY, Springer (in press)
27. Vollmer R.T., Herndon II J.E., D'Cunha J., et al. Immunohistochemical detection of occult lymph node metastases in non-small cell lung cancer. Anatomical pathology results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9761. Clin Cancer Res 9 (2003) 5630-5635
28. Goldstein N.S., Mani A., Chmielewski G., et al. Immunohistochemically detected micrometastases in peribronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes from patients with T1, N0, M0 pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 24 (2000) 274-279
29. Ohta Y., Oda M., Wu J., et al. Can tumor size be a guide for limited surgical intervention in patients with peripheral non-small cell lung cancer?. Assessment from the point of view of nodal micrometastasis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122 (2001) 900-906
30. Wu J., Ohta Y., Minato H., et al. Nodal occult metastasis in patients with peripheral lung adenocarcinoma of 2.0 cm or less in diameter. Ann Thorac Surg 71 (2001) 1772-1777 discussion 1777-1778
31. Rena O., Carsana L., Cristina S., et al. Lymph node isolated tumor cells and micrometastases in pathological stage I non-small cell lung cancer: Prognostic significance. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 32 (2007) 863-867
32. Ono T., Minamiya Y., Ito M., et al. Sentinel node mapping and micrometastasis in patients with clinical stage IA nonsmall cell lung cancer. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 9 (2009) 659-661
33. Sugi K., Kobayashi S., Yagi R., et al. Usefulness of sentinel lymph node biopsy for the detection of lymph node micrometastasis in early lung cancer. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 7 (2008) 913-915
34. Gu C.D., Osaki T., Oyama T., et al. Detection of micrometastatic tumor cells in pN0 lymph nodes of patients with completely resected nonsmall cell lung cancer: Impact on recurrence and survival. Ann Surg 235 (2002) 133-139
35. Tezel C., Ersev A.A., Kiral H., et al. The impact of immunohistochemical detection of positive lymph nodes in early stage lung cancer. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 54 (2006) 124-128
36. Kawano R., Hata E., Ikeda S., et al. Micrometastasis to lymph nodes in stage I left lung cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg 73 (2002) 1558-1562
37. Li S.H., Wang Z., Liu X.Y., et al. Gene diagnosis and prognostic significance of lymph node micrometastasis after complete resection of histologically node-negative non-small cell lung cancer. World J Surg 32 (2008) 1651-1656
38. Melfi F.M., Lucchi M., Davini F., et al. Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping in stage I non-small cell lung cancer: Detection of micrometastases by polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34 (2008) 181-186
39. Salerno C.T., Frizelle S., Niehans G.A., et al. Detection of occult micrometastases in non-small cell lung carcinoma by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Chest 113 (1998) 1526-1532
40. Nosotti M., Falleni M., Palleschi A., et al. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of lymph node lung cancer micrometastasis using carcinoembryonic antigen marker. Chest 128 (2005) 1539-1544
41. Ito M., Minamiya Y., Kawai H., et al. Intraoperative detection of lymph node micrometastasis with flow cytometry in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130 (2005) 753-758
42. Clarke M.R., Landreneau R.J., and Borochovitz D. Intraoperative imprint cytology for evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Ann Thorac Surg 57 (1994) 1206-1210
43. Hashimoto T., Kobayashi Y., Ishikawa Y., et al. Prognostic value of genetically diagnosed lymph node micrometastasis in non-small cell lung carcinoma cases. Cancer Res 60 (2000) 6472-6478
44. Osaki T., Oyama T., Gu C.D., et al. Prognostic impact of micrometastatic tumor cells in the lymph nodes and bone marrow of patients with completely resected stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 2930-2936
45. Kubuschok B., Passlick B., Izbicki J.R., et al. Disseminated tumor cells in lymph nodes as a determinant for survival in surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 17 (1999) 19-24