FASH and MASH: Female and male adult human phantoms based on polygon mesh surfaces: I. Development of the anatomy

Physics in Medicine and Biology

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 133-162

  Cassola, V F ^a   De Melo Lima, V J ^a   Kramer, R ^a   Khoury, H J ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PERNAMBUCO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BODY TISSUES; COMPUTATIONAL MODEL; EQUIVALENT DOSE; FEMALE ADULTS; HUMAN PHANTOMS; INTERNAL ORGANS; INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTIONS; PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE; POLYGON MESHES; STANDING POSTURE; SUPINE POSITION; TISSUE MASS; TOMOGRAPHIC; UPRIGHT POSITION; VOXEL PHANTOMS;

ANIMATION; BLENDING; HISTOLOGY; MEDICAL COMPUTING; MOTION PICTURES; THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER GRAPHICS; TISSUE;

COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY;

ADULT; ANATOMY; ARTICLE; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BOOK; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPUTER PROGRAM; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; MALE; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT;

ADULT; ANATOMY, ARTISTIC; ATLASES AS TOPIC; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, ANATOMIC; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHANTOMS, IMAGING; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SOFTWARE;

EID: 77649228735     PISSN: 00319155     EISSN: 13616560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/1/009     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Alsmiller R G Jr, Armstrong T W and Coleman W A 1970 The absorbed dose and dose equivalent from neutrons in the energy range 60 to 3000 MeV and protons in the energy range 400 to 3000 MeV Report ORNL-TM-2924 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN (revised)
2. Alsmiller R G Jr and Moran H S 1968 Dose rate from high-energy electrons and photons Nucl. Instrum. Methods 58 343-4
3. Artist-3D 2009 http://artist-3d.com/free-3d-models/dnm/model-disp.php? uid=568&ad= 02anatomy-design.php&count=count (last accessed June 2009)
4. Auxier J A, Snyder W S and Jones T D 1969 Neutron interactions and penetration in tissue Radiation Dosimetry vol 1 2nd edn ed F H Attix and W C Roesch (NY: Academic) pp 275-316
5. Badal A, Kyprianou I, Badano A and Sempau J 2008 Monte Carlo simulation of a realistic anatomical phantom described by triangle meshes: application to prostate brachytherapy imaging Radiother. Oncol. 86 99-103
6. Beck H L 1970 A new calculation of dose rates from high energy electrons and photons incident on 30 cm water slabs Nucl. Instrum. Methods 78 333-4
7. Blender 2009 http://www.blender.org/ (last accessed June 2009)
8. Caon M, Bibbo G and Pattison J 1999 An EGS4-ready tomographic computational model of a fourteen-year-old female torso for calculating organ doses from CT examinations Phys. Med. Biol. 44 2213-25 (Pubitemid 29424382)
9. Cristy M 1980 Mathematical phantoms representing children at various ages for use in estimates of internal dose Report ORNL/NUREG/TM-367 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
10. Dawson T W, Caputa K and Stuchly M A 1997 A comparison of 60 Hz uniform magnetic and electric induction in the human body Phys. Med. Biol. 42 2319-29 (Pubitemid 28015558)
11. Dimbylow P J 1995 The development of realistic voxel phantoms for electromagnetic field dosimetry Proc. Int. Workshop on Voxel Phantom Development held at the National Radiological Protection Board (Chilton, UK, 6-7 July)
12. Dimbylow P J 2005 Development of a female voxel phantom, NAOMI, and its application to calculations of induced current densities and electric fields from applied low frequency magnetic and electric fields Phys. Med. Biol. 50 1047-70 (Pubitemid 40477279)
13. Ferrari P and Gualdrini G 2005 An improved MCNP version of the NORMAN voxel phantom for dosimetry studies Phys. Med. Biol. 50 4299-316 (Pubitemid 41288286)
14. Fill U A, Zankl M, Petoussi-Henss N, Siebert M and Regulla D 2004 Adult female voxel models of different stature and photon conversion coefficients for radiation protection Health Phys. 86 253-72 (Pubitemid 38213123)
15. Free 3D Models 2009 http://gfx-3d-model.blogspot.com/2008/09/skeleton-3d- model.html (last accessed 25 June 2009)
16. Gibbs S J, Pujol A, Chen T S, Malcolm A W and James A E 1984 Patient risk from interproximal radiography Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 58 347-54 (Pubitemid 14002838)
17. Heart 3dxtras 2009 http://www.3dxtras.com/3dxtras-free-3d-models-details. asp?prodid=37 (last accessed June 2009)
18. Heart Model 2009 Project MedX: heart model with valves http://ccvweb.csres.utexas.edu/ccv/projects/medx/heart/ index.php (last accessed June 2009)
19. ICRP 1995 Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: the skeleton ICRP Publication 70 (Oxford: Pergamon)
20. ICRP 1996 Conversion coefficients for use in radiological protection against external radiation ICRP Publication 74 (Oxford: Pergamon)
21. ICRP 2002 Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values ICRP Publication 89 (Oxford: Pergamon)
22. ICRP 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection ICRP Publication 103 Ann. ICRP 37 (2-3) (Oxford: Elsevier)
23. ICRP 2009 The ICRP reference computational phantoms for the adult male and female ICRP Publication 110 Ann. ICRP at press
24. ICRU 1989 Tissue substitutes in radiation dosimetry and measurement ICRU Report No 44 (Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements)
25. ICRU 1992 Photon, electron, proton and neutron interaction data for body tissues ICRU Report No 46 (Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements)
26. National Institute of Health 2009 ImageJ: image processing and analysis in Java http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/index.html (last accessed June 2009)
27. Inria-stomach 2009 http://www-c.inria.fr/gamma/download/affichage.php? dir=ANATOMY&name=Stomach (last accessed June 2009)
28. Inria-Y5733 2009 http://www-c.inria.fr/gamma/download/affichage.php?dir= ANATOMY &name=Y5733-KIDNEY (last accessed June 2009)
29. Inria-Y5820 2009 http://www-c.inria.fr/gamma/download/affichage.php?dir= ANATOMY &name=Y5820-LIVER (last accessed June 2009)
30. Inria-Y6003 2009 http://www-c.inria.fr/gamma/download/affichage.php?dir= ANATOMY &name = Y6003-ovaries (last accessed June 2009)
31. Inria-Y6396 2009 http://www-c.inria.fr/gamma/download/affichage.php?dir= ANATOMY &name =Y6396-spine (last accessed June 2009)
32. Irving D D, Alsmiller R G Jr and Moran H S 1967 Tissue current-to dose conversion factors for neutrons with energies from 0.5 to 60 MeV Report ORNL-4032 (Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
33. Jeong J H, Cho S, Lee C, Cho K and Kim C 2008 Development of deformable computational model from Korean adult male based on polygon and NURBS surfaces 11th Int. Conf. on Radiation Shielding (Callaway Gardens, Pine Mountain, GA, USA, 13-18 April 2008)
34. Johnson P, Lee C, Johnson K, Siragusa D and Bolch W 2009 The influence of patient size on dose conversion coefficients: a hybrid phantom study for adult cardiac catheterization Phys. Med. Biol. 54 3613-29
35. Jones D G 1997 A realistic anthropomorphic phantom for calculating organ doses arising from external photon irradiation Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 72 21-9 (Pubitemid 27375953)
36. Kawrakow I and Rogers D W O 2003 The EGSnrc code system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport NRC Report PIRS-701
37. Kramer R, Khoury H J and Vieira J W 2008 CALDose-X: a software tool for the assessment of organ and tissue doses, effective dose and cancer risk in diagnostic radiology Phys. Med. Biol. 53 6437-59
38. Kramer R, Khoury H J, Vieira J W and Kawrakow I 2006b Skeletal dosimetry in the MAX06 and the FAX06 phantoms for external exposure to photons based on vertebral 3D-microCT images Phys. Med. Biol. 51 6265-89 (Pubitemid 46217622)
39. Kramer R, Khoury H J, Vieira J W and Kawrakow I 2007 Skeletal dosimetry for external exposure to photons based on CT images of spongiosa from different bone sites Phys. Med. Biol. 52 6697-716 (Pubitemid 350058956)
40. Kramer R, Khoury H J, Vieira J W and Lima V J M 2006a MAX06 and FAX06: update of two adult human phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry Phys. Med. Biol. 51 3331-46 (Pubitemid 44026402)
41. Kramer R, Khoury H J, Vieira J W and Robson Brown K A 2009b Skeletal dosimetry for external exposures to photons based on CT images of spongiosa: consideration of voxel resolution, cluster size and medullary bone surfaces Med. Phys. 36 5007-16
42. Kramer R, Khoury H J, Vieira J W, Robson-Brown K and Fuelle D 2009a Electron absorbed fractions in skeletal soft tissues based on red bone marrow segmentation at runtime in microCT images of human trabecular bone World Congress 2009-Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering (Munich, Germany, 7-12 September 2009)
43. Kramer R, Vieira J W, Khoury H J, Lima F R A and Fuelle D 2003 All about MAX: a male adult voXel phantom for Monte Carlo calculations in radiation protection dosimetry Phys. Med. Biol. 48 1239-62 (Pubitemid 36700462)
44. Kramer R, Vieira J W, Khoury H J, Lima F R A, Loureiro E C M, Lima V J M and Hoff G 2004 All about FAX: a female adult voXel phantom for Monte Carlo calculation in radiation protection dosimetry Phys. Med. Biol. 49 5203-16 (Pubitemid 40044856)
45. Kramer R, Zankl M, Williams G and Drexler G 1982 The calculation of dose from external photon exposures using reference human phantoms and Monte Carlo methods: Part I. The Male (ADAM) and Female (EVA) Adult Mathematical Phantoms GSF-Report S-885 (Reprint July 1999) Institut fuer Strahlenschutz, GSF-Forschungszentrum fuer Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg-Muenchen
46. Lee C, Lee C, Lodwick D and Bolch W E 2007b NURBS-based 3-D anthropomorphic computational phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry applications Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 127 227-32
47. Lee C and Lee J 2004 Korean adult male voxel model segmented from magnetic resonance images Med. Phys. 31 1017-22 (Pubitemid 38656770)
48. Lee C, Lodwick D, Hasenauer D, Williams J L, Lee C and Bolch W E 2007a Hybrid computational phantoms of the male and female newborn patient: NURBS-based whole-body models Phys. Med. Biol. 52 3309-33 (Pubitemid 46830628)
49. Lee C, Lodwick D, Williams J L and Bolch W E 2008 Hybrid computational phantoms of the 15-year male and female adolescent: applications to CT organ dosimetry for patients of variable morphometry Med. Phys. 35 2366-82 (Pubitemid 351748645)
50. Lee C, Williams J L, Lee C and Bolch W 2005 The UF series of tomographic computational phantoms of pediatric patients Med. Phys. 32 3537-48
51. MakeHuman 2009 http://www.makehuman.org/blog/index.php (June 2009, date last accessed)
52. Min P 2009 Binvox: 3D mesh voxelizer http://www.google.com/search?q= binvox (June 2009, date last accessed)
53. Na Y H, Zhang J and Xu X G 2008 A mesh-based anatomical deformation method for creating size-adjustable whole-body patient models Med. Phys. 35 2665
54. Nagaoka T, Watanabe S, Sakurai K, Kunieda E, Tali M and Yamanaka Y 2004 Development of realistic high-resolution whole-body models of Japanese adult males and females of average height and weight, and application of models to radio-frequency electromagnetic-field dosimetry Phys. Med. Biol. 49 1-15 (Pubitemid 38100619)
55. Nipper J C, Williams J L and Bolch W E 2002 Creation of two tomographic voxel models of pediatric patients in the first year of life Phys. Med. Biol. 44 2213-25
56. Nooruddin F and Turk G 2003 Simplification and repair of polygonal models using volumetric techniques IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 9 191-205
57. Petoussi-Henss N and Zankl M 1998 Voxel anthropomorphic models as a tool for internal dosimetry Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 79 415-8 (Pubitemid 28466975)
58. Petoussi-Henss N, Zankl M, Fill U and Regulla D 2002 The GSF family of voxel phantoms Phys. Med. Biol. 47 89-106 (Pubitemid 34081083)
59. Santos C E and Frère A F 2007a Criação de um fantoma computacional multi-uso baseado em modelagem 3D XII Congresso Brasileiro de Física Médica (Foz do Iguaçu, 6-9 June) (available at http://www.abfm.org.br/c2007/pdf/B-152.pdf)
60. Santos C E and Frère A F 2007b Desenvolvimento de um novo tipo de fantoma baseado em modelagem 3D VII Workshop de Informática Médica (WIM 2007) (Porto de Galinhas, 25-26 June) (available at http://www.ime.uerj. br/professores/cecas/AnaisWIM2007/sessao5/4-28371.pdf)
61. Sato K, Noguchi H, Emoto Koga Y and Saito K 2007a Japanese adult male voxel phantom constructed on the basis of CT-images Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 123 337-44
62. Sato K, Noguchi H, Endo A, Emoto Y, Koga S and Saito K 2007b Development of a voxel phantom of Japanese adult male in upright posture Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 127 205-8
63. Saito K, Wittmann A, Koga S, Ida Y, Kamei T, Funabiki J and Zankl M 2001 Construction of a computed tomographic phantom for a Japanese male adult and dose calculation system Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 40 69-76 (Pubitemid 32411005)
64. Segars W P 2001 Development of a new dynamic NURBS-based cardiac-torso (NCAT) phantom PhD Thesis University of North Carolina
65. Sidewell J M and Burlin T E 1973 Photon fluence calculations for estimating dose distribution in the thorax Br. J. Radiol. 46 360-4
66. Sidewell J M, Burlin T E and Wheatley B M 1969 Calculation of the absorbed dose in a phantom from photon fluence and some applications to radiological protection Br. J. Radiol. 42 522-9
67. Sjogreen K, Ljungberg M, Wingardh K, Erlandson K and Strand S E 2001 Registration of emission and transmission whole-body scintillation-camera images J. Nucl. Med. 42 1563-70 (Pubitemid 32953139)
68. Snyder W S 1950 Calculations for maximum permissible exposure to thermal neutrons Nucleonics 6 46-50
69. Snyder W S 1965 The variation of dose in man from exposure to a point source of gamma rays Congrès international sur la radioprotection dans I'utilisation industrielle des radioéléments (13-15 December 1965, Le Vesinet, France)
70. Snyder W S 1971 Dose distribution in a cylindrical phantom for neutron energies up to 14 MeV Protection against Neutron Radiation: NCRP Report No38 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC pp 46-84
71. Snyder W S, Ford M R and Warner G G 1978 Estimates of absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom MIRD Pamphlet No 5 (revised) (New York: Society of Nuclear Medicine)
72. Snyder W S, Ford M R, Warner G G and Fisher H C 1968 Estimates of absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom: MIRD Pamphlet No 5 J. Nucl. Med. Supplement 3 (New York: Society of Nuclear Medicine)
73. Sobotta 2006 Altas de Anatomia Humana 22nd edn (Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan)
74. Stabin M, Watson E, Cristy M, Ryman J, Eckerman K, Davis J, Marshall D and Gehlen K 1995 Mathematical models and specific absorbed fractions of photon energy in the nonpregnant adult female and at the end of each trimester of pregnancy Report No ORNL/TM-12907 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
75. Teeth 3dxtras 2009 http://www.3dxtras.com/3dxtras-free-3d-models-details. asp?prodid=8621 (last accessed June 2009)
76. Walters B R B, Ding G X, Kramer R and Kawrakow I 2009 Skeletal dosimetry in cone beam computed tomography Med. Phys. 36 2915-22
77. Wikipedia 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon-mesh (last accessed June 2009)
78. Williams G, Zankl M, Abmayr W, Veit R and Drexler G 1986 The calculation of dose from external photon exposures using reference and realistic human phantoms and Monte Carlo methods Phys. Med. Biol. 31 347-54
79. Wolf-Heidegger 2006 Atlas de Anatomia Humana (Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan)
80. Xu X G, Chao T C and Bozkurt A 2000 VIP-MAN: an image-based whole-body adult male model constructed from colour photographs of the visible human project for multi-particle Monte Carlo calculations Health Phys. 78 476-86 (Pubitemid 30210781)
81. Xu X G and Eckerman K F 2009 Handbook of Anatomical Models for Radiation Dosimetry ed G Xu and K Eckerman (Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor and Francis)
82. Xu G, Taranenko V, Zhang J and Shi C 2007 A boundary-representation method for designing whole-body radiation dosimetry models: pregnant females at the end of three gestational periods-RPI-P3, -P6 and -P9 Phys. Med. Biol. 52 7023-44 (Pubitemid 350150629)
83. Xu X G, Zhang J Y and Na Y H 2008 Preliminary data for mesh-based deformable phantom development: is it possible to design person-specific phantoms on demand Int. Conf. on Radiation Shielding-11 (14-17 April)
84. Zaidi H and Xu G 2007 Computational anthropomorphic models of the human anatomy: the path to realistic Monte Carlo modeling in radiological science Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 9 471-500 (Pubitemid 350246665)
85. Zankl M, Eckerman K F and Bolch W E 2007 Voxel-based models representing the male and female ICRP reference adult-the skeleton Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 127 174-86
86. Zankl M, Fill U, Petoussi-Henss N and Regulla D 2002 Organ dose conversion coefficients for external photon irradiation of male and female voxel models Phys. Med. Biol. 47 2367-86 (Pubitemid 34823317)
87. Zankl M, Veit R, Williams G, Schneider K and Fendel H 1988 The construction of computer tomographic phantoms and their application in radiology and radiation protection Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 27 153-64
88. Zankl M and Wittmann A 2001 The adult male voxel model Golem segmented from whole-body CT patient data Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 40 153-62 (Pubitemid 32656207)
89. Zhang B, Ma J, Liu L and Cheng J 2007 CNMAN: a Chinese adult male voxel phantom constructed from color photographs of a visible anatomical data set Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 124 130-36
90. Zhang J, Na Y H, Caracappa P F and Xu X G 2009 RPI-AM and RPI-AF, a pair of mesh-based, size-adjustable adult male and female computational phantoms using ICRP-89 parameters and their calculations for organ doses from monoenergetic photon beams Phys. Med. Biol. 54 5885-908
91. Zhang J Y, Na Y H and Xu X G 2008a Size adjustable worker models for improved radiation protection dosimetry Health Phys. 95 S50
92. Zhang J Y, Na Y H and Xu X G 2008b Development of whole-body phantoms representing an average adult male and female using surface-geometry methods Med. Phys. 35 2875
93. Zubal I G, Harrell C R, Smith E O, Rattner Z, Gindi G and Hoffer P B 1994 Computerized three-dimensional segmented human anatomy Med. Phys. 21 299-302 (Pubitemid 24068796)